Final Exam
A predominance of upper body fat characterized by large deposits of visceral fat stores is:
"apple shaped."
Fructose
- Abundant in honey, fruit, and vegetables - 5 ring structure, 6 carbons - Majority consumed in form of high fructose corn syrup
What are the most common Disaccharides?
- Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose - Maltose = Glucose + Glucose - Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
Which of the following waist circumferences (WC) measurements indicates central obesity that requires attention?
40 inches in a male
A high fiber muffin provides about 500 calories. How much time on an elliptical machine would be just enough to burn that off?
45 minutes
If an athlete is going to participate in carbohydrate loading, it is recommended that ________ prior to competition they should begin to taper their workout intensity while increasing their carbohydrate intake.
48 hours
A very small slice of cheesecake provides about 470 calories. How long would you have to jog to burn this slice off?
60 minutes
Heat stroke occurs when ________ of body weight is lost due to sweating.
7-10%
Alcohol provides ________ kcal per gram.
7kcal per gram
How much added sugars does the average American consume everyday?
82g (22 tsp), with about 50% from sugar-sweetened beverages
Each of the following is/are associated with oligosaccharides except: a. stachyose. b. dried beans and peas. c. amylose. d. raffinose.
c. amylose
DNA synthesis requires which vitamin which participates directly in purine and pyrimidine synthesis? a. vitamin B6 b. vitamin B12 c. pantothenic acid d. folate
folate
The vitamin coenzyme that contributes carbons to the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines is: a. thiamin. b. niacin. c. riboflavin. d. folate.
folate
This B vitamin transfers several different single-carbon groups in reactions. a. thiamin b. pantothenic acid c. folate d. biotin
folate
What vitamin masks a vitamin B12 deficiency? a. vitamin B6 b. folate c. thiamin d. biotin
folate
The tertiary structure of an amino acid is:
folding between R-groups
Energy intake consists of the consumption of a. foods and beverages b. basal metabolic rate c. thermic effect of food d. vitamins and minerals e. physical activity
foods and beverages
true
foods such as red meat and butter are thought to be especially harmful to our brains.
Which of the following is most associated with the feeling of satiety?
gastric stretching
Protein entering the stomach leads to digestive secretions triggered by the release of
gastrin
Protein entering the stomach leads to digestive secretions triggered by the release of:
gastrin
The sphincter controlling movement of acidic chyme from the stomach back into the esophagus is the:
gastroesophageal sphincter
The technology creating genetically modified organisms is called all of the following except:
gene therapy
omega 6
generally consume in excess in the human diet
Which research technique has been the most helpful for examining the genetic basis of obesity?
genome-wide association studies
The hormone released from the stomach when it is empty and stimulates hunger is called ______________________.
ghrelin
Which of the following gastric hormones promotes food intake rather than satiety?
ghrelin
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called
gluconeogenesis
The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called:
gluconeogenesis
Almost all dietary carbohydrates are converted to which sugar, which circulates in blood?
glucose
The presence of insulin allows insulin-sensitive cells to take up glucose through the action of
glucose transporters
A measure of the impact of eating different food carbohydrates on blood glucose levels is called
glycemic index
The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and other animals is
glycogen
The dramatic initial weight loss occurring with low-carbohydrate diets is mainly due to:
glycogen breakdown
The anabolic process of forming glycogen in liver and muscle tissue is called:
glycogenesis
Which of the following relies solely on glucose to generate ATP?
glycolysis
The type of bond connecting two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide is called a
glycosidic bond
All of the following protein sources provide all of the essential amino acids except:
grains
The foods recommended by the MyPlate food guidance system to meet protein needs include all of the following except:
grains
The reactions the vitamin B12 coenzyme participates in do all of the following except: a. help produce DNA and RNA. b. convert homocysteine to methionine. c. produce succinyl CoA. d. untrap folate.
help produce DNA and RNA.
A common condition occurring with vitamin E deficiency is: a. hemolytic anemia. b. infections. c. bone loss. d. vision problems.
hemolytic anemia
The basic physiological need for food is known as:
hunger
Disruption of the shape and structure of a protein occurs by all of the following means except:
hydrogen bonding
The method of estimating body composition based on the density of body fat is:
hydrostatic weighing
The process of an adipocyte filling with lipid and increasing its cell size is called:
hypertrophy
The process of an adipocyte filling with lipid and increasing its cell size is called: a. hypertrophy. b. cellular equilibrium. c. hyperplasia. d. cell division.
hypertrophy
All of the following increase basal metabolic rates except:
hypothyroidism
Which of the following is not true for the thermic effect of food?
