Experimental Psychology Exam

Bob finished 2nd in the race behind Pam. Jay finished after Bob. What scale of measurement is being used? A) Nominal B) Ordinal C) Ratio D) Interval

Ordinal

Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. How many participant variables exist in Dr. Elder's study? 1 2 0 4

0

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design. How many independent variables are in his study? 8 6 4 2

2

A factorial design with two independent variables, one with two levels and the other with four levels, would be represented in a factorial design as... A) 2x3 B) 2x2x2 C) 2x4 D) 2x2

2x4

n a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design, how many IV are being tested? a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 0

3

The text gives two major reasons that experience is a faulty source of evidence for our beliefs. Please select the correct TWO choices. A. Experience has confounds. B. Experiences are from only one person. C. Experience has no comparison group. D. Experience has no hypotheses.

A & C

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? list of procedures A description of the study's hypotheses A statement of risks A statement of benefits

A description of the study's hypotheses

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? An other-report measure A categorical variable A ratio scale of measurement A qualitative variable

A ratio scale of measurement

A study is looking for IRB approval here at Tufts. Their study is focused on the effects of caffeine on memory. Who would not necessarily be a part of the IRB board? a) A psychology researcher b) A member of the local community not affiliated with the university c) A professor at Tufts concerned with the ethics of such a study d) A student studying Experimental psychology at Tufts

A student studying Experimental psychology at Tufts ( IRB board consists of, at minimum, 1 member from scientific areas, 1 member whose concern is in non scientific areas, and 1 individual not affiliated with the school)

Three necessary criteria for causal claims are A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity B. association, construct validity, and generalizability C. operationalization, temporal precedence, and construct validity

A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity

What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic? A. Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct. B. Research predicts all possible results C. Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all. D. If there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably incorrect.

A. Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct.

According to the textbook, the conclusion that family meals prevent eating disorders cannot be supported because A. the study does not establish temporal precedence or internal validity. B. there is zero association between the variables. C. they covary positively. D. they manipulate too many variables.

A. the study does not establish temporal precedence or internal validity.

According to the text, when can psychology books in popular bookstores (trade books) be good sources of information? A. when they are based on research and cite the research B. when they are written by psychologists who also publish empirical articles C. They are rarely good sources of information.

A. when they are based on research and cite the research

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? An ordinal scale of measurement An interval scale of measurement A self-report measurement A categorical measurement

An ordinal scale of measurement

Which of these is FALSE about a non-equivalent control groups study? a. Participants have not been randomly assigned to groups b. It has an independent variable c. It is a type of quasi-experiment d. It has no comparison group

B; non-equivalent control groups do NOT have an independent variable

Dr. Smith decides to run an experiment where half of the participants are randomly assigned to eat homemade jam and the other half eat store-bought jam. Everyone ate the jam on the same kind of bread. What kind of design is this? 1) Between 2) Within 3) Mixed 4) Neither

Between Subjects design

r. Grayson, a health psychologist, conducts a study examining whether people eat more when they are exposed to pictures of food than when they are not exposed to pictures of food. She goes to a fast-food restaurant in downtown Chicago that has pictures of menu items on its menu board and measures the amount of food ordered during the lunch rush (11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m.) on Tuesday. On Thursday, she does the same thing but at a fast-food restaurant that does not have pictures on its menu board (about two blocks away from the first restaurant). She finds that the restaurant with pictures of food sells more food than the restaurant that does not have pictures. Dr. Grayson would most be able to generalize her findings to which of the following populations? A) People from Chicago B) People who eat out at restaurants C) People who eat lunch at fast-food restaurants D) People who live in downtown Chicago

C) People who eat in fast food restaurants

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study? A. External validity. B. Statistical validity. C. Construct validity. D. Internal validity.

