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In the Southeastern Conference, the most successful college football conference in the United States, the universities spent an average of $13.400 on each student, whereas for each football player they spent an average of about A. $20,000. B. $60,000. C. $120,000. D. $160,000.

D. $160,000.

Program inequality has long been a part of intercollegiate sports. One manifestation of this is that A. students don't pay student fees at schools with wining sport teams. B. universities with the most sport revenues subsidize schools with few revenues. C. schools with unequal athletic budgets do not play each other. D. 92% of NCAA Div. I championships have been won by 20% of Div. I schools.

D. 92% of NCAA Div. I championships have been won by 20% of Div. I schools.

Most research on college sports focuses on A. Division III schools. B. Junior colleges. C. Division II schools. D. Division I schools.

D. Division I schools.

Data on college sports indicate that A. over half of all college athletes play in NCAA Division I sports. B. junior colleges have over half of all college sport programs. C. sport teams covered in mainstream media are typical of all college sports. D. NCAA Division III has more athletes than any other NCAA division.

D. NCAA Division III has more athletes than any other NCAA division.

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NCAA Division I data show that about 75-percent of black male athletes participate in A. basketball and football. B. football and lacrosse. C. track and field and basketball. D. baseball and football.

A. basketball and football.

High school athletes today have been raised in a culture emphasizing self-improvement, growth, and achievement. This leads them to A. be demanding of coaches and seek individual support from athletic departments. B. quit playing a sport if they do not get their way. C. drop out of expensive club programs and seek free public high school programs. D. seek out schools known more for academic success than success in sports.

A. be demanding of coaches and seek individual support from athletic departments.

When analyzing the grades of college athletes in comparison to the grades of other college students, the author says that two things must be taken into account. One is clustering and the other is A. differences in high school grades and scores on ACT or SAT tests. B. the age of athletes, which tends to be much older than other students. C. the effects of concussions sustained by many football and soccer players. D. the low expectations that college professors have for athletes in any sport.

A. differences in high school grades and scores on ACT or SAT tests.

After reviewing research findings related to student popularity and sport participation, the author hypothesizes that in comparison with young men, young women in high school are A. less likely to view sports as an identity focal point in their lives. B. less likely to excel across social, academic, and athletic spheres in school. C. more likely to connect their sexuality and sexual identity with sport participation. D. gain more status and popularity from sport participation.

A. less likely to view sports as an identity focal point in their lives.

Data on graduation rates among athletes at Division I universities indicates that A. athletes graduate at a lower rate than other students. B. female athletes have higher graduation rates than male athletes. C. black male athletes have lower grad rates than other black male students. D. rates are highest in revenue producing sports.

B. female athletes have higher graduation rates than male athletes.

Research suggests that future reforms must address problems related to the A. health of athletes and their academic achievement. B. growing separation between university culture and college sport culture. C. actions of faculty members insistent on undermining athletic departments. D. learning disabilities that prevent many athletes from succeeding in college.

B. growing separation between university culture and college sport culture.

Male athletes on intercollegiate teams are most likely to put their athletic and social lives ahead of academics when they A. are majoring in engineering or business. B. play on big-time, entertainment-oriented teams. C. come from wealthy families. D. are not on athletic scholarships

B. play on big-time, entertainment-oriented teams.

Research shows that sport participation A. destroys students' popularity if they also get very good grades. B. usually must be combined with other things to increase a girl's popularity. C. is more crucial for the popularity of girls than for the popularity of boys. D. does not lead to popularity when a student also gets good grades.

B. usually must be combined with other things to increase a girl's popularity.

Financial information on big-time intercollegiate sport programs shows that they A. usually generate enough profits to support academic programs. B. lead wealthy alumni to give money to academic programs. C. are run as businesses but pay no taxes even when they show a profit. D. lose money only when they play in the same town as professional teams.

C. are run as businesses but pay no taxes even when they show a profit.

Research suggests that the spirit generated by high profile college sports events is associated with A. an increase in the hours devoted to study and general academic work. B. more time spent away from campus. C. events that undermine the time spent on academic work. D. forms of networking that enable students to obtain part time jobs.

C. events that undermine the time spent on academic work.

Much of the research on the effects of playing interscholastic sports has been confusing because researchers A. were never athletes themselves and don't understand athlete experiences. B. athletes often refuse to provide information about their sport participation. C. have not studied the identities of those who play on school teams. D. don't understand how sports change the culture of high schools.

