experiment lab test ch 9-12

Dr. Raqui computed a two-way factorial analysis of variance with types of aggression (relational or overt) and the type of communication method (email, phone, or in-person) as the independent variables, and the level of self-esteem as the dependent variable. The relational aggression main effect was significant, F(1, 222) = 4.2, p = .001, eta2 = .031. Which of the following represents the effect size?

.031

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta2 = .27. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up?

.27

Dr. Omar noted the following results in his manuscript: F(4, 220) = .72, p = .03, eta2 = .40. Which of the following numbers represents the F score in this results write-up?

.72

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the between-subjects degrees of freedom?

2

Poulsen and colleagues (2014) conducted a randomized controlled trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavior therapy. Participants randomly assigned to the psychoanalytic therapy group received:

2 years of weekly sessions.

However, unlike the study phase, participants were tested either in the haptic condition or in the visual condition. During both tests the participants were presented with 30 words, 10 of which had been studied visually, 10 of which had been studied haptically, and 10 of which had not been studied previously. Memory was assessed by calculating the percent of words correctly identified. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the study. The results revealed that words studied visually were recalled more by participants who were tested visually than those tested haptically. Recall for words studied haptically did not differ between those tested visually and those tested haptically.The design described in the scenario is a:

2 × 2 mixed design.

he results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the standard deviation for the dog fear condition?

2.20

_____ is a threat to internal validity in a within-subjects design resulting from the influence that the sequence of experiment conditions can have on the dependent variable.

An order effect

Use the fabricated data inspired by the following study in order to answer the question below:Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572. Experience and Brain Plasticity StudyThe purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed, and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.According to the scenario, Black and colleagues used an ANOVA to analyze their data. Of the statements below, which would the ANOVA be able to support?

Experience has an effect on vascular density and synapse density.

Which of the following is NOT a potential solution to order effects?

Fatigue participants so their performance deteriorates.

_____ is a threat to internal validity due to an external event that can potentially influence participants' behavior during an experiment.

History

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs?

Individual differences remain constant across comparison groups.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding longitudinal research designs

Longitudinal research designs are considered within-subjects designs

An experimenter conducts a study to examine whether caffeine improves performance on an IQ test. Which of the following represents what happens in the control condition?

Participants do not drink a caffeinated beverage while testing.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding repeated-measures research designs?

Repeated-measures designs are considered within-subjects designs.

Although THC increased the likelihood of risk taking, when THC is combined with the expectancy of receiving it, the propensity for risky behavior is even more elevated.The study described above examined the effect of two independent variables on risky behavior. Based on this design, which of the following is true?

The design allows for three hypotheses to be tested.

Costanza conducts a true experiment examining the effect of energy drinks on work performance. Costanza productivity is monitored prior to and after the use of energy drinks. As such, you know that her experiment has _____ internal validity.

adequate

Dr. Vaughn is conducting a single-subject design in which he is taking a baseline measurement and then introducing an anxiety intervention and measuring the same variable again. Dr. Vaugh is using:

an A-B design.

Dr. Marquez is lecturing to his class on single-subject designs. He notes that in an A-B design, the A phase represents the:

baseline measurement.

Suppression effect is an effect where two variables _____ to produce an outcome that is _____than what each individual variable contributes.

combine; smaller

Dr. Byrd studies depressive symptoms among individuals with eating disorders. Dr. Byrd conducted a study in which he assigned 45 participants to start with condition A, the next 45 participants to start with condition B, and the final 45 participants to start with condition C. All participants were eventually exposed to all conditions. Dr. Byrd engaged in which procedure?

counterbalancing

Typically, following the completion of a study, participants are _____ regarding the true purpose of the study.

debriefed

Arun reminds his research methods students that in all between-subjects research studies, _____ assessed at different times and in different experimental conditions.

different participants are

Stefan is interested in conducting a study examining colleges students' sleep patterns and their influence on roommate interactions. Which of the following settings would be the best for optimizing mundane realism?

dorm room

Dr. Whitley just received a very large grant to carry out a controversial and highly debated study. She believes that she needs her hypotheses to be proven correct in order to receive acclaim in the research community. Dr. Whitley positions herself to be at every treatment invention and is aware of what condition each participant has been assigned. She finds herself talking with participants before participation in the study. Dr. Whitley may be unknowingly succumbing to the experimenter-expectancy bias. A method to help reduce such a bias is referred to as a:

double-blind procedure.