C. Construct validity.

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: *How* did the researchers get their sample of people for this survey? A. Statistical validity B. Construct validity C. External validity D. Internal validity

C. External validity

here are four big validities, and not all of them are important for every claim. Which two validities are most often in a trade-off (that is, researchers give up one to prioritize the other)? A. construct and statistical B. construct and external C. internal and external D. internal and statistical

C. internal and external

To support an association claim, a study would have to have A. one variable. B. two manipulated variables. C. two or more measured variables.

C. two or more measured variables.

If we use the availability heuristic, we are basing our beliefs on A. what others think. B. what we see popular people do. C. what comes to mind easily.

C. what comes to mind easily.

Jeb believes fervently in the existence of aliens. He has posters of alleged UFO sightings in his bedroom, and he spends his nights gazing through his telescope at the starry sky. He ignores every bit of factual evidence that casts doubt on his belief, but when another dubious article about an alien spaceship finds his Facebook feed, he shares it with all his friends and says, "See? Aliens are real." What kind of bias is gullible Jeb demonstrating here? a) bias blind spot b) confirmation bias c) present/present bias d) availability heuristic

Confirmation Bias

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity? Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients Correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

Correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers manipulate note taking medium in this study? A. External validity. B. Statistical validity. C. Internal validity. D. Construct validity.

D. Construct validity

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse. Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim.

Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim.

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? Determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes Find and read the original scientific article Check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results Research the credentials of the author of the popular media article

Find and read the original scientific article

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true? He does not have a dependent variable. His study does not qualify as an experiment. He can make a strong causal claim about the effect of zoo visits on environmental attitudes. His control group is people who did not visit the zoo.

His study does not qualify as an experiment.

A researcher wants to know if the kids are less rowdy at the end of a summer camp, so he lets all the kids know participated take two tests at the beginning and the end of the session. To prevent _____ effect, he added a comparison group of kids who did not participate the summer camp. A. History B. Attrition C. Maturation D. Order

History (any event other than the Independent variable that occurred in or out of the experiment that may account for the results of the experiment)

Which of the following headlines is a causal claim? A. Holding a gun may make you think others are too B. Younger people can't read emotions on wrinkled faces C. Strange but true: Babies born in the autumn are more likely to live to 100 D. Check the baby! Many new moms show signs of OCD

Holding a gun *may* make you think others are too

Maturation, instrumentation, and history are all threats to_____... a) Construct validity b) Reliability c) Internal validity d) Direct replication

Internal Validity

All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions. It is less time-consuming for the participants. They require fewer participants. Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent.

It is less time-consuming for the participants

Which of the following is true of probability sampling? It should only be used when external validity is not the goal of the study. It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling. It is the same as random assignment. It is the best way to obtain a representative sample.

It is the best way to obtain a representative sample.

Which of the following is a reason that a journalist may misrepresent a psychology study in a magazine? Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study. Journalists are unethical. Journalists may count on their readers to check the original scientific journal. The peer-review process for journalists sometimes makes them miss important facts.

Journalists may not personally have the scientific background to understand the study.

Which of the following is not discussed in the Belmont Report? a) Respect for persons b) Respect for ethics c) Beneficience d) Justice

Justice

The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity? Attrition Selection-history Instrumentation Maturation

Maturation

Which of the following is a reason that psychologists especially value meta-analyses? Meta-analyses eliminate the need for replications. Meta-analyses always take less time to conduct. Meta-analyses allow researchers to examine the strength of a relationship. Meta-analyses are immune to threats to internal validity.

Meta-analyses allow researchers to examine the strength of a relationship.

Which of the following designs has elements of both a within-group design and an independent-groups design? Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design Nonequivalent control group design Matched group factorial design Multiple regression design

Nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design

This occurs if an observer is told certain traits about a participant, thus influencing their interpretations of participant behavior and affecting the outcome of the study. a. Observer effect b. Attrition threat c. Observer bias d. Testing threat

Observer bias

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

Studying people who are easy to find Studying people who are colleagues of the researcher Studying people who are willing to participate Studying people who are typical

Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion The last paragraph of the introduction and the results section The abstract and the method section The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction

The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

Cindy decides to conduct a meta-analysis examining the relationship between daily stress and cardiovascular health for her senior psychology research project. Cindy's advisor recommends that she contact several researchers in the field for articles that were not published and/or that found null effects. Doing this will address which of the following? Ecological validity The file drawer problem The lack of reporting significant findings The need for overestimation

The file drawer problem (tendency to publish positive results but not publish negative or nonconfirmatory results)

Which of the following is NOT a factor that a potential participant should be briefed on before deciding to participate in a study? A. the purpose of the study B. the hypothesis/es of the study C. risks/benefits of the study D. The right to terminate participation at any point

The hypothesis/es of the study

Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. DV: Marital Satisfaction Variable Income, b = .69, p = .03 Number of arguments, b = -.73, p = .01 Life satisfaction, b = .13, p = .81 Given Dr. Finkel's design, which of the following issues is his study best able to address? The issue of possible third variables The issue of temporal precedence between his two variables The issue of diminished statistical validity The ethical issue of manipulating income level

The issue of possible third variables

A type two error describes a scenario in which: A) the null hypothesis is accepted, and is actually true B) the null hypothesis is accepted, but is actually false C) the null hypothesis is rejected, but is actually true D) the null hypothesis is rejected, and is actually false

The null hypothesis is accepted but actually is true

When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? The number of people negatively affected vs. the number of people positively affected The type of people negatively affected vs. the type of people positively affected The costs of conducting the study vs. the benefits gained by the researcher The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain

The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain

Who determines the population to which a study's findings generalize? Journalists The IRB The participants The researcher

The researcher

If Dr. X wants to know if their test that measures a participant's stress level has face validity, which parameter should they consider? A. The test appears to measure stress at the surface level B. The test is very dissimilar to another test that measures calmness C. The test is similar to another test that measures stress through cortisol levels D. The test correlates with the behavioral outcome

The test appears to measure stress at the surface level

In order for a third-variable problem to be considered, what must be true? A. The experiment must include more than 2 measured variables B. The third variable must have an association with both of the other two variables C. There cannot be a correlation between the two original variables D. The third variable has to be measured in the same way as the other two variables

The third variable must have an association with both of the other two variables

Which of the following is NOT true of finding a stronger effect size in an association claim? There will be greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another. There will be greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world. There will be greater construct validity. There will be a greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship.

There will be greater construct validity.

Which of the following is an advantage of studies that are conducted in real-world settings? They are more important than studies conducted in laboratories. They have a high degree of internal validity. They are high in ecological validity. They automatically generalize to other situations.

They are high in ecological validity. (refers to the extend to which findings of research study are able to generalize about real-life settings)

Which answer is best explanation of why quasi-experiments are not considered true experiments? a) they don't have a measurable dependent variable b) they only have a very small number of participants c) they don't allow for the benefit of random assignment d) they don't allow for the benefit of random sampling

They do not allow allow for the benefit of random assignment

Why are double-barreled questions problematic? They are too conceptual. They may have poor construct validity. They are leading questions. They may be too easy to answer.

They may have poor construct validity.

Why might a researcher studying the effects of allergy medicine in 10 children suggest using a stable-baseline design for their experiment? a) To see if the kids' allergies come back b) To note whether or not the allergies persist without the medicine c) To showcase general success instead of individual success of the allergy medicine d)To produce multiple averages for data

To note whether or not the allergies persist without the medicine (stable-baseline design is when a researcher observes behavior for an extended baseline period before beginning a treatment to ensure that improvement is explained by the medicine and not any other factors (internal validity))

Saying that an innocent person is guilty is an example of a A) Type I error B) Type II error

Type 1 error (type 2 would be a guilty person is deemed innocent)

A doctor concludes that a man is pregnant at the end of his visit. This is an example of a what? A. Attrition Error B. Maturation Error C. Type I Error D. Type II Error

Type 1 error ( false positive)

If a researcher concluded with a null result but in actuality, the relationship in the real world is not the null result, what type of error is this? A. False null result B. Type I C. Negative correlation D. Type II

