Experimental psy chapters 12 and 13
If in a repeated measures design, extremely low scores improve over time (or extremely high scores decrease over time), which threat to internal validity should we be worried about?
Statistical regression
In a single-case experiment, how do researchers create a control condition?
The baseline observations serve as the control condition.
Which of the following describes an A-B-A design?
There is a baseline measurement, then a treatment and a posttest, and then a return to baseline.
Which of the following is an impossible factorial design?
1 x 3
Suzanne conducts a study with a sample of people whom she classifies as either extreme alcoholics or moderate alcoholics (based on the number of alcoholic beverages consumed per day). She brings them to the lab and randomly assigns them to one of three treatment conditions: a self-help group with no therapist (e.g., AA), group therapy with a licensed therapist, or individual therapy with a licensed therapist. She wonders if extreme alcoholics will react differently to the various treatments than moderate alcoholics. Suzanne's study represents a ________ design.
2 x 3 factorial
What is the minimum number of observations you should collect during the baseline period in a single-case experiment?
3
Expanding a 2 x 2 design to a 4 x 2 design means going from ___ groups (in the 2 x 2) to ____ groups (in the 4 x 2)
4; 8
In single-case experiments, the letter ___ has referred to baseline measurements.
A
How does a quasi-experiment differ from a true experiment?
A quasi-experiment does not have random assignment.
A researcher conducts an experiment with Mary, an 8-year-old autistic girl. The researcher first measures how many times Mary hits her head against a wall per day (for a total of 10 days). Then, the researcher begins reinforcing Mary when she engages in productive behaviors (e.g., playing quietly) and does NOT hit her head against a wall. The researcher again measures how many times Mary hits her head against a wall per day (for a total of 10 days). What kind of research design has this researcher used?
A-B
Juan conducts a study with a boy who has been inattentive during class. Juan first measures the number of times per class period the boy looks around the classroom without paying attention to the teacher. Then, Juan administers a treatment whereby the boy is given a reinforcement for each time that he pays attention to the teacher. Then, Juan takes away the reinforcement for a period of time to see if the inattentiveness returns. Finally, Juan reintroduces the reinforcement for attentive behavior. Juan has conducted which kind of experiment.
A-B-A-B design
Who among these famous psychologists has conducted single-case experiments?
All of the above.
Lola conducts a study to examine aggression. She has both men and women come to a laboratory room that is either 70 degrees or 90 degrees. Suppose she finds that overall, men were more aggressive than women. This finding illustrates a(n) a. main effect of sex of participant. b. main effect of temperature. c. interaction between sex of participant and temperature. d. All of the above
B. Main effect of temperature
A 2 x 3 design would require ____ treatment conditions.
Correct Answer: Correct 6
Renee conducts a single-case experiment in which she changes two variables simultaneously. Renee has
a confound
The simplest possible factorial design has _____ IVs and ____ total treatment groups. a. 2; 4 b. 4; 2 c. 1; 1 d. 1; 3
a. 2; 4
_________ refers to a factorial design in which at least one IV has independent groups and one IV has correlated groups. a. Mixed assignment b. Natural groups c. Matched groups d. Varied assignment
a. Mixed assignment
Refer to Table 12-3. Which of the following is the best description of the results? a. Participants who interacted with an unpleasant confederate had decreased positive affect from before to after the experiment. Participants who interacted with a pleasant confederate had increased positive affect from before to after the experiment. b. Participants who interacted with an unpleasant confederate did not change in positive affect from before to after the experiment, but participants who interacted with a pleasant confederate increased in positive affect. c. Before the experiment began participants had low levels of positive affect, but after the experiment participants had greatly increased their levels of positive affect. d. The results of this study were significant.
a. Participants who interacted with an unpleasant confederate had decreased positive affect from before to after the experiment. Participants who interacted with a pleasant confederate had increased positive affect from before to after the experiment.
481. In an ANOVA for mixed samples, why must the between-subjects effects and within-subjects effects be divided in the source table? a. They use different error terms. b. They use different degrees of freedom. c. They have different F-values. d. They have different p-values.
a. They use different error terms.
Marginally significant results have an increased risk of being a. a Type I error. b. affected by demand characteristics. c. a Type II error. d. affected by experimenter characteristics.
a. a Type I error.
488. Refer to Table 12-1. Room temperature is a _______-subjects variable and participant sex is a _______-subjects variable. a. between; between b. within; within c. between; within d. within; between
a. between; between
In a line graph, the presence of an interaction would be indicated by a. crossing lines. b. parallel lines increasing as you go from left to right. c. parallel lines decreasing as you go from left to right. d. identical lines.
a. crossing lines.