C. have not studied the identities of those who play on school teams.

NCAA data on black female athletes in college sports indicate that A. Title IX benefits them more than it does white women. B. they do not experience social isolation like black men do. C. over 75-percent of black women athletes are in basketball or track. D. most black women are involved in rowing, golf, and lacrosse.

C. over 75-percent of black women athletes are in basketball or track.

An overemphasis on "sports development" in high school often leads athletes to A. try to develop competence in too many different sports. B. become too loyal to the school and its academic mission. C. specialize in one sport in a way that restricts overall development. D. become turned off to seeking excellence through sacrifice and hard work.

C. specialize in one sport in a way that restricts overall development.

Data on race and intercollegiate sports in Division I schools show that A. black athletes receive over 20% of the scholarships in every college sport. B. 5-percent of all college-age African Americans have athletic scholarships. C. universities have distorted priorities related to race and education. D. black faculty outnumber black athletes on most college campuses.

C. universities have distorted priorities related to race and education.

When the football team at Northwestern University petitioned the National Labor Relations Board to form a union, which of the following was not one of their goals? A. To force the university to take player safety and head injuries more seriously. B. To limit the hours that coaches could make them practice each week. C. To have health insurance to cover football injuries after eligibility ends. D. To be paid "fair market value" based on the revenues they produce.

D. To be paid "fair market value" based on the revenues they produce.

The student spirit created by high school sports A. has negative consequences for the academic performance of students. B. is produced and maintained by an investment of considerable resources. C. are like nothing else for producing student satisfaction with their school. D. leads to forms of community service among groups of students.

B. is produced and maintained by an investment of considerable resources.

The median revenues and expenditures for the universities in each of the three Division I subdivisions shows that A. the schools with the highest profile football teams show the largest deficits. B. deficits are highest at the schools without football teams. C. schools without football teams generate the highest revenues. D. schools with the highest profile teams have the lowest revenues.

A. the schools with the highest profile football teams show the largest deficits.

The most potentially disruptive lawsuit against the NCAA led to a 2014 ruling that the NCAA was anti-competitive and in violation of anti-trust law in the way that they compensated college athletes. In this ruling a panel of judges requested that there must be a full analysis of the NCAA's A. use of the concept of amateurism to deny payments to athletes. B. media rights for the coverage of the Division I men's basketball tournament. C. salaries for its top executives. D. method of dividing all colleges and universities into three major divisions.

A. use of the concept of amateurism to deny payments to athletes.

NCAA data show that graduation rates for athletes are generally lowest among A. black male athletes in revenue producing sports. B. white male athletes in minor sports. C. all athletes in minor sports. D. black female athletes in swimming and tennis.

A. black male athletes in revenue producing sports.

The professors who established The Drake Group argue that there will be no meaningful reforms in intercollegiate sports unless the A. college sports are monitored by an agency independent of the NCAA. B. the salary of university presidents are tied to making reforms. C. faculty give failing grades to athletes who regularly miss classes and tests. D. athletes can delay coursework until after their eligibility has expired.

A. college sports are monitored by an agency independent of the NCAA.

Research done by Patti and Peter Adler indicated that the male athletes in a big-time intercollegiate basketball program A. experienced academic detachment after one or two semesters. B. came to college with no intention of being serious about academic work. C. gradually learned to choose courses that were academically challenging. D. were forced to interact with people not connected with their team.

A. experienced academic detachment after one or two semesters.

The U.S. Department of Education guidelines for providing equal sport participation opportunities for students with disabilities were needed because A. fewer than 1% of high schools have teams for students with a disability. B. students with a disability are forming their own teams and need guidance. C. most students with a disability can play on standard school teams. D. special education teachers have been organizing club teams for their students.

A. fewer than 1% of high schools have teams for students with a disability.

As high school programs depend more on the families of athletes and local businesses to support varsity teams we see A. greater inequality in the athletic programs at different schools. B. teams in low income areas become more successful. C. private schools dropping their sport programs. D. public schools winning more state championships.

A. greater inequality in the athletic programs at different schools.

When investigative journalists from sports Illustrated studied events between 1999 and 2011 related to the football program at Oklahoma State University, they found that the academic support program there A. had tutors that regularly completed coursework for athletes. B. was in constant conflict with the head coach and his assistants. C. was funded by the academic affairs office rather than the athletic department. D. did a poor job of keeping athletes academically eligible.

