Final: Chapter 12 Leadership PT2

Key characteristics of a charismatic leader

- Vision and Articulation - Personal Risk - Sensitivity - Unconventional Behavior

The Path-Goal Theory predicts:

1) Directive leadership yields greater employee satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous or stressful than when they are highly structured and well laid out. 2) Supportive leadership results in high employee performance and satisfaction when 3) Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high ability or considerable experience.

what are difficulties of identifying whether a trait or behavior predicts a certain outcome?

1) The first difficulty is in correctly identifying whether a trait or a behavior predicts a certain outcome. 2) The second is in exploring which combinations of traits and behaviors yield certain outcomes. 3) The third challenge is to determine the causality of traits to behaviors so that predictions toward desirable leadership outcomes can be made.

To further develop an aura of charisma:

1) use your passion as a catalyst for generating enthusiasm 2) Speak in an animated voice, reinforce your message with eye contact and facial expressions 3) gesture for emphasis. 4) Bring out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions, and create a bond that inspires them.

situational leadership theory (SLT)

A contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness.

Full Range Leadership Model

A model that depicts seven management styles on a continuum: laissez-faire, management by exception, contingent reward leadership, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence.

How do charismatic leaders actually influence followers?

By articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization.

Based on the latest findings, we offer two conclusions of what findings?

First, we can say that traits can predict leadership. Second, traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than distinguishing between effective and ineffective leaders.

what trait is found to be the most predictive trait of effective leadership?

For personality, a comprehensive review of the leadership literature organized around the Big Five framework has found extraversion to be the most predictive trait of effective leadership

Vision and articulation

Has a vision—expressed as an idealized goal—that proposes a future better than the status quo; and is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others.

What are the Dark Side personality traits

Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy

Is a charismatic leader always the answer?

No, success depends, to some extent, on the situation and on the leader's vision, and on the organizational checks and balances in place to monitor the outcomes.

Sensitivity to follower needs

Perceptive of others' abilities and responsive to their needs and feelings

Why do the research efforts to test and support The Situational Leadership Theory have generally been disappointing?

Possible explanations include internal ambiguities and inconsistencies in the model itself as well as problems with research methodology. So, despite its intuitive appeal and wide popularity, any endorsement must be cautious for now.

Are Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy bad for leadership?

Research indicates they're not all bad for leadership. A study in Europe and the United States found that normative (mid-range) scores on the Dark Side personality traits were optimal, while low (and high) scores were associated with ineffective leadership. Furthermore, the study suggested that high emotional stability may actually accentuate the ineffective behaviors.5 However, higher scores on Dark Side traits and emotional stability can contribute to leadership emergence. Thankfully, both this study and other international research indicate that building self-awareness and self-regulation skills may be helpful for leaders to control the effects of their Dark Side traits.

Who was the Path-Goal Theory developed by?

Robert House

One factor that enhances charismatic leadership is ______

Stress. People are especially receptive to charismatic leadership when they sense a crisis, when they are under stress, or when they fear for their lives. We may be more receptive to charismatic leadership under crises because we think bold leadership is needed. Some of it, however, may be more primal. When people are psychologically aroused, even in laboratory studies, they are more likely to respond to charismatic leaders

where did the most comprehensive behavioral theory result from?

The most comprehensive behavioral theories of leadership resulted from the Ohio State Studies

what theory focuses on personal qualities and characteristics?

Trait theories of leadership focus on personal qualities and characteristics. Leadership emergence and effectiveness are often evaluated separately vis-à-vis trait studies.

_____________Leadership is more strongly correlated than transactional leadership with lower turnover rates, higher productivity, lower employee stress and burnout, and higher employee satisfaction.

Transformational leadership

Personal risk

Willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve the vision

vision statement

a formal articulation of an organization's vision or mission.

Research suggests that transformational leaders are most effective when their followers are . . . .

able to see the positive impact of their work through direct interaction with customers or other beneficiaries.

which traits seem not to predict leadership

agreeableness and emotional stability

LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as . . . .

an "in" or an "out"; that relationship becomes relatively stable over time.

A leader high in initiating structure is someone who...

assigns followers particular tasks, sets definite standards of performance, and emphasizes deadlines.

