final

T A G T C A A C T T G C

A T C A G T T G A A C G

What are the names and abbreviations of the four nucleotides in RNA?

AMP, CMP, UMP, GMP

In humans, the antibiotic amoxicillin (a type of penicillin) is used to treat certain bacterial infections. Complete the sentences to analyze the antibiotic.

Amoxicillin inhibits an enzyme required to build cell walls in bacteria. Since humans have cell membranes, they are unaffected by amoxicillin.

How does an enzyme speed up the reaction of a substrate?

An enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction. Therefore, reactant molecules need less energy to form product and thus the reaction speeds up.

C A T G T A C C C T G A

G T A C A T G G G A C T

Raw hamburger meat becomes firm when cooked.

Heat from the cooking causes disruption of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, which causes the proteins of the hamburger to denature and then coagulate and solidify.

During surgery, a skin wound is closed by cauterization (heat).

Heat will denature surrounding proteins in the wound by causing disruption of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Then, when healing, the proteins coagulate and form a scar.

If a blood test indicates a high level of ALT, what could be the cause?

Hep

What is different about the primary structures of RNA and DNA?

In RNA, the sugar is ribose; in DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose. Most of the bases are the same except that thymine is found in DNA, but in RNA it is replaced by uracil.

What is meant by complementary base pairing?

In complementary base pairing, 3 hydrogen bond(s) form between each G and C while there is (are) 2 hydrogen bond(s) between each A and T. .

Prior to giving an injection, the skin is wiped with an alcohol swab.

Isopropyl alcohol has an OHOH group that can participate in the formation of hydrogen bonds Isopropyl alcohol has an O H group that can participate in the formation of hydrogen bonds due to attractive forces. due to attractive forces. Alcohol causes denaturing through disruption of hydrophobic interactions in the nonpolar portions of proteins of any bacteria present.

What are the structural characteristics of DNA?

Structural features of DNA include that it is shaped like a double helix. It contains a sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogen-containing bases are hydrogen bonded between strands, and the strands run in opposite direction(s).

How does the induced-fit model of enzyme action allow an enzyme to catalyze a reaction of a group of substrates?

The active site adjusts to fit the shape of the substrate; at the same time, the substrate changes its shape to better fit the active site

−CH2−SH−CH2−SH and HS−CH2−

The amino acid with the R group −CH2−SH−CH2−SH is cysteine The amino acid with the R group − C H 2 − S H is cysteine.

What components join together to form the backbone of a nucleic acid?

The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating phosphate group and sugar.

What is the function of the enzyme helicase in DNA replication?

The enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases.

After the products have formed, what happens to the enzyme?

The enzyme is unchanged during the reaction, as all catalysts are during a reaction. At the end of the reaction, the enzyme is released from the reaction

What bases in mRNA are used to complement the bases A, T, G, and C in DNA?

U,A,C,G

Three codons have been identified that stop the synthesis of proteins. One of those codons is

UGA

−CH2−CO−NH2−CH2−CO−NH2 and HO−CH2−

asparagine serine .

−CH2−CO−O−−CH2−CO−O− and NH3+−(CH2)4−

aspartate lysine

aspartase

aspartic acid

What process ensures that the replication of DNA produces identical copies?

complementary base pairing

What is the name of the nucleotide formed by adding the pyrimidine thymine to deoxyribose and a phosphate group to the C-5 hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose

deoxythymidine monophosphate

r group for 34

disulfide bonds

galactase

galactose

What enzyme is responsible for starting the DNA replication process by unwinding the double helix?

helicase

Identify the type of interaction that forms between the pairs of R groups above.

hydrogen bond

r group for 36

hydrophobic interaction

What are the three steps of translation?

initiation, elongation, termination

CH3|−CH2−CH−CH3CH3|−CH2−CH−CH3 and CH3−CH3−

leucine, alanine

lipase

lipid

There are three major types of RNA. Which of the following is a major type of RNA?

messenger

Which of the following is not a protein classification?

metabolism

Which type of inhibitor does not resemble the substrate and does not bind to the active site?

noncompetitive inhibitor

Which amino acid is hydrophobic?

phenylalanineserine

A specific virus contains RNA as its genetic material. What is the name of this type of virus?

retrovirus

Identify the type of interaction that forms between the pairs of R groups above. question 32

salt bridge

Enzyme activity is affected by the

temperature of the reaction system

Which of the following mutations will definitely not change the amino acid in the sequence

SILENT

-T-T-T-A-A-A-

-A-A-A-T-T-T-

-G-G-G-G-G-G-

-C-C-C-C-C-C-

-C-T-G-T-A-T-A-C-G-T-T-

-G-A-C-A-T-A-T-G-C-A-A-

-A-G-G-C-A-A-T-C-G-

-T-C-C-G-T-T-A-G-C-

What is the difference between a codon and an anticodon?

. An anticodon is the complementary triplet on a tRNA for a specific amino acid. 2. A codon is a base triplet in the mRNA template.

If the DNA double helix in chicken contains 22 %% cytosine, what is the percentage of guanine, adenine, and thymine?

22,28,28

A phosphodiester bond is the bond formed between the _

3' hydroxyl group of the sugar in one nucleotide and the phosphate group on the 5' carbon atom in the sugar of the next nucleotide

G C G T A T A C C

C G C A T A T G G

Why is DNA polymerase useful in criminal investigations?

DNA polymerase amplifies the amount of DNA so that a very small sample of DNA is needed.

Why do enzymes function only under mild conditions?

Enzymes are denatured at high temperatures because heat can disrupt hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between R groups of amino acids. Enzymes are denatured Enzymes are denatured in acidic or basic conditions because the extreme p H levels denatured hydrogen bonds and salt bridges between R groups of amino acids. in acidic or basic conditions because the extreme pHpH levels can disrupt Enzymes are denatured in acidic or basic conditions because the extreme p H levels denatured hydrogen bonds and salt bridges between R groups of amino acids. hydrogen bonds and salt bridges between R groups of amino acids

Why do chemical reactions in the body require enzymes?

Enzymes are needed for most chemical reactions in the body because they help increase the rate for a reaction to meet the needs of the body.

How do enzymes make chemical reactions in the body proceed at faster rates?

Enzymes lower the activation energy for a reaction. Therefore, less energy is needed to convert reactant molecules to product. This causes an increase in the rate of reaction.

What is a plasmid?

Plasmid is a circular DNA molecule that can be easily isolated and replicated.

Which of the following describes a major difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA contains ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose.

Before surgery, a scalpel is placed in a 140 ∘C∘C autoclave

The heat from an autoclave will denature proteins of any bacteria by causing disruption of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in the protein.

Why are there at least 20 different tRNAs?

There must be at least one tRNA for each amino acid used to synthesize proteins.