Variability in DV scores due to factors other than the IV is known as _______ variability. a. error b. treatment c. within-subjects d. standard
a. error
When we choose to use nonmanipulated IVs in our factorial experiments, we are conducting ________ research. a. ex post facto b. experimental c. correlated-groups d. parsimonious
a. ex post facto
Another word for an independent variable is a a. factor. b. group. c. level. d. main effect.
a. factor.
In a(n) _________ groups design, groups of participants are formed by random assignment. a. independent b. correlated c. repeated measures d. natural
a. independent
The joint effect on the DV of more than one IV is called a(n) a. interaction. b. main effect. c. one-way effect. d. correlated-groups effect.
a. interaction.
Refer to Table 12-3. The main effect for confederate demeanor ____ significant; therefore, we should conclude that a. is; participants felt more positive affect after interacting with a pleasant confederate versus an unpleasant confederate. b. is not; participants felt more positive affect after interacting with a pleasant confederate versus an unpleasant confederate. c. is; there are no differences in positive affect ratings as a function of interacting with a pleasant versus unpleasant confederate. d. is not; there are no differences in positive affect ratings as a function of interacting with a pleasant versus unpleasant confederate.
a. is; participants felt more positive affect after interacting with a pleasant confederate versus an unpleasant confederate.
Refer to Table 12-1. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. number of shocks b. sex of participant c. room temperature d. the confederate
a. number of shocks
480. A two-way ANOVA for mixed samples is composed of a. one IV using repeated measures or matching, and one IV using random assignment. b. both IVs using random assignment. c. both IVs using repeated measures or matching. d. three IVs, all of which use random assignment.
a. one IV using repeated measures or matching, and one IV using random assignment
Zapatel and Garcia-Lopez (2004) conducted a study in which participants rated song lyrics as a function of participant's race and genre of music. In their study, ____________ is a measured IV and _________ is a manipulated IV. a. participant race; genre of music b. genre of music; participant race c. song lyrics; genre of music d. genre of music; song lyrics
a. participant race; genre of music
Suppose you wanted to conduct a study in which students read chapters on the same topic from two different textbooks and then take a quiz over each chapter. The researcher should NOT use a(n) ______ design. a. repeated measures b. between-groups c. independent-samples d. between-subjects
a. repeated measures
A 2 x 2 design means that a. there are two independent variables, each with two levels. b. there is one independent variable with four levels. c. there is one independent variable with two levels, and one dependent variable with two levels. d. there is one dependent variable with four levels.
a. there are two independent variables, each with two levels.
0 out of 1 points In a completely within-subjects design using repeated measures,
all participants participate in every possible treatment combination.
Refer to Table 12-1. Overall, what is the mean number of shocks administered by women? a. 14.20 b. 13.60 c. 13.00 d. 13.40
b. 13.60
Suzanne conducts a study with a sample of people whom she classifies as either extreme alcoholics or moderate alcoholics (based on the number of alcoholic beverages consumed per day). She brings them to the lab and randomly assigns them to one of three treatment conditions: a self-help group with no therapist (e.g., AA), group therapy with a licensed therapist, or individual therapy with a licensed therapist. She wonders if extreme alcoholics will react differently to the various treatments than moderate alcoholics. Suzanne's study represents a ________ design. a. 2 x 2 factorial b. 2 x 3 factorial c. one-way ANOVA for independent samples d. one-way ANOVA for correlated samples
b. 2 x 3 factorial
Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. How many main effects are there in this study? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
b. 3
Which of the following is NOT a consideration for researchers when choosing a factorial design? a. Experimental questions b. External validity issues c. Control issues d. Practical considerations
b. External validity issues
Refer to Table 12-1. Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the results? a. In a 90-degree room, men and women administered the same number of shocks, but in a 70-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. b. In a 70-degree room, women administered more shocks than men, whereas in a 90-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. c. Men and women administered the same number of shocks when in a 70-degree room, but men administered more shocks than women in the 90-degree room. d. Men administered more shocks than women in both a 70-degree room and a 90-degree room.
b. In a 70-degree room, women administered more shocks than men, whereas in a 90-degree room, men administered more shocks than women.