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory argues that . . . .

because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a small group of their followers

In general, organizations perform __________ when they have transformational leaders

better

Other research suggested that employees of leaders who provided family support (helped the employee achieve work-life balance) in the LMX relationship were more . . . .

committed and performed better

Transformational leaders are more effective because they are _________

creative

Position power is the . . . .

degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases.

Just how the leader chooses who falls into each category is unclear, but there is evidence ingroup members have

demographic, attitude, and personality characteristics similar to those of their leader or a higher level of competence than outgroup members

Research in Germany found that transformational leadership positively influenced workers' creativity, but suggested leaders need to guard against

dependent leader relationships, which lower employee creativity

According to the Situational leadership theory (SLT) if they are unable but willing, the leader needs to . . . .

display a high task orientation to compensate for followers' lack of ability, and high relationship orientation to get them to buy into the leaders desire.

According to the Situational leadership theory (SLT) if they are both able and willing, the leader . . .

doesn't need to do much

LMX theory proposes that . . .

early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an "in" or an "out"; that relationship becomes relatively stable over time.

Uncoventional behavior

engages in behaviors that are perceived as novel and counter to norms

path-goal theory

extracts elements from the research on initiating structure and consideration, and on the expectancy theory of motivation

What is charismatic leadership?

followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors, and tend to give these leaders power.

One study conducted in Portugal and the United States found that LMX was associated strongly with . . . .

followers' commitment to the organization when leaders were seen as embodying the values and identity of the organization.

According to the Situational leadership theory (SLT) if the followers are unable and unwilling to do a task, the leader needs to . . . . .

give clear and specific directions

In general, transformational leadership has a ___________ on the bottom line in smaller, privately held firms than in more complex organizations

greater impact

Team-focused transformational leadership emphasizes:

group goals, shared values and beliefs, and unified efforts.

A leader high in consideration .....

helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support (people-oriented). Most of us want to work for considerate leaders—when asked to indicate what most motivated them at work, 66 percent of U.S. employees surveyed mentioned appreciation

Research has found that goal-focused leadership can lead to . . .

higher levels of emotional exhaustion for subordinates who are low in conscientiousness and emotional stability

Path-goal theory suggests it's the leader's job to provide followers with . . .

information, support, or other resources necessary to achieve goals

The French have a more bureaucratic view of leaders and are less likely to expect them to be humane and considerate. A leader high in _______________ (relatively task-oriented) will do best there and can make decisions in a relatively autocratic manner.

initiating structure

For the LMX relationship to remain intact, the leader and the follower must . . . .

invest in the relationship.

Initiating structure

is the extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals.

Consideration

is the extent to which a person's job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees' ideas, and regard for their feelings.

According to The Fiedler Model the favorable situations are on the ____ side of the model

left side

Based on the full range of leadership model, leaders are generally . . . . .

most effective when they regularly use the four I's.

Full Range Leadership Model is the most . . . . .

passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors.

If you see your least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are . . .

primarily interested in productivity and are task-oriented.

According to The Fiedler Model the higher the task structure becomes, the more ________ are added

procedures

If you describe this person in favorable terms (a high LPC score), you are . . . .

relationship-oriented

Leaders and followers of the same gender tend to have . . . .

relationships than those of different genders. Even though the leader does the choosing, the follower's characteristics drive the categorizing decision.

Leaders induce LMX by

rewarding employees with whom they want a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not

The Fiedler contingency model proposes. . . .

that group performance depends on the proper match between the leader's style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control.

Leader-member relations

the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.

Task structure is

the degree to which the job assignments are procedurized (that is, structured or unstructured).

According to The Fiedler Model the stronger the position power the ______ the leader has.

the more control

Charismatic leadership places somewhat more emphasis on

the way leaders communicate

According to The Fiedler Model the unfavorable situations are on the ____ side of the model

to the right

According to the Situational leadership theory (SLT) If followers are able but unwilling, the leader needs . . .

to use a supportive and participative style

Fiedler's model, situational leadership theory, and path-goal theory describe what theory?

transactional leaders, who guide their followers toward established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.

Transformational leaders also obtain higher levels of________ which reduces stress for followers.64

trust

a vision needs an accompanying ________

vision statment

Transformational leadership focuses more on

what they are communicating

The least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire identifies . . . . .

whether a person is task-oriented or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to think of all the coworkers they have ever had and describe the one they least enjoyed working with.

Are charismatic leaders born with their qualities? can people actually learn to be charismatic leaders?

yes