A. had tutors that regularly completed coursework for athletes.

Title IX law remains controversial in intercollegiate sports because A. it exposes the contradictions of big-time intercollegiate football. B. it is unconstitutional to make men share budgets and resources for sports. C. women never wanted or needed Title IX to become great athletes. D. all women's sport teams are financially supported by football profits.

A. it exposes the contradictions of big-time intercollegiate football.

The most logical explanation for academic differences between athletes and "non-athletes" in high school is that A. school sports attract students with certain characteristics. B. participation in school sports builds academic skills. C. it takes intelligence to play sports. D. sports help students focus on their studies.

A. school sports attract students with certain characteristics.

Much of the difference between athletes and other students in high school is due to A. selection-in and filtering-out processes. B. the teaching styles of coaches. C. the win-loss records of the teams on which athletes play. D. the superior physical health of the athletes.

A. selection-in and filtering-out processes.

According to the analysis in the chapter, gender-related participation inequities in high school and college are due primarily to the A. size of football teams and the costs of supporting football teams. B. way cheerleading is funded by high school and college athletic departments. C. increasing demands made by women who play lacrosse, soccer, and field hockey. D. endorsement deals made between schools and sport shoe and apparel companies.

A. size of football teams and the costs of supporting football teams.

The author explains that there has been little research on school sports as learning experiences primarily because A. so many people accept without question the great sport myth. B. most researchers in the sociology of sport have never played sports. C. coaching organizations have banned all studies of high school athletes. D. school principals conduct private learning evaluations among athletes.

A. so many people accept without question the great sport myth.

The use of corporate sponsorships to support high school sports is risky because A. sports could lose funding during economic recessions. B. boosters may not agree with corporate policies. C. corporations now favor women's sports over men's sports. D. corporate executives want to hire and fire coaches.

A. sports could lose funding during economic recessions.

The educational mission of higher education is most likely to be achieved among athletes on a A. Division II men's basketball team. B. Division III woman's lacrosse team. C. Division I women's basketball team. D. Division I-A men's football team.

B. Division III woman's lacrosse team.

As more high school athletes come to school programs from private club programs where they received much individual attention, they A. usually become assistant coaches on high school teams. B. often expect more than what the high school coaches and staff can give them. C. use their resources to support teammates. D. bring with them equipment and technology that can be used by the high school.

B. often expect more than what the high school coaches and staff can give them.

A problem faced by African American athletes on college campuses is a feeling of isolation. Which of the following does NOT contribute to feelings of isolation? A. White students who lack experience in racially diverse groups. B. Too many campus activities focused on the interests of Latinos and Asians. C. Racial and athletic stereotypes used by some people on campus. D. Campus activities that don't represent the experiences of black students.

B. Too many campus activities focused on the interests of Latinos and Asians.

Following the sexual abuse scandal at Penn State University, the university president, athletic director, and director of campus security were all fired for A. trying to blame the football coach for the scandal. B. protecting the football program rather than following the law. C. bribing the abuse victims in an effort to have them withdraw their complaints. D. ignoring court-issued subpoenas to provide email documents to investigators.

B. protecting the football program rather than following the law.

When journalist H. G. Bissinger studied the football team in a well-known Texas high school, he found that high school football was organized in ways that A. challenged traditional ideas about gender and gender roles. B. reaffirmed traditional racial ideology among many whites. C. led football players to be selfish and unconcerned about the team's fate. D. led to a re-establishment of racial segregation in the schools.

B. reaffirmed traditional racial ideology among many whites.

In general, the research on high school sport participation suggests that A. high school sports have no impact on students' lives at school. B. the effects of participation depend greatly on the meanings given to it. C. playing sports is more educational than other extracurricular activities. D. athletes are treated negatively by most teachers in high school.

B. the effects of participation depend greatly on the meanings

Because budgeted operational expenses are not enough to maintain most high school sport programs. Money is raised in three additional ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? A. Forming supportive booster clubs. B. Seeking corporate sponsorships. C. Establishing sport participation fees. D. Paying athletes to clean and maintain sport facilities.