It is lowest for protein foods.
only proteins
Made according to instructions provided by genetic material
Carbs
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 4 cal/ G
lecithin
Major component of cell membrane. Phospholipid. Emulsifier. Sold as dietary supplement and additive in food but not essential.
The majority of ATP generated by cells occurs by a process called what?
Oxidative phosphorylation
The vitamin coenzyme required for over 100 reactions related to transamination of amino acids is: a. FAD. b. NAD+. c. CoA. d. PLP.
PLP
All of the following dietary factors tend to lower LDL cholesterol levels in some people
PUFA, dietary fiber, omega-3 fatty acids
trans fat
Partial hydrogenation of oils is responsible for creating most of these in our diet:
Glucose
Most abundant monosaccharide in the body produced via Photosynthesis. Provides cells w/ energy Synthesized into -AMino acids -Gylcogen -Fat
false-aims at alleviating symptoms when gluten is consumed
Most drugs currently being developed to treat celiac disease are aimed at completely eliminating the need for a gluten free diet.
anabolic
Muscle growth due to protein synthesis is what kind of reaction:
positive
Muscle mass is built when the net protein is:
The most abundant organic substance in the body is:
Protein
Protein Synthesis
Protein broken down into amino acids then body absorbs amino acids to rebuild.
gastrin
Protein entering the stomach leads to digestive secretions triggered by the release of:
All of the following reactions are examples of anabolism except:
Protein synthesis, glucose forming glycogen, and fatty acids forming triglycerides are examples of anabolism. Reactions forming ATP are examples of catabolism.
Must____________, ______ and _________ first be broken down into smaller units before it they be absorbed by the intestinal wall cell
Protein, fat and Carbs
amino acids
Proteins are composed of:
macronutrients
Proteins are one of the three ________ found in the diet and important structural molecules in living organisms.
The daily dietary intake level considered sufficient to meet needs of 97% of the population is the:
RDA
Carbohydrate recommendations
RDA = 130g for adults AMDR = 45-65% - Based on 2000 kcals, 900-1300 from carbs
Glycemic Index
Rating system used to categorize food relative to glycemic response - scale 0-100 -compared to how pure glucose raises blood glucose - High GI foods: GI>70 - Low GI foods: GI<55
Glycemic Load
Rating system used to categorize foods based on GI and amount of carbohydrates found in a typical serving of food - Calculated by dividing glycemic index of food by 100 and multiplying by grams of carbs in 1 serving
Glucagon
Released when blood glucose decreases - promotes breakdown into glucose
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Produced by liver and intestine. Lipoprotein in the blood that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it directly to the liver as well as to other lipoproteins in the bloodstream. Low HDL increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Insulin
Released when blood glucose increases - promotes glucose uptake in cells - promotes energy storage - prevents hyperglycemia
an energy source
Roles for cholesterol in the body include all of the following except:
low, high
Saturated fats have a ____ potential for spoiling when exposed to oxygen, unsaturated fats have a ____ potential when exposed to oxygen
Dietary fibers are classified by all of the following properties except: a. susceptibility to fermentation. b. solubility. c. chain length. d. water-holding capacity.
c. chain length
replication
The basic steps involved in protein synthesis include all of the following except:
body weight
To calculate Tyler's daily protein requirements, you would need to know his ______________.
When one factor is only related, or associated, with another factor it is called a(n): a. causal relationship. b. hypothesis. c. correlation. d. observation.
c. correlation
Phospholipid structure is similar to triglycerides, but phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain
a polar head group
The primary structure of an amino acid is:
a sequence of amino acids
Resting energy metabolism measures are likely to be higher than basal metabolism measures.
True
Specialists who help people make dietary changes and food choices to support health are: a. pharmacists. b. nutritionists. c. dietitians. d. nurses.
c. dietitians
The steps of the scientific method include each of the following except: a. observation. b. hypothesis. c. epidemiological research. d. experimentation.
c. epidemiological research
The condition of low blood glucose due to excess insulin release regardless of food intake is: a. hyperglycemia. b. postprandial hypoglycemia. c. fasting hypoglycemia. d. reactive hypoglycemia.
c. fasting hypoglycemia.