_____ is a means of evaluating the practical significance of a given statistical result between two groups.

effect size

The authors concluded that the type of snack the groups of participants chose indicates that an increase in weight causes one to experience feelings of guilt.Which of the following is NOT critically required to establish causality?

experimental realism

Dr. Whitley just received a very large grant to carry out a controversial and highly debated study. She believes that she needs her hypotheses to be proven correct in order to receive acclaim in the research community. Dr. Whitley positions herself to be at every treatment invention and is aware of which condition each participant has been assigned. She finds herself talking with participants before participation in the study. Dr. Whitley may be unknowingly succumbing to:

experimenter-expectancy effect.

In a 2010 study examining preferences for opening lines among men and women, researchers reviewed videos of _____ main types of pick-up lines.

five

Jasmine is a health psychologist who is interested in experimentally investigating whether massages increase psychological well-being. In her study, participants are assigned two one of two groups for a period of one-month. The independent variable in Jasmine's study is operationally defined as

he number of massages one receives during the one-month study period.

Researchers are inclined to use multigroup designs because there are a number of advantages to such a paradigm. Each of the following is considered an advantage of multigroup design, EXCEPT:

he requirement to use collateral information and multiple methodological strategies.

Researchers' notes during an experiment should report any experiences relevant to the participants and therefore assist in all of the following EXCEPT:

increase the impact of extraneous variables.

A 2009 study examining the effects of the temperature of a room on social relationships found that:

individuals who waited in a room with higher temperatures exhibited more interest in social relations.

Dr. Berry is interested in understanding whether eating carbohydrates impacts energy level and distance swum during swim meets. In her study, _____ is manipulated and _____ is measured.

ingestion of carbohydrates; distance swum

When using multiple raters in an experiment is it important that the researchers assess the _____ before determining if the study was adequately conducted and finished.

inter-observer reliability

Ricardo develops a research study to help answer his research question: Do individuals in the northeast part of the United States have a different dialect than individuals in the southern part of the United States? He randomly assigns participants into groups from Louisiana and Mississippi as well as from Maine and New Hampshire. He is interested in studying their dialects. Half of the participants are randomly assigned to the personal interview condition and the other half is randomly assigned to the pre-recorded message condition. Participants in the pre-recorded message condition read and record a preselected passage three times. Ricardo then codes their dialects based on a coding system and has two other researchers code the dialects as well. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)?

interview condition

Which of the following is NOT a solution to the threat of fatigue?

lengthening the time between treatments

Whitney is a student in Dr. Reese's research lab. Whitney has developed a study examining the effect of various scents on mood. Dr. Reese recommended that Whitney randomly assign all 100 of her research participants to help reduce any errors related to individual differences. Dr. Reese also encouraged Whitney to randomly assign the sequence of the administered interventions to each group of 25 participants. Dr. Reese's recommendations are in an effort to reduce all of the following EXCEPT:

main effects.

The researchers involved in the study described above want to conduct a follow-up study to determine the minimum amount of fat in a diet that leads to weight gain. To determine whether there is a linear relationship between amount of fat in one's diet and weight gain, the researchers should:

manipulate the amount of fat in the chow so it has at least three levels.

In a 2003 study looking at histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women, researchers asked 200 males and females to provide a blood sample to assess their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene, then to sleep a new clean T-shirt for two nights. Researchers also took photos of the males and females to document left- and right-side body symmetry. When the participants were asked about attractiveness, their answers indicated that the:

men preferred T-shirts of those women who were more attractive and had a higher probability of conception

A 2003 study investigating complex genes and body scent attractiveness in men and women found that

men preferred the scent of attractive women and those who had a higher probability of conception.

Customers rate their experience more favorably when employees are smiling.Suppose each treatment condition described in the scenario was conducted sequentially with the first treatment tested in the fall semester, and the second in the spring semester. Following testing of all treatment conditions, the participants received payment for their participation in the form of a gift card. Some received a gift card to a coffee shop and others received one to a megastore. Along with their gift card, participants also received a statement debriefing them of the actual intent of the study. Which of the following presents a potential confound?

month of testing

Dr. Arturo is studying obsessive compulsive disorder and tic disorders among individuals identifying as male, female, and transgender between the ages of 10 years old and 80 years old. Dr. Arturo is using a:

multigroup design.