________ effects occur when the effects of combining two or more conditions are greater than what is individually possible. a. Parsimonious b. Synergistic c. Independent d. Correlated
b. Synergistic
484. Kyle is interested in examining how sex of participant (male, female) and self-esteem (high, low) affect perseverance on a novel task. What kind of analysis will Kyle use? a. One-way ANOVA for independent samples b. Two-way ANOVA for independent samples c. Two-way ANOVA for correlated samples d. Two-way ANOVA for mixed samples
b. Two-way ANOVA for independent samples
A two-way ANOVA for independent samples is composed of a. one IV using repeated measures or matching, and one IV using random assignment. b. both IVs using random assignment. c. both IVs using repeated measures or matching. d. three IVs, all of which use random assignment
b. both IVs using random assignment.
A factorial design in which both IVs involve repeated measures is referred to as a(n) _________ design. a. between-subjects factorial b. completely within-groups c. mixed factorial d. independent groups
b. completely within-groups
In a(n) _________ groups design, groups of participants are formed by matching, natural pairs, or repeated measures. a. independent b. correlated c. observational d. factorial
b. correlated
The sole effect of one IV in a factorial design is called a(n) a. interaction. b. main effect. c. one-way effect. d. correlated-groups effect
b. main effect.
If we obtain a probability between .05 and .10, we usually refer to it as a. highly significant. b. marginally significant. c. a Type II error. d. a main effect
b. marginally significant.
If you conduct an experiment with one IV that has four levels, you have used a(n) ___________ design, and if you conduct an experiment with two IVs that each have two levels, you have used a(n) _____________ design. a. factorial; multiple-group b. multiple-group; factorial c. independent-groups; correlated-groups d. correlated-groups; independent-groups
b. multiple-group; factorial
Suppose a researcher finds a significant main effect of sex of participant, no main effect of temperature, and no significant interaction between the two variables. To explain this main effect, you need to discuss a. the temperature variable only. b. the sex of participant variable only. c. both the temperature variable and the sex of participant variable. d. the aggression variable only.
b. the sex of participant variable only.
A factorial design with three IVs is known as a _______ design. a. multiple levels b. three-way c. three-IV d. multiple-IV
b. three-way
Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. This research represents a _______ design. a. correlated-groups b. three-way c. two-way d. main effect
b. three-way
Variability in DV scores due to the effects of the IV is known as _______ variability. a. error b. treatment c. within-subjects d. standard
b. treatment
487. Refer to Table 12-1. This example represents a a. one-way ANOVA for independent samples. b. two-way ANOVA for independent samples. c. two-way ANOVA for correlated samples. d. two-way ANOVA for mixed samples.
b. two-way ANOVA for independent samples.
Juanita conducted a study to determine the effects of pornography on men. Half of her male participants watched violent pornography for an hour per day over a two-week period, and the other half watched nonviolent pornography for the same amount of time. She measured their attitudes toward rape on three separate occasions: before the study, after one week, and after two weeks. The independent-group IV is _________ and the correlated group IV is ___________. a. time attitudes were measured; type of pornography b. type of pornography; time attitudes were measured c. rape attitudes; type of pornography d. type of pornography; rape attitudes
b. type of pornography; time attitudes were measured
Refer to Table 12-2. Ethnicity of face is a ______-subjects variable and facial expression is a ______-subjects variable. a. between; between b. within; within c. between; within d. within; between
b. within; within
Suppose a researcher finds a significant interaction between sex of participant and room temperature on levels of aggression. To explain this interaction, you need to discuss
both the temperature variable and the sex of participant variable.
Which of the following is an impossible factorial design? a. 2 x 3 b. 2 x 6 c. 1 x 3 d. 2 x 3 x 4 x 6
c. 1 x 3
Suppose you conduct a factorial ANOVA for independent samples and for one of the main effects, the degrees of freedom are 1. How many groups exist for that independent variable? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
c. 2
Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. This study is best conceptualized as a ________ design. a. 2 x 4 b. 2 x 2 c. 2 x 2 x 2 d. 2 x 3
c. 2 x 2 x 2
Suppose you design an experiment that had one IV with two levels, one IV with three levels, and another IV with four levels. What is the shorthand notation for this design? a. 1 x 9 b. 1 x 24 c. 2 x 3 x 4 d. 1 x 2 x 3
c. 2 x 3 x 4
In a 2 x 2 design, how many F ratios will we calculate? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
c. 3
Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. How many possible interactions are there in this study? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
c. 4
Expanding a 2 x 2 design to a 4 x 2 design means going from ___ groups (in the 2 x 2) to ____ groups (in the 4 x 2) a. 2; 4 b. 4; 6 c. 4; 8 d. 2; 8
c. 4; 8
Refer to Table 12-2. Overall, participants recalled an average of _______ frowns and ________ smiles. a. 8.00; 7.88 b. 7.94; 3.76 c. 5.32; 6.38 d. 6.38; 5.32
c. 5.32; 6.38
482. Assume you have conducted a 3 x 3 ANOVA for independent samples and you have obtained a significant main effect for the first IV, no main effect for the second IV, and no interaction. What should you do next? a. Write up your results in APA format. b. Graph the interaction. c. Conduct post hoc tests for the significant main effect. d. Create an APA-format table of means
c. Conduct post hoc tests for the significant main effect.