The presence of insulin allows insulin-sensitive cells to take up glucose through the action of: a. insulin receptors. b. glucagon. c. glucose transporters. d. diffusion.
c. glucose transporters
A measure of the impact of eating different food carbohydrates on blood glucose levels is called: a. glycemic load. b. glucose tolerance. c. glycemic index. d. hyperglycemia
c. glycemic index
Dietary fibers with high water-holding capacity form gels, and their functions include all of the following except to: a. normalize blood glucose levels. b. increase stool weight and fecal volume. c. increase appetite. d. reduce blood cholesterol levels.
c. increase appetite
The research study type with treatment tested on cell cultures, animals or human participants is: a. double-blind. b. epidemiological. c. intervention. d. placebo-controlled.
c. intervention
Lactose intolerance is a health concern of many adults in the world due to a loss of: a. maltase. b. sucrase. c. lactase. d. amylase.
c. lactase
Protein Breakdown
Always has to remove the nitrogen from the protein first which is called DEANIMATION. Fat/ Carbs don't have nitrogen,
What are the 3 groups of Amino Acids?
Amino Group, Carboxyl Group, Side Chain
Proteins are composed of:
Amino acids
conditionally essential
Amino acids that are only essential due to medical conditions or lifespan period are termed:
large polypeptides
An allergic response is triggered when which of the following is absorbed?
alpha-linolenic acid
An essential omega 3 fatty acid with 18 carbons and three double bonds.
linoleic acid
An essential omega 6 fatty acid with 18 carbons and two double bonds.
A molecule formed before a metabolic pathway reaches completion is called a(n):
An intermediate product is a molecule formed before a metabolic pathway reaches completion.
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
An omega 3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and five carbon-carbon double bonds. Present in large amounts of fatty fish and is slowly synthesized in the body from alpha-linolenic acid.
limiting amino acid
Characteristics of high-quality protein sources include all of the following except:
Which B vitamin assists folate with methylation reactions?
Cobalamin
When under stress, adrenal glands release
Cortisol and Epinephrine
phospholipid
Essential part of every cell. Any fat related substance that contains phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing base.
lipase
Fat-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach and pancreas.
The secondary structure of an amino acid is
a three-dimensional structure
The secondary structure of an amino acid is:
a three-dimensional structure
The hormone leptin plays an important role in regulating body weight. Leptin is primarily produced by _________________________.
adipose tissue
Which of the following has the equivalent of approximately 3500 kcal of energy per pound?
adipose tissue
long-chain fatty acid
Fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons.
long-chain fatty acids
Fatty acids containing 12 or more carbons are classified as:
Which of the factors below affect basal metabolic rate?
Growth Age Body composition
Essential Amino Acid
Have to consume, Body can't synthesize
**Protein Recommendation** IMPORTANT
Healthy Adult: 0.8 Gram per KG of body weight per day Athlete: 1.2-1.7 Grams per KG of body weight per day Ex: A healthy adult weighs 130 KG. They should eat (130 * 0.8) grams per day
glucagon is produced by
alpha cells
omega 3
alpha-linoleic acid:
Proteins are composed of
amino acids
Metabolic pathways can be classified as anabolic, catabolic, or ________________.
amphibolic
Epigenetic modifications might explain Tyler's adverse allergic response to peanuts. An epigenetic modification means that there might be _______________________________.
an alteration in gene expression that does not involve changes in the DNA sequences
A test used to visualize the coronary arteries with the help of an injected dye is an
angiogram
Vitamin A is required for all of the following functions except: a. antioxidant activity. b. immunity. c. bone health. d. growth.
antioxidant activity
The portion of the stomach attached to the pyloric sphincter is the:
antrum
The process in which old, damaged, or poorly functioning cells undergo programmed cell death is called: a. promotion. b. cachexia. c. apoptosis. d. metastasis.
apoptosis
The psychological desire to eat food is known as:
appetite
The psychological desire to eat food is known as: a. food craving. b. hunger. c. appetite. d. satiety.
appetite.
The artificial sweetener composed of two amino acids that are not heat stable is
aspartame
what happens to blood glucose overnight/ between meals?
blood glucose decreases
What happens to blood glucose after a carb-rich meal?
blood glucose increases
To calculate Tyler's daily protein requirements, you would need to know his ______________.
body weight
Used to estimate if you are at a healthy body weight a. BMI b. Waist circumference c. Both
both
In which of the following situations would a person be in negative nitrogen balance?
burns
The Daily Value for total fat on current food labels is set at:
c. < 30%.
If Paige is experiencing chronic diarrhea, it is likely that this could disrupt what function?
c. Electrolyte balance
Tyler has a food allergy, whereas his friend has a food intolerance. In the case of food allergies, the ___________ system causes a physiological response to certain proteins present in tree nuts.
immune
fatty acids
in the term "tryglycerides", "tri" refers to what?