Dr. Vela is studying comorbid substance use disorders and anxiety disorders among African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans between 15 years and 65 years of age. Dr. Vela is using a:

multigroup design.

You can exclude study participants for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

on the basis of researcher judgment that the study will obtain greater significance if those individuals are prohibited from participating.

Dr. Cunne is examining the effect of parental self-reported stress (mother only) and parental education on their child's academic performance. Dr. Cunne is examining how many interaction effects based on this research study?

one

When analyzing a data set using a two-way ANOVA it is important to interpret the different facets of the equation correctly. Which of the following represents how likely it is that the groups differ in a significant way?

p

A 2011 study examined the relationship between daily temperature changes and belief in global warming across participants in the United States and Australia. The study found that:

participants across the United States and Australia reported greater concern of global warming on days that were warmer.

Whitney notices there are advantages and disadvantages to every research procedure. She noted that self-report questionnaires are useful because:

participants get to state their own views.

In 2009 three interrelated studies were conducted to examine the effect of temperature on social closeness and perception of relationship. Researchers found that:

participants holding a warm cup felt close to the experimenter.

A 2010 study examining whether clean scents promote reciprocity and charity found that:

participants in a clean smelling room gave more money to a partner, took more flyers related to volunteering efforts, and were more willing to donate more money than those in a room without a scent.

In a 2013 study examining the role of deservingness and emotions in relation to schadenfreude, or enjoyment gained from watching others struggle, researchers used vignettes describing college students from the same or different colleges who either deserved or did not deserve their academic success and who were then rejected from an honors program. The results indicated that:

participants indicated more pleasure at rejection when the student's success was undeserved and the student was from another institution.

Aya is a developmental psychologist who is interested in studying children's acrophobia (i.e., fear of heights). In her experimental study, she randomly assigns some infants to crawl to their mothers on the floor. Other infants must crawl across a glass table (allowing them to see how high they were off of the ground) to get to their mothers. In Aya's study, who is in the control condition

participants who crawl on the floor

Dr. Carlson is examining how the consumption of LSD and individuals' body temperatures influences the individuals' interest in physical contact. In this particular research scenario which of the following variables is the dependent variable?

physical contact

Dr. Spruill conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining political opinions after participants watched different propaganda footage from different eras. Each condition saw a different reel of footage and one condition simply watched a movie with no political agenda. Dr. Spruill's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results, but it was not able to tell him where the specific difference existed. Dr. Spruill will need to follow-up with which analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions?

post-hoc analyses

Dr. Mahoney is interested in collecting initial assessment data from multiple schools in the county and tracking progress on three different academic goals focused on improving academic and social success among youth in the area. Dr. Mahoney's research would best be addressed by using which type of design?

pretest-posttest design

Dr. Klein implemented a study examining sleep patterns and mood in various environments. Participants were first asked to collect baseline information regarding their typical sleep patterns, mood, and sleep conditions. Participants in his study were then asked to sleep in six distinct conditions: room temperature between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 61 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 71 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 81 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 91 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and room temperature between 101 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Dr. Klein collected data during each experimental condition and assessed participants' sleep patterns and subsequent mood for each temperature condition. Dr. Klein is conducting a:

pretest-posttest design.

According to a 2012 study examining pro-anorexia and pro-recovery websites, research found that:

pro-anorexia users posted more pictures with tags referring to body image than pro-recovery users.

Dr. Trudeau is in the process of a developing a(n) _____ to help standardize participants' experiences and assist researchers in systematically providing instructions to participants.

protocol

In a 2012 study examining how personal self-evaluation and classification of feedback impact the experience of schadenfreude, the participants' self-evaluation was manipulated by:

providing participants either negative or positive feedback.