Refer to Table 12-3. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Time that positive affect was assessed (before the experiment, after the experiment) b. Confederate demeanor c. Positive affect score d. Ethnicity of experimenter
c. Positive affect score
Refer to Table 12-1. Which of the following is true? a. There is a significant main effect of room temperature. b. There is a significant main effect of participant sex. c. There is a significant interaction between room temperature and participant sex. d. All of the above.
c. There is a significant interaction between room temperature and participant sex.
486. Charlotte is interested in examining how spouses negotiate housework. She has husbands and wives come to the laboratory to answer two questionnaires: (1) questions about the housework they themselves like to do, and (2) questions about the housework they think their spouse likes to do. The design is a 2 (spouse: husband, wife) x 2 (target of questionnaire: self, other) ANOVA. Which kind of ANOVA will Charlotte use? a. One-way ANOVA for independent samples b. Two-way ANOVA for independent samples c. Two-way ANOVA for correlated samples d. Two-way ANOVA for mixed samples
c. Two-way ANOVA for correlated samples
Refer to Table 12-3. Confederate demeanor is a ______-subjects variable and time is a ______-subjects variable. a. between; between b. within; within c. between; within d. within; between
c. between; within
A two-way ANOVA for correlated samples is composed of a. one IV using repeated measures or matching, and one IV using random assignment. b. both IVs using random assignment. c. both IVs using repeated measures or matching. d. three IVs, all of which use random assignment
c. both IVs using repeated measures or matching.
Suppose a researcher finds a significant interaction between sex of participant and room temperature on levels of aggression. To explain this interaction, you need to discuss a. the temperature variable only. b. the sex of participant variable only. c. both the temperature variable and the sex of participant variable. d. the aggression variable only.
c. both the temperature variable and the sex of participant variable.
The line graph above depicts a(n) a. main effect of temperature. b. main effect of sex of participant. c. interaction between temperature and sex of participant. d. Both (a) and (b).
c. interaction between temperature and sex of participant.
Sandy conducts a study with two independent variables: one is an independent groups IV and the other is a repeated measures IV. Sandy has used _________ assignment. a. variance b. factorial c. mixed d. interaction
c. mixed
Kyle is interested in examining how sex of participant (male, female) and self-esteem (high, low) affect perseverance on a novel task. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. sex of participant b. self-esteem c. perseverance on a novel task d. the experimenter Kyle
c. perseverance on a novel task
Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. Which of the following is NOT an independent variable? a. sex of participant b. sex of confederate c. reactions to negative feedback d. self-esteem of participants
c. reactions to negative feedback
A significant interaction means that a. there is a significant main effect of one variable and a significant main effect of another IV. b. one main effect is significant and one main effect is not significant. c. the effects of one IV depend on the particular level of another IV. d. the independent variables operate independently from each other.
c. the effects of one IV depend on the particular level of another IV.
In a factorial design, when you add a level to one of your independent variables, you add ___ group(s) to your experiment. a. zero b. one c. two or more d. exactly two
c. two or more
Refer to Table 12-2. This example represents a a. one-way ANOVA for independent samples. b. two-way ANOVA for independent samples. c. two-way ANOVA for correlated samples. d. two-way ANOVA for mixed samples.
c. two-way ANOVA for correlated samples.
Refer to Table 12-3. Overall, the average positive affect rating before the experiment was _____ and the average positive affect rating after the experiment was ______. a. 11.10; 13.30 b. 10.60; 3.50 c. 12.20; 7.05 d. 10.85; 8.40
d. 10.85; 8.40
Suppose you conduct a 2 x 2 ANOVA for independent samples. If your "df total" in the study is 23, how many participants were in the sample? a. 21 b. 22 c. 23 d. 24
d. 24
A 2 x 3 design would require ____ treatment conditions. a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 6
d. 6
Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. How many separate groups are involved in this between-groups study? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
d. 8
Treatment variability in a 2 x 2 design comes from a. the main effect of factor A. b. the main effect of factor B. c. the interaction between factors A and B. d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
The line graph above depicts a(n) a. main effect of temperature. b. main effect of sex of participant. c. interaction between temperature and sex of participant. d. Both (a) and (b).
d. Both (a) and (b).