D. Paying athletes to clean and maintain sport facilities.

When comparing big-time and lower-profile intercollegiate sport programs it is seen that A. both types of programs are the same when it comes to rewards for athletes. B. very few athletes in lower-profile programs have athletic scholarships. C. most athletes in big-time programs have pro sport careers after college. D. most U.S. colleges and universities have big-time sports programs.

B. very few athletes in lower-profile programs have athletic scholarships.

Research indicates that "clustering" occurs when athletes in certain sports A. sit together in their classes. B. are over-represented in specific courses and majors. C. get the same grades even when take different courses. D. join the same fraternities and go to the same parties.

B. are over-represented in specific courses and majors.

The concussion lawsuit that was filed in 2011 against the NCAA by former college athletes was settled in 2014. The case was settled in 2014 when the NCAA agreed to A. admit that they failed to inform athletes about the dangers of head injuries. B. establish a $70 million fund to provide neurological exams for former players. C. provide treatment for players who suffered concussions in their sports. D. faculty members from medical schools to teach athletes about head injuries.

B. establish a $70 million fund to provide neurological exams for former players.

Participation rates in varsity high school sports since 1971 show that girls' participation A. now surpasses boys' participation. B. has increased but remains lower than boys' participation. C. is declining at the same rate as the decline in boys' participation. D. hit a peak in the 1980s and has declined over the past 30 years.

B. has increased but remains lower than boys' participation.

Research shows that when high school athletes as a group are compared to other high school students, they tend to have A. lower grades but more interest in continuing their education. B. higher grades and more positive attitudes toward school. C. lower grades and more positive attitudes toward school. D. higher grades but less interest in continuing their education.

B. higher grades and more positive attitudes toward school.

Relying on participation fees to support high school sports A. helps coaches deal more effectively with parents. B. is offensive to local businesses who have sponsored teams in the past. C. discourages participation among students from low-income families. D. encourages booster clubs to intervene in team dynamics.

C. discourages participation among students from low-income families.

A study by Doug Foley found that high school sports were a site at which students learned a vocabulary that promoted values emphasizing A. cooperation between people of different ages. B. similarities in the characteristics of men and women. C. individualism and competition. D. the social irrelevance of ethnicity and social class.

C. individualism and competition.

Which of the following statements about higher education in the United States is NOT true? A. The highest paid person on campus is often a football or men's basketball coach. B. The most revered students on the campus are football or male basketball players. C. Faculty members who tutor athletes receive tenure and financial bonuses. D. Many schools spend more money to support an athlete than to educate a student.

C. Faculty members who tutor athletes receive tenure and financial bonuses.

After 40 years, Title IX remains a controversial law as it applies to sports. A key reason for this is that A. girls and women have not fully contributed to school sport programs. B. it is unrealistic to expect that females should receive the same support as males. C. it exposes contradictions in big-time sport programs organized around football. D. female athletes tend to push feminist values in athletic departments.

C. it exposes contradictions in big-time sport programs organized around football.

Data on Division I colleges and universities show that in 2012 women's sports received A. funding equal to the proportion of women in the student body as a whole. B. half of all operating expenses in athletic departments. C. more than half of all money for coaches' salaries. D. about one-third of all money spent on athletic recruiting expenses.

D. about one-third of all money spent on athletic recruiting expenses.

A study done in the late-1990s found that young women who played school sports had lower rates of sexual activity than other young women, while young men who played sports had higher rates of sexual activity than other young men. This illustrates that A. physical activity has different effects on the biology of males and females. B. young women who play sports are not interested in sexual expression. C. social factors influence the meanings and consequences of playing sports. D. cultural factors shape the biology of human beings.

C. social factors influence the meanings and consequences of playing sports.

Budget information for college athletic programs show that the programs could not exist with receive a significant amount of money from A. faculty members. B. local businesses. C. student fees. D. parking revenues.

C. student fees.

Among male athletes in big-time college sport programs, there is a tendency for athletic identities to be given a higher priority than academic identities because of A. the pressures that are put on them by parents and faculty. B. their inability to successfully do college level academic work. C. the social support they receive for athletic participation. D. the personality factors that are common to most athletes.

C. the social support they receive for athletic participation.

Educators have made a very specialized form of elite, competitive sports a central feature of schools in the United States. This decision is largely based on A. evidence from highly rated academic schools in Europe and Asia. B. systematically collected evidence and sound educational theory. C. various versions of the great sport myth. D. the sport experiences of young women over the past 40 years.