Dr. Gustaf is known for his research in romantic partnerships and physical attractiveness. He recently decided to develop a new research study in which he has couples in different stages of their relationships (just met, recently dating, long-term relationship, newly engaged, newly married, married for more than five years, married for more than 10 years) monitor how physically attracted they are to their partner after implementation of different relationship assignments. Each participant couple is studied through these relationship levels. Dr. Gustaf's research would best be addressed by using which type of design?

repeated-measures design

Dr. Kincaid noted in class this morning while discussing factorial design that when a crossover interaction occurs sometimes the effects of one independent variable will have a _____ influence across levels of the other variable.

reverse

In a factorial design W × Y, the Y represents the:

second independent variable

In a factorial design W × Y, the Y represents the:

second independent variable.

. Use the fabricated data inspired by the following study in order to answer the question below:Jamieson, M., Monastra, M., Gillies, G., Manolov, R., Cullen, B., McGeeLennon, M., Brewster, S., and Evans, J (2017) The use of a smartwatch as a prompting device for people with acquired brain injury: a single case experimental design study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation. ISSN 1464-0694 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2017.1310658.Do smartwatches improve memory?The purpose of this study was to determine whether smartwatches are an effective memory assisting device for individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). To that end, three people who had suffered memory impairments due to an ABI volunteered to participate in the study. All participants were otherwise healthy and resided in their own homes. The study took place over six weeks, during which the participants performed routine memory tasks such as eating at regular times and leaving home daily. Assessment of memory was done by having the participants keep a log of these activities as well as texting and/or emailing the experimenters after specific tasks (i.e., after taking a walk). The participants were instructed to use their normal memory strategies to remember things during the first two weeks and last two weeks of the study. During the third and fourth week, the participants were given a smartwatch and trained in how to use it to set calendar reminders to complete daily tasks and activities. Each day during the 6-week study memory was measured for each participant. The results revealed that memory did not improve during the two-week period when the smartwatch was introduced. Rather, memory for performing daily tasks and activities remained consistent per participant for the duration of the study. These results suggest that a smartwatch may not be an effective tool to help individuals with ABI remember routine daily activities.The study described above uses a _____ design.

single-subject

Dr. Raymond is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. She notes the definition for exploratory analyses as:

statistical tests where researchers look for potential differences that were not predicted prior to the study

Dr. Malkin described the _____ as the sum being less than parts.

suppression effect

Duncan designed a study to examine whether sunscreen with a higher SPF was able to protect participants from sunburn better than sunscreen with a lower SPF. To test this, he randomly assigned half of his participants to wear a sunscreen with an SPF of 50. The other half were assigned to wear a sunscreen with an SPF of 35. After participants spent five hours in the sun, Duncan compared the level of sunburn across the groups. Which of the following would indicate that his two-group experimental study yielded a significant difference?

t(101) = 8.62, p = .03, d = .67

In a 2006 study examining cross-national comparisons of image associations among residents of the United States and the United Kingdom regarding images related to climate change and global warming found:

that global warming produced negative associations for both United Kingdom and United States resident

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by attrition?

the differential dropping out of the participants from a study

In a 2010 study examining the effectiveness of pick-up lines from an evolutionary perspective, researchers asked 70 female college students to imagine a male approaching them and using one of three different types of pick-up lines: cute, innocuous, or direct. The female participants were told whether the male was attractive, unattractive, or were given no information regarding level of attractiveness. The female participants than rated the male on several traits. The results suggested that:

the female participants indicated that they were less likely to talk with or have a long-term relationship with a male who attempted a cute pick-up line, regardless of the level of attractiveness for the male.

An independent samples t-test that fails to reach statistical consequence indicates that:

there is not enough evidence to prove that the groups are significantly different.

For which of the following would a two-group experimental research design be appropriate?

a study examining the effect of high- and low-mortality salience on risk taking

Which of the following does NOT use a within-subjects methodology?

a two-group design

In a 3 × 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design there are how many independent variables?

4

_____ refers to the exposure to earlier experimental conditions, which can influence responses on subsequent experimental conditions.