Refer to Table 12-2. What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Ethnicity of face b. Ethnicity of participant c. Facial expression d. Number of faces correctly recalled
d. Number of faces correctly recalled
Suppose you were interested in conducting an experiment with two independent variables. Why should you use a factorial design instead of two separate experiments? a. The factorial design has greater reliability than two separate experiments. b. The factorial design has a decreased chance of experimenter bias affecting the outcome. c. The factorial design allows you to test for main effects. d. The factorial design allows you to test for interactions.
d. The factorial design allows you to test for interactions.
485. Jason is interested in examining how sex of participant affects liking of a female instructor. Male and female participants are surveyed on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester in terms of their liking for their instructor. What kind of analysis will Jason use? a. One-way ANOVA for independent samples b. Two-way ANOVA for independent samples c. Two-way ANOVA for correlated samples d. Two-way ANOVA for mixed samples
d. Two-way ANOVA for mixed samples
In a two-variable experiment, a. if the main effects are significant, then there cannot be a significant interaction. b. if the interaction is significant, then there cannot be significant main effects. c. if one main effect is significant, then the other main effect cannot be significant. d. any combination of main effects and interactions is possible.
d. any combination of main effects and interactions is possible.
A factorial design in which both IVs involve random assignment is referred to as a __________ factorial design. a. within-subjects b. mixed c. correlated-groups d. between-subjects
d. between-subjects
Suppose you have graphed a significant interaction. The lines on the line graph should a. converge. b. cross. c. be parallel. d. either converge or cross.
d. either converge or cross.
Refer to Table 12-1. The main effect of participant sex ____ significant; therefore, we should conclude that a. is; men administered more shocks than women. b. is not; men administered more shocks than women. c. is; there are no overall differences between men and women in terms of the number of shocks administered. d. is not; there are no overall differences between men and women in terms of the number of shocks administered
d. is not; there are no overall differences between men and women in terms of the number of shocks administered.
Refer to Table 12-2. The main effect of facial expression ____ significant; therefore, we should conclude that a. is not; there are no differences in recall for the number of smiles versus frowns. b. is; there are no differences in recall for the number of smiles versus frowns. c. is not; participants had better recall for smiles than frowns. d. is; participants had better recall for smiles than frowns.
d. is; participants had better recall for smiles than frowns.
483. A researcher who conducts a series of experiments concerning a related topic is conducting a. a 2 x 2 ANOVA for independent samples. b. post hoc tests. c. synergistic research. d. programmatic research
d. programmatic research
In a factorial design, researchers use a. one independent variable with three or more levels. b. one independent variable with three or more levels and one dependent variable. c. one independent variable with three or more levels and multiple dependent variables. d. two or more independent variables.
d. two or more independent variables.
Refer to Table 12-3. This example represents a a. one-way ANOVA for independent samples. b. two-way ANOVA for independent samples. c. two-way ANOVA for correlated samples. d. two-way ANOVA for mixed samples.
d. two-way ANOVA for mixed samples.
If we find a significant interaction in a 2 x 2 design, a. we should focus first on the main effect of factor A. b. we should focus first on the main effect of factor B. c. we should focus first on both main effects. d. we should ignore the main effects of factor A and factor B.
d. we should ignore the main effects of factor A and factor B.
Suppose you have graphed a significant interaction. The lines on the line graph should
either converge or cross
The single-case research approach popularized by B.F. Skinner is called
experimental analysis of behavior.
Another word for an independent variable is a
factor.
The Solomon four-group design has
four groups, with two of the groups tested twice and two of the groups tested once.
Which of the following is the main threat to internal validity in an interrupted time-series design?
history
In a 3 x 4 design, the "4" refers to the number of
levels in the second independent variable.
Quasi-experimental designs have _____ threats to internal validity than true experiments
more
To ensure that behavior is consistent, researchers using the single-case experimental design use
repeated measures.
To control for history effects in an interrupted time-series study, a researcher decides to use an A-B-A format in her study. This means that she
takes away the treatment to determine if behavior reverts back to baseline.
Consider the diagram below. Which experimental design is depicted? R O1 R X O2
the posttest-only control-group design
Consider the diagram below. Which type of experimental design is depicted? R O1 O2 R O3 X O4
the pretest-posttest control-group design
A 2 x 2 design means that
there are two independent variables, each with two levels.
In a factorial design, researchers use
two or more independent variables.
When your experiment is internally valid, then
you can draw cause-and-effect conclusions