C. various versions of the great sport myth.

The growth of booster club support for high school teams has led to an increase in A. media coverage of all sports. B. faculty support for those teams. C. Title IX lawsuits. D. sport participation opportunities at schools in low-income areas.

C. Title IX lawsuits.

The most recent eligibility rules went into effect in August 2016. In order to be eligible for competition and receive a scholarship at a Division I university, the rules require that first year athletes must have A. three positive recommendations from high school teachers. B. the same SAT scores as the average regular first year student. C. at least a 2.3 GPA in 16 specific core high school courses. D. attended a community college for at least one full academic year.

C. at least a 2.3 GPA in 16 specific core high school courses.

Richard Southall and his colleagues at the College Sport Research Center have developed an adjusted graduation gap measure that compares athletes with other full-time students. Their findings indicate that athletes A. seldom graduate in four years. B. graduate at the same rate as other full time students but have different majors. C. consistently graduate at lower rates than other full-time students. D. are not as interested in graduating as are other full time students.

C. consistently graduate at lower rates than other full-time students.

The budget inequality in U.S. high schools means that the top high school sport programs in the nation are in private schools or schools located in wealthy residential areas. According to the author, this A. will lead many universities cut scholarships in certain sports. B. will force mergers of public and private schools to preserve sport conferences. C. creates a system in which program inequality reproduces itself year after year. D. will cause a decline in the program inequality at the university level.

C. creates a system in which program inequality reproduces itself year after year.

Recently passed rules for defining academic progress and graduation rates for NCAA Division I teams shift more responsibility for academic reform to A. the athletes who have scholarships. B. the parents of incoming athletes. C. faculty mentors and advisors. D. athletic departments and universities.

D. athletic departments and universities.

The liability issues related to concussions and other serious injuries are different in high schools than they are in colleges. This is because A. high school students are less likely to hire lawyers. B. concussions in high school sports are less harmful than in college sports. C. high school rules generally prevent serious injuries to athletes. D. few high school athletes have reached the age of informed legal consent.

D. few high school athletes have reached the age of informed legal consent.

Research that tracks students over time shows that in comparison with other students, the students who try out, are selected for, and stay on school teams A. come from lower socio-economic backgrounds. B. have better employment records. C. are more disliked by teachers outside of physical education. D. have above average self-esteem.

D. have above average self-esteem.

The percentage of high school budgets that are spent on the operational expenses for varsity sport programs is A. between 15 and 20 percent. B. more than 30 percent. C. between 7 and 14 percent. D. less than 2 percent.

D. less than 2 percent.

Widespread acceptance of the great sport myth has led to a situation in which we can A. rate the effectiveness of coaches as teachers. B. identify the precise ways that sports build character. C. not use win-loss records to evaluate coaches. D. not provide systematic evidence showing that school sports promote education.

D. not provide systematic evidence showing that school sports promote education.

Making a positive connection between playing college sports and achieving social and academic goals is most likely when athletes A. gradually develop anti-intellectual norms among themselves. B. are focused on developing future careers as professional athletes. C. form athlete organizations that subvert the authority of their coaches. D. receive social support for academic achievement and academic identities.

D. receive social support for academic achievement and academic identities.

Reforming big-time college sports to make them more academically relevant is difficult because A. coaches are not educators. B. university presidents have no power to change athletic departments. C. most college athletes are not interested in education. D. the athletic program is tied to many interests unrelated to education.

D. the athletic program is tied to many interests unrelated to education.

Data on academic support services for athletes suggests that A. academic problems occur only when faculty manage the programs. B. small, private universities have the most well-funded programs. C. the most effective programs are administered by athletic departments. D. the services don't always boost graduation rates for athletes.

D. the services don't always boost graduation rates for athletes.

Recent data indicates that of the 1,900 intercollegiate sport programs in the United States, A. the ones with top football teams have average annual profits of $7 million. B. most of them make enough money to permit reductions in student fees. C. those that are not affected by Title IX report the most profit. D. there are fewer than 25 that regularly have more revenues than expenses.

D. there are fewer than 25 that regularly have more revenues than expenses.

When people argue against interscholastic sports, they tend to emphasize that A. too many students participate in varsity sports. B. students who play sports do not develop skills related to work careers. C. sports create dangerous forms of school spirit. D. varsity sports support a status system that privileges athletes over others.

D. varsity sports support a status system that privileges athletes over others.