Final Cog Psych
The word unhappiness has ____ bound morphemes and ____ free morphemes.
2 ; 1
The Brown-Peterson task has been used to show that the duration of short term memory is about
20 seconds
Perceptual span (for English) is about ________ characters to the left and ________ characters to the right.
3; 15
Which of the following is not generally considered to be a component of a problem?
A reward
In a classic study reported by Toman (1948), rats were exposed to a complex maze that had three different paths to food: Path 1 was shortest, Path 2 was a bit longer and Path 3 was the longest. After experiencing all of the paths, rats showed a strong preference for Path 1 - which also as it turns out blocked Path 2. What did rats do when they were placed in this situation?
After being blocked at Path 1, they immediately switched to Path 3 (not even bothering with Path 2
Which of these is NOT one of the levels of discourse representation?
Analog code
Which of these is a basic level category member
Apple
Which of these sequences would be the most difficult to keep track of in STM
B, P, Z, D, E, T, C
Recall the syudy by McNamara, Long and Wike (1956) in which rats were exposed to a T-maze in one of two ways: the rats in one group ran the maze themselves, while the rats in the other group were pushed through the maze through the maze in carts. Which groups learned to make the correct choice at the end of the T
Both groups of rats learned to make the correct choice
Navon (1977) presented participants with big letters made up of smaller letters. He had some participants identify the large letter, while other participants had to identify the smaller letters. Finally, on some trials, the large and small letters conflicted (e.g., a large H made of small S's) while on other trials, the large and small letters were consistent (a large H made up of small H's). What did he find?
Conflict between the large and small letters made it more difficult to identify the small letter
_____ refers to the processes involved in arriving at some conclusion under conditions of uncertainty and risk.
Decision making
I grab the cell phone and try to use it to turn up the volume on the TV. What kind of action slip is this
Description error
Which of these is not a difference between the way experts and novices go about solving a problem?
Experts tend to work backward; novices tend to work forward.
Which of the statements about the mental lexicon and lexical access is true?
High-frequency words accessed more quickly that low-frequency.
Chessman and Merikle's (1984) investigations on subliminal priming suggested that
If "subliminally" is defined subjectively, subliminal priming works; if it's defined objectively it doesn't
Which of these processes is not necessary for the successful use of analogies?
Integration
Wegner (1994) has a term for a situation in which we are concentrating so hard to avoid making an action that we actually encourage that action! For example, we are concentrating so hard to NOT miss catching a ground ball hit toward us that when the ball gets to our position, we miss it entirely. What does he call this?
Ironic effects
This has not been proposed as an explanation of childhood amnesia?
Lack of encoding and rehearsal by child
How does magnetoencephalography (MEG) compare to EEG in terms of spatial and temporal resolution
MEG is better than EEG for both spatial and temporal resolution
In a classic study by Thoas and Tulving participants encoded a series of weakly related word pairs (glue - chair), Later, they were tested via cued recall. They were to recall the right-hand member of each pair given wither the weakly related word or a very strong associate. What happened in this study
Originally encoded weak associates were better cues than the strong associates
Conway, Cowan, and Bunting (2001) conducted an experiment that looked at working memory capacity and the cocktail party phenomenon. What did they find?
People with higher working memory capacity were less susceptible to the cocktail party phenomenon
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic autobiographical episodes?
Personal nature means they are not easily forgotten.
When children lie and deceive their parents to stay out of trouble, they are using which design feature of language?
Prevarication
Mental set operates at which stage of problem solving?
Problem representation
_____ refers to the tendency for objects that are near to one another to be grouped
Proximity
Historically, the serial position effect has been used as evidence for the Atkinson-Shiffrin model. What is the hypothetical relationship between STM/LTM stores and the effects of serial position on recall?
STM is proposed as the basis for the recency effect and LTM as the basis for the primacy effect
Which of these is an example of the sunk-cost effect?
Sally is too sick to go out, but decides to attend the play since she paid $40 for the ticket.
___ is the initial storage system, referring to a brief representation of a just-presented stimulus
Sensory memory
What happened when Morrot.... gave white wine to experts with the twist that the wine was artificially colored to look like red wine?