A carryover effect

Beck randomly assigned 60 participants to describe a positive childhood memory, a negative childhood memory, or a neutral childhood memory and then complete a mood questionnaire. Beck wants the overall differences between groups. Which statistic is appropriate to use?

a one-way ANOVA

Use the fabricated data inspired by the following study in order to answer the question below:Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. & Greenough, W. T. (1990). Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 87, 5568-5572. Experience and Brain Plasticity StudyThe purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain. To that end, rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions. Rats in the inactive control (IC) condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity. Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX) condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel. Rats in the forced exercise (FX) condition also participated in exercise but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill. Lastly, rats in the acrobatic condition (AC) engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill. Specifically, the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult. After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed, and their brains removed. The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density. ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions. The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats, but not with the FX and AC rats. These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.Which of the following is NOT true of the study described above?

The researchers are able to make multiple two-group comparisons.

When asked to conduct an experiment for his Research Methods class, Santiago had 10 of his friends self-report on the frequency of their exposure to movie violence, as well as their typical level of aggression. Based on his results he concluded that watching violent movies causes people to be more aggressive. Santiago's teacher tells him that he has failed to conduct an experimental study. Why wouldn't this study be considered an experiment?

There is no control group.

If researchers unintentionally manipulate another variable or construct in a study, then _____ has also been introduced into the experiment.

a confound

Tatiana wants to conduct a study on how reading influences public speaking ability. Which of the following would be the best setting for optimizing mundane realism?

a debate class

Cesar recently participated in a social experiment examining the effects of crowds on self-esteem, but was unaware of which group he was assigned to. Cesar was later informed that the social psychologists responsible for the study were also unaware of Cesar's group assignment at the time of the study. This is an example of:

a double-blind procedure.

. Use the fabricated data inspired by the following study in order to answer the question below:Hennig-Thurau, T., Groth, M., Paul, M. & Gremler, D. D. (2006). Are all smiles created equal? How emotional contagion and emotional labor affect service relationships. Journal of Marketing, 70, 58-73.Do Smiling Employees Improve Customer Satisfaction?In this 2 × 2 between-subjects design, Hennig-Thurau and colleagues examined the effect of employee emotions and authenticity of the emotion on customer relations. A total of 223 undergraduate volunteers participated in this study. The participants were told they would be testing a new movie consulting service. The movie consulting service was created by the experimenters, and actors were hired to act as customer service representatives. Each participant approached the service desk where the actor asked them a number of questions about their movie preferences. The actors were trained to manipulate their smiling (high or low) and authenticity of smiling (high or low) during their interaction with each participant. After the interaction the participants were given a customer satisfaction survey. The results of this survey were used to examine the effect of each independent variable on customer satisfaction. Data analyses revealed that while the smiling had an effect on customer satisfaction, the authenticity of the emotion did not. Furthermore, the combination of both treatments (emotion × authenticity) had no impact on customer satisfaction. The results suggest that smiling, whether genuine or not, has a positive impact on customer satisfaction. Results are displayed in Figure 1.Figure 1. Customers rate their experience more favorably when employees are smiling.How many hypotheses were tested in the study described in the scenario?

three

All of the following includes a within-subjects design, EXCEPT:

two-group designs

The experimenter-expectancy effect occurs when a bias causes a researcher to _____ the participants of an experiment.

unconsciously influence

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat of internal validity?

using a comparison group not exposed to the treatment

Dr. Hudson is examining the effect of treatment on Internet addiction. He has developed a new treatment program that uses both cognitive and behavioral factors to compete with the current behavioral-only treatment program. Dr. Hudson randomly assigns participants into conditional groups. Theo finds himself in a participant group that does not receive any type of intervention during the actual study, but is offered treatment 3 months after completion of the study. Theo was most likely in which type of group?

waiting list control group

When would using an independent samples t-test be appropriate?

when the experimenter has more than two levels of the independent variable

In a 2003 study looking at histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women, researchers asked 200 males and females to provide a blood sample to assess their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene, then to sleep a new clean T-shirt for two nights. Researchers also took photos of the males and females to document left- and right-side body symmetry. When the participants were asked about attractiveness, their answers indicated that the:

women who were not using a birth control, and were in the most fertile part of their menstrual cycle, preferred symmetrical men's scent over asymmetrical men's scent.

Dr. Neff conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions to determine if the distribution among 200 participants was as expected. Dr. Neff was studying sleep cycles for various age groups with and without sleep apnea. Dr. Neff's results yielded a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a chi-square test of independence?

χ2 (3, 200) = 13.49, p = .01, ᶲ = .22