Type II

Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? Using reverse-worded questions Using scales with an even number of response options Using a Likert scale Providing a "no opinion" option

Using scales with an even number of response options

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic? We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. We will never be right in our conclusions. It keeps us from examining our own experience. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

Which of the following is a possible way to help avoid false negative findings? a) have more sensitive measures of IV b) control data collection to reduce distractions c) design measurements to avoid floor/ceiling effects d) all of the above

all of the above

individual's belief that they are not as susceptible to bias as others What type of bias is this? present bias authority bias blind spot confirmation bias

bias blind spot

_____ is a statistical index which describes the degree and direction of the relationship between two variables a. ANOVA b. t-test c. mean d. correlation

correlation

1. "Family meals curb eating disorders" is which type of claim? a. Frequency Claim b. Association Claim c. Causal Claim d. Associative-Causative Claim

casual claim

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have: collected a sample. conducted a census. biased the study. increased internal validity.

collected a sample.

The tendency to look only at information that agrees with what we already believe is also known as: a) present/ present bias b) confirmation bias c) availability heuristic d) bias blind spot

confirmation bias

What is a part of behavior or personality that can be observed or measured? A. Paradigm B. Construct C. Operational definition D. Confounding

construct (operationalizing what's being measured)

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish _________ validity. statistical external construct internal

construct (how well a test or tool measures the variable it was designed to measure)

Which one of these is not one of the "Four Big Validities" A. Construct Validity B. External Validity C. Content Validity D. Statistical Validity

content validity

Experiments support causal claims, and allow researchers to establish all the following but...? a. covariance b. temporal precedence c. experiment design d. internal validity

experiment design

Which of the following is NOT a threat to internal validity? A) History B) Maturation C) Regression to the mean D) Double-blind procedure

double-blind procedure

Which of the following is a definition of a within-subjects design? - involves more than two measured variables - each participant serves in only one condition - each person participates in more than one condition - each variable in the same group of people are measured at several points of time

each person participates in more than one condition

Mary conducts a study that involves 100 participants. She hangs fliers around her city, makes posts on CraigsList, sends out an email to her university in an effort to get a representative population and a sample where everyone has an equal change of being chosen to participate. What type of validity is this an example of? A. Construct validity B. External validity C. Internal Validity D. Statistical Validity

external validity

Which of the following is not necessary for a causal claim? A. Internal Validity B. Covariance C. External Validity D. Temporal Precedence

external validity

Construct validity refers to... a) the extent to which a study's statistical conclusions are accurate and reasonable b) how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, people/contexts besides those in the original study c) how well a conceptual variable is operationalized d) how well the participants represent intended population

how well a conceptual variable is operationalized

An experimenter creates a survey which attempts to measure participants' level of openness. She has her participants take this survey, but also has them take another survey created by her colleague which also measures openness. She intends to compare the results, in order to assess her measure's _______. a.) statistical validity b.) interrater realiability c.) test-retest reliability d.) categorical data

inter-rater reliability

Which of the following does Cronbach's alpha measure? A. How different a set of items are B. Internal consistency C. The significance of your alpha-level D. None of the above

internal consistency (how closely related a set of items are in a group or a measure of scale reliability.)

Consistent instrumentation in an experiment addresses the issue of a) Construct validity b) Inter-rater reliability c) Internal Validity d) Covariance

internal validity

Random assignment is a experimental tool that strengthens which type of validity? a. construct validity b. statistical validity c. internal validity d. external validity

internal validity

Random assignment will help to improve: a. internal validity b. external validity c. statistical validity d. construct validity

internal validity

counterbalancing conditions improves what type of validity: a. External b. Internal c. Statistical d. Construct

internal validity

Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as: meta-analysis. a review journal article. a PsycWiki. a chapter in an edited book.

meta-analysis.

Which of the following is not an ethical guideline in research: a. never deceiving a participant b. giving credit to researchers whose ideas you draw from c. obtaining informed consent before a study d. taking extra precautions when dealing with vulnerable groups (children, prisoners, etc)

never deceiving a participant (?)

Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. This type of design is known as a(n): nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design. interrupted time-series design. nonequivalent control group design. reversal design.

nonequivalent control group design.

Which is NOT a reason an experiment might arrive at a null result? A. Not enough of a difference between conditions B. No real effect of IV on DV C. Extraneous variables D. Too much variability within conditions

not enough of a difference between conditions

Which of the following is NOT a reason that null effects occur? A. Not enough of a difference between conditions B. The IV truly has no effect on the DV C. Not enough variability within conditions D. Too much variability within conditions

not enough of a difference between the two conditions

Heather decided to use partial counterbalancing when conducting an experiment. What threat to internal validity does partial counterbalancing most likely address? A. Placebo effect B. Observer bias C. Order effect D. Maturation

order effect

Which scale of measurement would be used to display a bookstores top five best-selling books? a. Categorical/nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio

ordinal

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) _________________. prediction outcome observation theory

prediction

Which of the following is NOT a potential disadvantage of within-groups, repeated-measures design? a. Order effects b. Presence of demand characteristics c. Carryover effects d. Practice effects

presence of demand characteristics (order effects, when one level influences the response to the next level, practice effects, long sequence might lead participants to get better overtime, and carryover effects, in which a counfound in participant variables affect on condition.)

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? r = 0.83 r = -0.18 r = -1.0 r = 1.0

r = -.018

Which of the following r values would NOT indicate significant correlation in a correlational study: a) r = 1.00 b) r = -1.00 c) r = -0.88 d) r = 0.06

r = 0.06

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). Dr. Lonsbary's colleague, Dr. Chavis, recommended randomly assigning the participants to the three groups. His recommendation was designed to avoid which of the following? selection effect An order effect A carryover effect A practice effect

selection effect

Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. After conducting the study, Dr. Fletcher finds out that the people who joined a fraternity/sorority all saw a documentary on body image sponsored by the InterGreek Council the night before recruitment began. This threat to internal validity is known as a: testing threat. selection threat. history threat. selection-history threat.

selection-history threat (any even that occurs between pretest and posttest that the groups experience differently)

Which of the following best describes the difference in types of small-N designs? a) stable-baseline designs involve just a few participants whereas multiple-baseline designs have at least 30 b) stable-baseline designs use nonequivalent control groups whereas multiple-baseline designs use equivalent control groups c) stable-baseline designs are the only small-N designs with an interrupted time-series d) stable-baseline designs involve only one pre-event measurement whereas multiple-baseline designs involve multiple

stable-baseline designs use nonequivalent control groups whereas multiple-baseline designs use equivalent control groups (??)

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? the criterion of temporal precedence the criterion of covariance the criterion of external validity the third-variable criterion

the criterion of temporal precedence

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? the covariance of the study the internal validity of the study the temporal precedence of the study the external validity of the study

the internal validity of the study

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? the sex of the researcher the volume of the music the type of game the sex of the participant

the sex of the participant

What are the criteria for a correlational study? a. Tests of statistical significance, such as a t test b. Use of regression analyses and the correlation coefficient, r c. Use of a two way experimental design d. Measurement of all stated variables

use of regression analyses and the correlation coefficient, r

What is the difference between validity and reliability? (select all that apply) a. they are both relative accuracy or correctness b. they are both consistency or repeatability c. validity is consistency or repeatability d. reliability is relative accuracy or correctness e. validity is relative accuracy or correctness f. reliability is consistency or repeatability

validity is relative accuracy or correctness reliability is consistency or repeatability

What is a longitudinal study? A. When a researcher collects data from multiple samples over an extended period of time, each at a different time. B. When a researcher collects data from the same sample at different levels of the independent variable at a single point in time. C. When a researcher collects data from the same sample of people over an extended period of time. D. When a researcher collects data from multiple samples at a single point in time.

when a researcher collects data from the same sample of people over an extended period of time.