The experts described the white with typical red wine terms.
If I show one group of subjects a list of phrases, such as "break the toothpick," and then had a second group of subjects actually perform the actions, which group would be more likely to remember the action phrases?
The group that performed the actions
___ occurs when a visual cue that is presented simultaneously with an auditory stimulus biases the localization of that auditory stimulus toward the location of the visual cue
The ventriloquist effect
Greenwald, Spangenberg, Pranktis... conducted a double-blind study on the effectiveness of subliminal self-help audiotapes. In their study, participants listened to one of two self-help tapes that ostensibly presented messages designed to aid memory or self esteem...Later they were assessed on actual improvement in self-esteem or memory as well their own perceived improvement in self-esteem or memory. What was found?
There were only perceived improvements and these improvements and these improvements matched the label of tape
What happened to the group of rats that wasn't reinforced until the 11th day of the Tolman and Honkiz study
They showed sudden improvement in their maze-running after day 11, running as quickly as the rats who had always been reinforced
According to the levels of processing approach, which one of these ways would result in the deepest level of processing for the word "flower"?
Thinking about how you loved to pick flowers with your grandmother in her garden
A semantic anomaly (i.e., "Jake put the cookies into the birdbath.") produces an ERP signal termed an N400. What does the "400" refer to?
Time between stimulus presentation and brain response
Sally is too sick to go out, but decides to attend the play since she paid $40 for the ticket.
Tower of Hanoi
Bartlett's studies of memory were different than Ebbinghaus's in all of the following ways except
Used more tightly controlled laboratory procedures
Blais, Jack.... investigated cross-cultural differences (Western Caucasian vs East Asian) in face recognition and found that
Western Caucasian tended to focus on the eyes and surrounding areas, while East Asian focused on the nose region
When considering the emotion of anger which pf these questions would be most interest to a funtionalist
What is the purpose of anger
The effects context, or a background scene, has on recognizing objects is that
a consistent scene makes it easier to recognize the object
Supposed damage to brain area A leaves someone unable to recognize faces, but does not affect the ability to recognize everyday objects. In addition, suppose that damage to brain area B leaves someone unable to recognize everyday objects, but does not affect the ability to recognize faces. This is an example of ___ and provides some evidence that
a double dissociation; recognition of faces and recognition of objects depend on different brain mechanism
The Tower of Hanoi problem, in which you move a series of rings from one side of a playing board to the other limited by certain constraints, would be considered an arrangement problem.
a transformation problem
Traditional memory research tends to be more focused on the _____ of memory and less focused on ____, while the opposite is true of autobiographical memory research.
accuracy; vividness
Porcelli and Delgado (2009) investigated the effects of acute stress on framing effects in decision making. They found that
acute stress accentuated the typical framing effect.
If it rains tomorrow, then I'm not going to the baseball game. I did not go to the baseball game. So, it must have rained. This type of argument is called _______, and the conclusion, "It must have rained," is denying the antecedent; invalid.
affirming the consequent; invalid.
Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970) found a dissociation on memory performance for amnesics and nonamnesics. This means they found
amnesics had worse recognition of words that non amnesics but they performed the same on word fragment completion
If someone says they have to "twitch on the television" (instead of "switch on the television") they have committed:
an anticipated error
Looking at a sequence of numbers (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8) and trying to figure out the correct next number in the sequence would be considered
an induction problem
According to the dual-process view of reasoning, judgment and decision making, which mode of thinking operates relatively slowly, deliberately, and in a controlled manner?
analytic mode
Credit card companies' practice of providing you with a minimum payment on your monthly bill likely influences payments to the companies' advantage. This influence occurs, at least in part, due to
anchoring and adjustment.
