FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY

self-construal

Self-image; the degree to which people conceive of themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connected to, others. -valued images of self within a culture

Solidarity Facework

accepting another as a member of an in-group

Facework

actions used to deal with face needs/wants of self and others

face maintenance strategies (employed to save your own face or others)

-Strategies you employ to save your own face or others 1. Mutual face 2. Face restoration 3. Face giving

definition of face

-The projected image of one's self in a relational situation -metaphor for out public self-image

criticisms of face negotiation theory

-committed to a scientific standpoint (looks for measurable commonalities across cultures and then link to subsequent behavioral outcomes -mostly positive and clear results in support of the theory -based solely on self-report data: often self-serving -used wrong terms associated with mediators -revised theory when parts were disconfirmed

Conflict Strategies

1. avoiding 2. obliging 3. compromising 4. dominating 5. integrating 6. emotional expression 7. passive aggression

Conflict strategies (collectivist)

1. avoiding - responding to conflict by withdrawing from open discussion 2. obliging - accommodating or giving in to the wishes of another in a conflict situation 3. compromising - conflict management by negotiation or bargaining; seeking a middle way 4. 3rd party help - if someone or group is having problems, one goes to someone they admire (insider) from community for help 5. Integrating - problem solving through open discussion; collaborating for a win-win resolution of conflict

Conflict strategies (Individualist)

1. emotional expression - managing conflict by disclosure or venting of feelings, go with gut feeling 2. passive aggression - making indirect accusations, showing resentment, procrastination, and other behaviors aimed at thwarting another's resolution of conflict 3. dominating - competing to win when people's interests conflict, my opinion prevails 4. 3rd party help - go to counselor, mediator, lawyer, don't go to their mom or someone from their community

Face

A metaphor for the public image people display.

Positive Face

Desire to be liked and admired by others, Our desire to be liked by significant others in our lives and have them confirm our beliefs, respect our abilities, and value what we value

Face Negotiation Theory

Ting-Toomey and Oetzel (coresearcher) Basic assumption: we all must manage and negotiate face -Objective -Socio-psychological tradition

collectivist cultures

Wherein people identify with a larger group that is responsible for providing care in exchange for group loyalty; we-identity; a high context culture ex: Japan and China, values group needs and goals

individualist cultures

Wherein people look out for themselves and their immediate families; I-identity; a low context culture ex: U.S. and Germany -How do I advance myself?

Face Need

desire to be associated or disassociated with others

Negative Face

desire to be autonomous and free from others

Face-Saving

efforts to avoid embarrassment or vulnerability

Mutual Face

equal concern for both parties' face or image as well as the public image of the relationship ex: In Coutu's family, didn't say anything negative about each other in public so people would have a good impression. Her parents wanted to be the type of people that supported their children

Tact Facework

extent to which a person respects another's autonomy

Approbation Facework

focusing less on the negative aspects of another and more on the positive aspects

Face Concern

interest in maintaing ones face or the face of others

Self-Identity

personal attributes of another

Obliging

satisfying the needs of others

definition of facework

specific verbal and nonverbal messages that help to maintain and restore face loss, and to uphold and honor face gain

Avoiding

staying away form disagreements

Face Giving

strategy used to defend and support anothers need for inclusion (collectivist) ex: Student texting in class was called out. He later apologized and said if i text again, can you not call me out. She said no, very face threatening -He was face-giving, trying to be included in class

Face Restoration

strategy used to preserve autonomy and avoid loss of face

Face Restoration (individualist)

strategy used to stakeout a unique place in life, preserve autonomy and defend against loss of personal freedom. ex: Coutu swore in a meeting, people we shocked. She said "I'm sorry, i've been really stressed lately" When your face is threatened

Face Management

the protection of one's face

Compromising

using a give-and-take to achieve a middle-road resolution

Dominating

using influence or authority to make decisions