Final

modifying what others have said model

"Although I agree with A and B, it is important to extend/refine/limit their ideas with C."

Correcting-Misinterpretations Model

"Although many have argued about A and B, a careful examination suggests C."

original research

Using primary sources of evidence you gather yourself

we should use whatever means possible to avoid further attack

appeal to fear fallacy example

skimming

Briefly examining the material to get a sense of the information it offers

pathos

Indirectly appeals to emotion by recognizing that people are moved to action by their emotions as well as by reasonable arguments

confusing cause and effect fallacy

It is challenging to establish that one factor causes another

shifting the issue fallacy

Occurs when an author draws attention away from the issue instead of offering evidence that will enable people to draw their own conclusions about the soundness of an argument

proposal

Offering a solution in a reasonable and measured, yet decisive way to a clearly defined problem and explaining why

appeal to fear fallacy

Preventing readers from dealing squarely with an issue by appealing to their irrational fear and prejudice

false analogy fallacy

Urges readers to rethink the need for something with an unreasonable comparison

sarcasm

Use of heavy handed irony to ridicule or attack someone or something

irony

Use of language to say one thing while meaning another

popular source

Written for a general audience, such as USA Today Newspaper; written so that any reader can understand them; provide helpful information about a topic or issue

scholarly source

Written for experts in a particular field, such as The New England Journal of Medicine; advance your argument

rhetorical triangle

a common reference to the three rhetorical appeals identified by Aristotle: ethos, pathos, and logos

annotated bibliography

a list of citations to books, articles, and documents with a brief description to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited

affirmative action proponents accuses me of opposing equal opportunity in the workforce. I think my positions on military expenditures, education, and public health speak for themselves.

shifting the issue fallacy example

despite the women's movement, women still do not receive equal pay. therefore there is no hope to change the status quo

sweeping generalizations fallacy example

you should use this drug because it has been clinically proven to re-uptake serotonin.

technical jargon fallacy example

democrats are more interested in running away than in trying to win the war on terrorism

the straw man fallacy example

sweeping generalizations fallacy

Author attempts to draw a conclusion without providing sufficient evidence to support the conclusion or examine counterarguments

technical jargon fallacy

Author does not present any substantive evidence to demonstrate that the premises are true and that the conclusion follows

begging the question fallacy

Advancing a circular argument that asks readers to accept a premise that is also the conclusion; no evidence is given

index

An alphabetical list of the important and recurring concepts in a book, and the page numbers on which they appear

secondary source

An analysis of information reported in a primary source

deductive argument

An argument in which the premises support the conclusion

bandwagon fallacy

Author urges readers to accept an idea because a significant number of people support it

working thesis

An assertion that writers make at the beginning of what they write and then support with evidence throughout

premise

An assumption that you expect readers to agree with

Erroneous Appeal to Authority fallacy

An author who claims to be or cited to be an authority but isn't

ethos

Appeals from character where readers are swayed by the argument of someone they trust

logos

Appeals to reason by using evidence to advance the claim and address form and content; mix of ethos and pathos

inductive argument

Argument that relies on evidence and observation to reach a conclusion

fallacy of the middle ground

Assumes that the middle position between two extreme positions must be correct

either/or fallacy

Author will take 2 extreme positions to force readers to make a choice between 2 seemingly contradictory positions

primary source

A firsthand or eyewitness account, such as letters, newspapers, or research reports where the researcher explains his/her impressions of a particular phenomenon.

hasty generalization fallacy

A person draws a conclusion about a group based on a sample that is too small to be representative

peer review

A piece of work will not get published until it has been carefully evaluated by the authors' peers, other experts in the academic conversation

hypothesis testing model

"Some people explain A by suggesting B, but a close analysis of the problem reveals the possibility of several competing/complementary explanations, such as C, D, and E."

filling the gap model

(value claim) "Although scholars have noted A and B, they have missed the importance of C."

logical fallacies

Flaws in the chain of reasoning that lead to a conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence

Ad Hominem Fallacy

Focuses on the person making a claim instead of the claim itself; questions credibility of claim

the straw man argument fallacy

Generalization about what a group believes without actually citing a specific writer or work

fallacy of division

Suggests that what is true of the whole must be true of its parts

context

The process of establishing a background for understanding an issue; 4 steps -Establish topic is current and relevant -briefly present what others have said -explain what you see as the problem -state your thesis

idea sheet

To help you explore not just what you want to learn by conducting research but why you are interested in a particular topic, issue, or problem; a form of exploratory writing that can serve as the basis for a more formal research proposal

because Harvard and Stanford have all added a multicultural component to their graduation requirements, other institutes should as well.

bandwagon fallacy example

we could improve the undergrad experience with coed dorms because both men and women benefit from living with members of opposite gender.

begging the question fallacy example

the current recession came right after the president was elected

confusing cause/effect fallacy example

focus group

diverse group of people assembled to participate in a guided discussion about a particular topic

either you support the war or you are against it

either/or fallacy example

conservatives have always voted this way. therefore, we can assume senator harrison will vote this way.

fallacy of division example

Hirsch argues that literacy is the only way to increase test scores, and Kozol believes they will if state legislation increases funding, but I would argue that school reform will occur if we change the curriculum and provide more funding.

fallacy of the middle ground example

it is ridiculous to have a gay/lesbian program. we don't have a straight studies program.

false analogy fallacy example

75% of the seniors surveyed study 10 hours a week, so we can conclude students are not studying enough.

hasty generalization fallacy example