Recent research indicates that the incidence of rickets in infants in the United States is: a. decreasing. b. nearly eradicated. c. stable. d. increasing.
increasing
The method of estimating energy expenditure by measuring respiratory gases is called:
indirect calorimetry.
Which of the following is not a component in the female athlete triad?
iron deficiency
The mineral deficiencies a vegan is most at risk for include
iron, zinc, calcium
All of the following are true for leptin except:
it is primarily produced by GI tract.
All of the following are true for glycolysis except:
it requires oxygen
During starvation, the acetyl CoA coming from β-oxidation of fatty acids forms:
ketones
According to the animation, the active, or usable, form of vitamin D, is synthesized in the kidneys .
kidney
Diseases affecting all of the following except the ________ can cause a secondary vitamin A deficiency, associated with inadequate uptake of dietary vitamin A. a. liver b. gastrointestinal tract c. kidney d. pancreas
kidney
The main deficiency symptom for vitamin B6 is: a. pellagra. b. macrocytic, hyperchromic anemia. c. microcytic, hypochromic anemia. d. beriberi.
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Fructose
monosaccharide
Which of the following situations would tend to lead to weight loss?
negative energy balance
The biggest difference between fruit flies that consumed real sugar versus an artificial sweetener was the activation of _____.
neurons
The vitamin which the body can synthesize from the essential amino acid tryptophan is: a. niacin. b. thiamin. c. vitamin B6. d. riboflavin.
niacin
The water-soluble vitamin that lowers low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is: a. thiamin. b. niacin. c. vitamin B6. d. riboflavin.
niacin
Which of the B vitamins is required for the body to anaerobically catabolize glucose? a. niacin b. vitamin B6 c. thiamin d. riboflavin
niacin
In addition to folate, enriched foods include other B vitamins, such as __________________.
niacin, thiamin, and riboflavin
Intolerance
non-immune response to a substance
Dietary fiber is best defined as
nondigestible plant polysaccharides
The amino acids that do not need to be supplied in the diet are termed:
nonessential
Which of the following best reflects the actual definition of obesity?
normal weight and over fat
The definition of a functional food includes all of the following substances except: a. phytochemicals. b. essential nutrients. c. nonessential nutrients. d. zoonutrients.
not d
Celiac disease is considered an autoimmune disorder in which a person's immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, resulting in decreased
nutrient absorption
The way that the genome and subsequent protein synthesis are influenced by nutrition is called:
nutrigenomics
chylomicrons
once lipids have been fully digested, they are circulated away from the small intestine by particles called:
While more research is needed, vitamin E may play a role in reducing risk for each of the following diseases except: a. cataracts. b. heart disease. c. cancer. d. osteomalacia.
osteomalacia
Being "apple shaped" is linked with increased risk of developing all of the following except:
pneumonia
Being "apple shaped" is linked with increased risk of developing all of the following except: a. pneumonia. b. cardiovascular disease. c. type 2 diabetes. d. hypertension.
pneumonia.
Proteins composed of 12-20 amino acids are termed:
polypeptides
starch
polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers
The specific term for fatty acids containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds is
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following is not involved in the digestion, absorption or transport of vitamin D? a. portal blood b. lymph c. micelles d. chylomicrons
portal blood
Which of the following is not involved in the digestion, absorption or transport of vitamin K? a. chylomicrons b. lymph c. portal blood d. micelles
portal blood
Choose the best answer to complete this statement. Once amino acids are released and enter the intestinal cells, they travel to the liver by the:
portal vein
Which of the following are nonliving proteins that are responsible for mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
prions
Preformed vitamin A is found in all of the following foods except: a. produce. b. dairy products. c. fatty fish. d. liver.
produce
Broken down by enzymes embedded in the cellular membrane of the intestinal wall cell
protein and carbs
The term for combining protein sources to supply all the essential amino acids is
protein complementation
The term for combining protein sources to supply all the essential amino acids is:
protein complementation
Ribosomes are the organelle responsible for the synthesis of:
proteins
Which of the following is not a component of physical fitness?
reaction time
Dietary fibers with high water-holding capacity form gels, and their functions include all of the following
reduce blood cholesterol levels, normalize blood glucose levels, and increase stool weight and fecal volume
The common components of amino acids (AAs) include all of the following except:
sulfur
Obesity increases the risk for all of the following health problems except:
type 1 diabetes
The amino acid that becomes conditionally essential in the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) is:
tyrosine
Prebiotics is a term for:
undigested food components that encourage growth of health-promoting bacteria.
