Experimental Psy

Convergent and Discriminant Validity are evidence for what type of Validity? a) Construct Validity b) Criterion Validity c) Statistical Validity d) Content Validity

a construct validity

Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study]? a) It unduly influences people into participating. b) It is unfair to other researchers who cannot afford to pay participants. c) It is unfair to people who choose not to participate in the study d) It is not unethical to do this.

a) It unduly influences people into participating.

Joel is assigning numbers to each of the sexual orientation categories that participants identify with in his study (I= heterosexual; 2= gay; 3= lesbian; 3= bisexual; 4= others).This is an example of a) Nominal Scale b) Interval Scale c) Ordinal Scale d) Ratio Scale

a) Nominal Scale

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level? a) conceptual definition b) operational definition c) construct validity d) measurement validity

a) conceptual definition

Dr. Derrick is developing a new test to test a person's level of anxiety. After administrating the test to her patients, she found her new test is highly correlated with established validated measure of depression and sorrow. Dr. Derrick concludes that her test for anxiety a) has low discriminate validity b) is unreliable c) has low internal validity d) has low convergent validity

a) has low discriminate validity

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion.In which section would he find this information? a) method b) results c) discussion d) introduction

a) method

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a) risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained b) inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher c) importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study d) lime investment of the study versus complexity of the study

a) risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes that because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? a) the availability heuristic b) overconfidence c) a present present bias d) a confirmation bias

a) the availability heuristic

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of beneficence b) the principle of integrity c) the principle of justice d) the principle of respect for persons

a) the principle of beneficence

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of justice b) the principle of respect for persons c) the principle of integrity d) the principle of beneficence

a) the principle of justice

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a) zero association b) positive association c) negative association d) causal association

a) zero association

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a) A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or"the absence of something." but an interval scale does not. b) A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g. Phillip is twice as fast). c) An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. d) An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not.

b) A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g. Phillip is twice as fast).

Tammy lives in a state where the death penalty is a legal punishment. However, Tammy feels strongly against the death penalty. The state's view on the death penalty is considered _____ while Tammy's view on the death penalty is considered ______ a) Morals; Ethics b) Ethics; Morals c) Individual; Group d) Group: Individual

b) Ethics; Morals

Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a) It prevents researchers from being sued. b) It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. c) It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies. d) It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any Lability.

b) It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

You're interested in the effect of lighting an proofreading. In your study, half of your participants read a draft of a story in bright lighting, while the other half read the draft in dins light. You record the number of proofreading errors every participant makes. What is the dependent variable in this situation? a) Number of students in the study b) Number of proofreading errors c) The complexity of the words in the draft d) The lighting used in the room

b) Number of proofreading errors

200 students participated in a study to see the effects of type of music on test performance. Half of the students listened to Justin Bieber while the other half listened to Cardi B. After this, they then completed a math test. What is the independent variable (IV) in this situation? a) Number of students in the study b) Type of music listened to c) Time they listened to the songs d) Scores on the math test

b) Type of music listened to

34.After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, *I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking. but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? a) motivated thinking b) bias blind spot c) faulty intuition d) confirmation bias

b) bias blind spot

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? a) fourth cell reasoning b, b) confirmation bias c) overconfidence d) a present/present bias

b) confirmation bias

According to its conceptual definition, a variable should be related to a particular behavior. If a researcher is able to demonstrate that his measure of the variable is related to the behavior, then he has established which of the following? a) convergent validity b) criterion validity c) content validity d) discriminant validity

b) criterion validity

Dr. Leising conducts observational studies of adolescents Interacting with peers during problem-solving tasks. She records each 30-minute interaction and then has the students In her laboratory code prosocial behaviors in the adolescents as they stew each video. Because she has several students coding the videos, she calculates how reliable their scores are with each other by having them all code the same videos periodically. Which type of rellability is Dr. Leising calculating? a) internal reliability b) interrater reliability c) test-retest reliability d) internal consistency

b) interrater reliability

The principle of justice calls for a balance between _________ and _________. a) the interests of the researcher, the interests of the institutional review board (IRB) b) the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it c) Jelly and Peanut Butter d) needing to deceive participants, needing to obtain informed consent

b) the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

Ashley is interested in studying the effects of depression in her study. She is measuring depression based on the DSM-S checklist which is a test of depression symploras. In this study, depression is the_______ and the DSM-S checklist of depression symptoms is________ a) Conceptual definition; construct b) Construct: conceptual definition c) Construct, operationalization of the construct d) Operationalization of the construct construct

c) Construct, operationalization of the construct

______ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. a) Application a) Falsifiability c) Empiricism d) Theorizing

c) Empiricism

Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research? a) It is important to know how to write in APA style. b) It is important to understand bow to design an effective study. c) It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. d) t is important to know why researchers protect the anonymity of participants.

c) It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate.