The effect of stress and emotion on memory seems to depend on the attentional mode of control that is present when an emotional event, such as a crime, occurs. In the _______ mode, novel, surprising, and interesting events will be remembered best.
arousal
Which of the following is not one of the basic characteristics of attention
auditory
The dominant mode of coding in immediate memory is:
auditory coding
The entry point for the recognition of objects is the ___ level; the entry point for the recognition of faces is the
basic; individual
Joe witnesses a hit-and-run accident. He tells the police that the hit-and-run driver was in a red car. It was later determined that the car was actually blue. Joe remembered it as being red because he thinks that people who drive red cars tend to be reckless. This is an example of the memory sin of
bias
Anaphors are more likely to result in the successful retrieval of an appropriate antecedent when
both factors mentioned in a and b are important.
In most visual scenes we experience, objects below the horizon line tend to be ___ than those above the horizon line and, therefore tend to be seen
closer ; figure
Our tendency to group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed is called
common fate
A study by Van Orden (1987) had participants perform a category verification task. Participants were presented with a category name (e.g., flower), followed by one of three types of stimuli: (1) a category member, like daffodil; (2) a homophone of a member of the category, like rows; or (3) a word with orthography similar to a category member, like robs. Participants tended to miscategorize items from ________ most frequently, supporting the ________ access view of word recognition.
condition one; direct
Tversky and Kahneman (1983) asked people whether it was more likely if Linda (a fictional person involved in political movements) was a bank teller or a bank teller who was a feminist. More people chose the bank teller who was a feminist, which demonstrates which concept?
conjunction fallacy
Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques allows a researcher to plot the autobiographical retention function?
cue-word technique
Tulving and Pearlstone (1966) compared free recall and category-cued recall (e.g., "type of spice") and found that ________ was superior because
cued recall; category cues made information more accessible
Which of these combinations of repetition/ rehearsal would lead to the best memory
distributed/ elaborative
Research in everyday memory issues is usually higher in _______ and lower in _______ than typical laboratory memory research.
ecological validity; internal validity
Autobiographical memory helps us to organize, reflect on, and think through important life events. This assertion relates to which function of autobiographical memory?
emotional
Childhood amnesia is limited to what type of memory?
episodic
The experiment by Tanaka and Farah (1993) that compared recognition of faces and objects (e.g., houses) demonstrated that
faces tend to be recognized holistically and houses rend to be recognized based on features
Treisman and Gelade (1980) had subjects search through brown Ts and green Xs to find targets (blue Ts). This is an example of ___, and RT in this condition ____be influenced by display size
feature search ; would not
Castel, McCabe, Roediger, and Heitman (2007) investigated whether experts might be more or less susceptible than novices to the DRM memory illusion. They tested people who were more and less knowledgeable about and found that experts were
football; more likely than novices to falsely recall items.
The research by Motley and Baars that looked at the possibility of motivated Freudian slips
found evidence for motivated slips in both the shock and sex condition.
The active mode of attention might also be called
goal driven
Corroborated cases of repressed then recovered memories have a number of commonalities. These commonalities include all of the following except
gradually recovery, over a period of days or weeks.
Algorithm is to heuristic as _____ is to
guaranteed solution; no guaranteed solution science; math.
When your best friend divorces, her mother tells her, "I'm sorry for you, but I knew this would eventually happen. You were never really right for each other." This is an example of the framing effect.
hindsight bias
The sentences "John is easy to please" and "It is easy to please John" are
identical in deep structure, but differ in surface structure.
A critical difference in prospective and retrospective memory is that
in retrospective memory, there is typically an explicit cue to remember, in prospective memory there isn't
Generally, as a stimulus becomes more intense, the minimal change in intensity needed for a person to notice the change
increases
The steady increase in reaction time that occurs when enumerating items in a visual
indicates post-attentive processing is involved
According to the attenuation theory, the cocktail party phenomenon occurs because
information that is personally relevant to you has a low threshold for recognition
Inductive reasoning
involves reasoning from specific instances to a general rule
All of the following statements is NOT true of dyslexia
it is typically something a child outgrows.
LaBerge (1983) presented visual displays in which participants attended to five locations spaced evenly across a visual display. He found that on critical trials, RT to a target was fastest for ____ supporting
items in the middle of the display; the role of bottom-up processing in attention
Metacomprehension refers to our ______ and can be improved by
knowledge of how well we’ve comprehended text; rereading the text.
