Final
modifying what others have said model
"Although I agree with A and B, it is important to extend/refine/limit their ideas with C."
Correcting-Misinterpretations Model
"Although many have argued about A and B, a careful examination suggests C."
original research
Using primary sources of evidence you gather yourself
we should use whatever means possible to avoid further attack
appeal to fear fallacy example
skimming
Briefly examining the material to get a sense of the information it offers
pathos
Indirectly appeals to emotion by recognizing that people are moved to action by their emotions as well as by reasonable arguments
confusing cause and effect fallacy
It is challenging to establish that one factor causes another
shifting the issue fallacy
Occurs when an author draws attention away from the issue instead of offering evidence that will enable people to draw their own conclusions about the soundness of an argument
proposal
Offering a solution in a reasonable and measured, yet decisive way to a clearly defined problem and explaining why
appeal to fear fallacy
Preventing readers from dealing squarely with an issue by appealing to their irrational fear and prejudice
false analogy fallacy
Urges readers to rethink the need for something with an unreasonable comparison
sarcasm
Use of heavy handed irony to ridicule or attack someone or something
irony
Use of language to say one thing while meaning another
popular source
Written for a general audience, such as USA Today Newspaper; written so that any reader can understand them; provide helpful information about a topic or issue
scholarly source
Written for experts in a particular field, such as The New England Journal of Medicine; advance your argument
rhetorical triangle
a common reference to the three rhetorical appeals identified by Aristotle: ethos, pathos, and logos
annotated bibliography
a list of citations to books, articles, and documents with a brief description to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited
affirmative action proponents accuses me of opposing equal opportunity in the workforce. I think my positions on military expenditures, education, and public health speak for themselves.
shifting the issue fallacy example
despite the women's movement, women still do not receive equal pay. therefore there is no hope to change the status quo
sweeping generalizations fallacy example
you should use this drug because it has been clinically proven to re-uptake serotonin.
technical jargon fallacy example
democrats are more interested in running away than in trying to win the war on terrorism
the straw man fallacy example
sweeping generalizations fallacy
Author attempts to draw a conclusion without providing sufficient evidence to support the conclusion or examine counterarguments
technical jargon fallacy
Author does not present any substantive evidence to demonstrate that the premises are true and that the conclusion follows
begging the question fallacy
Advancing a circular argument that asks readers to accept a premise that is also the conclusion; no evidence is given
index
An alphabetical list of the important and recurring concepts in a book, and the page numbers on which they appear
secondary source
An analysis of information reported in a primary source
deductive argument
An argument in which the premises support the conclusion
bandwagon fallacy
Author urges readers to accept an idea because a significant number of people support it
working thesis
An assertion that writers make at the beginning of what they write and then support with evidence throughout
premise
An assumption that you expect readers to agree with
Erroneous Appeal to Authority fallacy
An author who claims to be or cited to be an authority but isn't
ethos
Appeals from character where readers are swayed by the argument of someone they trust
logos
Appeals to reason by using evidence to advance the claim and address form and content; mix of ethos and pathos
inductive argument
Argument that relies on evidence and observation to reach a conclusion
fallacy of the middle ground
Assumes that the middle position between two extreme positions must be correct
either/or fallacy
Author will take 2 extreme positions to force readers to make a choice between 2 seemingly contradictory positions
primary source
A firsthand or eyewitness account, such as letters, newspapers, or research reports where the researcher explains his/her impressions of a particular phenomenon.
hasty generalization fallacy
A person draws a conclusion about a group based on a sample that is too small to be representative
peer review
A piece of work will not get published until it has been carefully evaluated by the authors' peers, other experts in the academic conversation
hypothesis testing model
"Some people explain A by suggesting B, but a close analysis of the problem reveals the possibility of several competing/complementary explanations, such as C, D, and E."
filling the gap model
(value claim) "Although scholars have noted A and B, they have missed the importance of C."
logical fallacies
Flaws in the chain of reasoning that lead to a conclusion that does not follow from the premises or evidence
Ad Hominem Fallacy
Focuses on the person making a claim instead of the claim itself; questions credibility of claim
the straw man argument fallacy
Generalization about what a group believes without actually citing a specific writer or work
fallacy of division
Suggests that what is true of the whole must be true of its parts
context
The process of establishing a background for understanding an issue; 4 steps -Establish topic is current and relevant -briefly present what others have said -explain what you see as the problem -state your thesis
idea sheet
To help you explore not just what you want to learn by conducting research but why you are interested in a particular topic, issue, or problem; a form of exploratory writing that can serve as the basis for a more formal research proposal
because Harvard and Stanford have all added a multicultural component to their graduation requirements, other institutes should as well.
bandwagon fallacy example
we could improve the undergrad experience with coed dorms because both men and women benefit from living with members of opposite gender.
begging the question fallacy example
the current recession came right after the president was elected
confusing cause/effect fallacy example
focus group
diverse group of people assembled to participate in a guided discussion about a particular topic
either you support the war or you are against it
either/or fallacy example
conservatives have always voted this way. therefore, we can assume senator harrison will vote this way.
fallacy of division example
Hirsch argues that literacy is the only way to increase test scores, and Kozol believes they will if state legislation increases funding, but I would argue that school reform will occur if we change the curriculum and provide more funding.
fallacy of the middle ground example
it is ridiculous to have a gay/lesbian program. we don't have a straight studies program.
false analogy fallacy example
75% of the seniors surveyed study 10 hours a week, so we can conclude students are not studying enough.
hasty generalization fallacy example