Here is a definition of a key term: "An integrated evaluative judgment of the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationale support the adequacy and appropriateness of inferences and actions based on test scores and other modes of assessment" The above definition best refers to what? a) A Variable b) Reliability c) Validity d) Ethics

c) Validity

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms.Although this is interesting his experience is limited because he does not have a)a hypothesis. b) psychotherapy to supplement the drug. c) a comparison group that did not receive the drug d) a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms.

c) a comparison group that did not receive the drug

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how populareach member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (eg. John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular).Which of the following best describes this variable? a) a self-report measurement b) an interval scale of measurement c) an ordinal scale of measurement d) a categorical measurement

c) an ordinal scale of measurement

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? a) method b) references c) discussion d) results

c) discussion

Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid In this study, "depressed individuals will have higher estrogen levels" was the a) data. b) theory. c) hypothesis. d) research question.

c) hypothesis.

Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much os I think about myself" Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following? a) construct reliability b) interrater reliability c) test-retest reliability d) internal reliability

c) test-retest reliability

Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? a) the internal validity of the study b) the statistical validity of the study c) the construct validity of the study d) the external validity of the study

c) the construct validity of the study

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a) the principle of integrity b) the principle of beneficence c) the principle of respect for persons d) the principle of justice

c) the principle of respect for persons

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a) Behavioral research involves probability sampling. b) Behavioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. c) Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. d) Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

d) Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Lexy is interested in studying the effects of room temperature on test performance. One thing that can also affect test performance is cognitive ability, so she is accounting for that in ber study. In this study, cognitive ability a) It is a dependent variable. b) Is manipulated c) Is an independent variable. d) Is a control variable.

d) Is a control variable.

In my study of room temperature and test performance, I have participants stay in a room that is 120 degrees Fahrenheit. What type of risk is this? a) Confidential risk b) Economic Risk c) Emotional Risk d) Physical Risk

d) Physical Risk

I am interested in finding out whether extraversion predicts students' final exam grades in may class. To study this, I ask all my students to take a questionnaire that measures their extraversion before the first day of class. During foals week, I record my student's final exam grades. If a significant relationship exists between extraversion and final exam grades using the method I outlined above, I have gained evidence for what type of validity? a) Discriminant Validity b) Concurrent Validity c) External Validity d) Predictive Validity

d) Predictive Validity

Choose the correct steps, in succeeding order, of the scientific method. a) Research question à Hypothesis à Theory à Data à Research design b) Research design à Research question à Hypothesis à Theory à Data c) Hypothesis à Data à Research question à Research design à Theory d) Theory à Research question à Research design à Hypothesis à Data

d) Theory à Research question à Research design à Hypothesis à Data

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that three fundamental needs are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. 1 used the above statement to then predict that students will report more class satisfaction if their 3 fundamental needs are being met. I run a study to test this prediction Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? a) a hypothesis b) data c) research d) a theory

d) a theory

37, Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as a) basic research. b) empirical research. c) translational research. d) applied research

d) applied research

What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment? a) have the participants sign a waiver of liability b) explain how the data collected will be analyzed c) give a formal apology d) debrief the participants afterward

d) debrief the participants afterward

Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement? a) number of panic attacks a patient reports b) level of anxiety reported by participants c) participants' indications of whether or not they've been diagnosed with high blood pressure d) measurement of hormones in the bloodstream

d) measurement of hormones in the bloodstream

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement? a) archival measurement b) self-report measurement c) observational measurement d) physiological measurement

d) physiological measurement

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a) archival measurement b) observational measurement c) physiological measurement d) self-report measurement

d) self-report measurement

If Jamal wanted to test the consistency of participants' responses on a slirvey at two different times, what would he use? a) interrater reliability b) internal reliability c) criterion validity d) test-retest reliability

d) test-retest reliability