The findings of a study by Drews, Yazdani, Godrey, Cooper and Strayer (2009) indicate that texting while driving lead to all of the following except
leads to shorter braking onsets
Keenan, McCutheon, Freund .... investigated self-recognition by showing a face movie in which the participants face gradually morphed into that of a celebrity. Participants were instructed to respond at the point where the morph seemed to resemble their own face more than the celebrity's. Responses were faster when made with the __ hand, indicating a __ hemisphere advantage in self-recognition.
left; right
The ___ words take to pronounce, the ___ of them can be held STM
less time; more
Based on the notion of executive control as inhibition, you would expect _____ Stroop interference in participants with a high operation span. This assumption ____ supported by the empirical evidence.
less; is
The book demonstration in which you lose $10 or a theater ticket and are faced with the dilemma of whether or not to purchase a second ticket, people who lose the ticket will be _______ likely to purchase the ticket because of
less; psychological accounting.
You set out from your living room to go down to the basement to get something. When you get to the basement you forget what you have walked down there to get. What kind of action slip is this
loss of activation error
The tendency to rely on habits and procedures that worked to solve a problem in the past is called
mental set.
Ellroy remembers that Eleanor told him that she was admitted to law school. He later finds out that it was Claire, not Eleanor, who told him that she was admitted to law school. This is an example of the memory sin of persistence.
misattribution
In a classic study by Carmichael, Hogan, and Walters (1932), participants were given ambiguous drawings with one of two different labels. Later, they were asked to draw the figures they had encoded. During this retrieval phase, they ________, demonstrating the memory sin of
misdrew the items consistent with the label they had seen; suggestability.
If an eyewitness to a crime experiences a weapon focus, he or she will be
more likely to remember information about the gun, but less likely to remember what the person is wearing.
Garry and Wade (2005) compared the effects of photos and narratives in producing false memories and found that
narratives led to more false remembering than did photos
Vegetables is a
natural category
The third component of the autobiographical memory retention function is the forgetting portion. All of the following are a possible explanation for this component of the function EXCEPT lack of rehearsal.
neurological aging process
Saccades are to fixations as ________ is to
non-informational; informational.
The "neural signature" of dyslexia seems to be impaired processing in the brain's
occipito-temporal regions.
In her classic study of gist and verbatim memory(using a passage about Galileo, Sachs (1967) found that
over any given delay, verbatim memory declines more than gist memory.
The reminiscence bump refers to the finding that ________ and seems to apply ________.
people tend to recall a disproportionate number of events from between ages 10 to 30; to both episodic and semantic memory.
The sense of subjective awareness of what our mind is currently doing is termed `
phenomenal consciousness
The two disciplines typically characterized as the forerunners to psychology (and cognitive psychology) are
philosophy and physiology
In an experiment testing the idea of transfer appropriate processing, Morris, Bransford, and Franks had subjects encode words either semantically or phonologically. The results of their experiment were that
phonologically encoded words were remembered better than semantically encoded words in the rhyme recognition test
Top-down factors in discerning spoken word boundaries include
previous knowledge of what the speaker is talking about.
Luo, Johnson, and Gallo (1998) tested whether "pseudohomophones" (e.g., "brane") would show effects of semantic relatedness. In other words, would the letter string "brane" prime a related concept (e.g., neuron)? They found that
pseudohomophones did prime related concepts.
The forgotten curve, as mapped out by Ebbinghaus, demonstrates that material is forgotten
rapidly at first, then at a very slow steady rate
_______ involves evaluation of a conclusion based solely on given information.
reasoning
You recently got a new cell phone and have had a great time learning how to use the camera and text messaging features. One day, you forget your phone and ask to use your friend's phone to send a text message. You think it will be easy, as your friend has the exact same phone as your old phone. However, you find you have a great deal of difficulty remembering how to do this. This memory problem is caused by
retroactive interferencing
Research on race and facial identification
reveals that people are better at distinguishing among faces of their own race than they are at distinguishing among faces of another race.
Well-defined is to ill-defined as ______ is to
routine; non-routine.
The exploratory procedures in haptic exploration identified by Klatzky, Lenderman and Metzger include all of these except
rubbing
"Bridget stayed up until 3:00 on Wednesday night watching news coverage of the election." You have never heard this sentence before. However, because of the language design feature of ________, you are able to understand the meaning of each of the words.
semanticity
Baddeley proposes all of these components in his model of working memory EXCEPT
sensory memory
A good deal of eyewitness identification research suggests that ________ lineups are preferable because they encourage participants to engage in a ________ strategy when making their identification.
sequential; absolute judgment strategy
The information processing approach is to the connectionist approach as ____ is to
serial ; parallel
The functions of concepts in our everyday thinking include all of the following except
slower and more careful thinking
Involuntary memories tend to be _____ and
specific; retrieved quickly.
In a classic study by Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978), subjects viewed slides depicting a car accident at a stop sign. Then half of the subjects were asked about a yield sign, and half were asked about a stop sign. The results indicated that
subjects who were misled by the yield sign question did poorly recognizing the original slide of the accident.
Godden and Baddeley (1975) tested divers memory for words by having them encode on the beach or underway. The results indicated
support for the encoding specificity principle because subjects who encoded and retrieved the words on the beach did better than subjects who encoded underwater and then retrieved on the beach
If you want someone to be willing to take a risk, you can make it more likely by
telling them what they stand to lose if they don’t take the risk.
The "general events" level of representation in autobiographical memory bears a strong resemblance to
the basic level of category representation.
In their studies of fitness-relevant processing, Nairne and his colleagues found that
the benefit of encoding in terms of hunting only occurred when it was framed as hunting for survival
Global structure refers to ________, while local structure refers to ____________.
the context/themes of the sentence; the degree of connection between the sentences
The olfactory-verbal gap is
the difficulty people have in correctly identifying odors
Sandra is a witness to a bank robbery. When asked to identify the culprit in a lineup, she brings her friend Tom with her. After Sandra identified the culprit, Tom says the guy she identified really stood out; he looked meaner and tougher than the rest of the people in the lineup. It seems, perhaps, that Sandra's identification could have been tainted by
the inadequate functional size of the lineup.
In structural-description (parts)-based approaches to object recognition
the orientation or the perspective of view on the object is not important
According to an early selection filter theory, if you have an intense phone conversation while a movie is playing on TV, your knowledge of the movie will consist of
the physical characteristics of the actor's voices (ie if they were women or men
Logan's (1988) instance-based view of automaticity is that as a task becomes automatic
the procedures we use to carry the task change from algorithm to memory retrieval
The main idea of material-appropriate processing is
the type of processing should complement the material; for example, relational processing for material that is not well organized
The constructive view of perceptions to the direct view of perception as to
top down ; bottom up
The identification of a stimulus with the help of context, previous knowledge, and or expectation is called
top-down processing
The phomemic restoration effect is often cited as evidence for the role of ______ in
top-down processing; speech perception.
Sins of omission are to sins of commission as ________ is to ____________.
transience; misattribution.
Pinker proposes that in order to "morph" words into different forms (i.e., past tense), we have
two systems; we use the rule system for non-exceptions and the associative system for exceptions.
If people are told that turkeys are more susceptible to Disease A, they are not really that likely to believe that all birds are susceptible to Disease A. However, if they are told that Robins are more susceptible to Disease A, they are more likely to believe that all birds are susceptible to Disease A. This demonstrates the ____________ effect.
typicality.
Episodic memories
typically include an affective (emotional) component
One resolution of the image-based vs. view-based object recognition debate is that we
use parts-based mechanisms to make basic-level discrimination, and view-based mechanisms to make subordinate ones
According to Proffitt's (2006) experiment on estimation of slant, after a long and fatiguing run, a runner would estimate an upcoming hill as steeper relative to estimates made when they were rested for which condition?
verbal and visual
All of these are typically a component of a flashbulb memory except for
what you were wearing that day
The motor theory of speech perception
would predict that only humans can comprehend speech.