One type of bariatric procedure, called gastric banding, involves fitting a fluid-filled band around the ________________________________.
upper portion of the stomach
Deamination of amino acids produces the toxic substance, ammonia, which is converted to
urea
Deamination of amino acids produces the toxic substance, ammonia, which is converted to:
urea
Toxic ammonia is quickly converted to:
urea
A vegetarian who omits all animal foods from their diet is referred to as
vegan
A vegetarian who omits all animal foods from their diet is referred to by the term:
vegan
A vitamin is an organic compound that must be obtained from the diet and is needed to sustain life.
vitamin
Cobalamin is the name for this vitamin. a. vitamin B12 b. biotin c. riboflavin d. folate
vitamin B12
The vitamin deficiency a vegan is most at risk for developing is:
vitamin B12 deficiency
Which of the following is an example of vitamin fortification rather than enrichment? a. niacin added to flour b. thiamin added to noodles c. vitamin C added to fruit drinks d. riboflavin added to white rice
vitamin C added to fruit drinks
The fat-soluble vitamin known as the sunshine vitamin is: a. vitamin A. b. vitamin E. c. vitamin K. d. vitamin D.
vitamin D
Which fat-soluble vitamin is considered to be conditionally essential because it can be produced by the body? a. vitamin K b. vitamin A c. vitamin E d. vitamin D
vitamin D
Which of the following does not influence blood clot formation? a. dark green vegetables b. antibiotics c. Coumadin® d. vitamin E
vitamin E
The conversion of clotting proteins prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin for successful blood clotting requires which vitamin? a. vitamin E b. vitamin A c. vitamin D d. vitamin K
vitamin K
Toxicity is a concern for all of the fat-soluble vitamins except: a. vitamin A. b. vitamin E. c. vitamin D. d. vitamin K.
vitamin K
Which of the following vitamins is not directly involved in ATP production? a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. vitamin B6 d. niacin
vitamin b6
Vitamins have many functions throughout the body. For example, vitamins C and E function as antioxidants, the B vitamins function as coenzymes, and vitamin D is important for calcium regulation.
vitamins C and E; B vitamins, and vitamin D
Disease risk for women begins to increase above a measure of 35 inches a. BMI b. Waist circumference c. Both
waist circumference
To determine Emily's RDA value for iron, you need to have all the following information except what?
weight and height
omega 12 fatty acids, omega 6
which fatty acid contains it first double bond on the 6th omega carbon? on the 3rd omega carbon?
Which of the following is not a method for assessing the intensity level of your workout?
winded test
Which image represents the person who has a higher level of visceral adiposity? a. Woman in red b. Woman in green
woman in red
Recent research indicates that the fatty acids arachidonic acid and DHA may be conditionally essential for
young infants
The α -1,6 bonds in amylopectin are digested by the enzyme
α-dextrinase
The Golden Rices are genetically modified to reduce the incidence of primary vitamin A deficiency in nonindustrialized countries by increasing their content of: a. retinol. b. lycopene. c. lutein. d. β-carotene.
β-carotene.
The products directly produced by β-oxidation include all of the following except:
β-oxidation directly produces acetyl CoA, NADH + H+, and FADH2.
Galactose
- Similar structure to glucose - Consume most in dairy products - Lactase = Galactose + Glucose
Glucose is synthesized into
- Amino Acids - Glycogen (bodys way of storing glucose) - Fat
Disaccharides
- Consist of two Monosaccharides
Glycosidic Bond
- Disaccharides are joined by them - Condensation reaction between -OH and -H - Release of one molecule of water - alpha nad beta bonds
Protein
- Main structural material of the body - 4 kcal/gram - Dietary sources are plants and animals
Galactose is used to
- Make cell membranes - synthesize breast milk - converted to glucose for energy
Protein Chain = Peptides
- May vary by size based on the number of amino acids - Dipeptides = 2 - Tripeptides = 3 - Oligopeptides = 2-12 - Polypeptides = more than 12
Glucose
- Most abundant Monosaccharide in the body - Produced by photosynthesis - Used by plants to make large, complex CHO
Protein Shapes
- Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Quaternary
What are the primary functions of Glucose?
- Provide cells with a source of energy - Preferred source for nervous system, Primary source for red blood cells
What are the primary functions of Oligosaccharides?
- Used to make cell membranes - Allows cells to recognize and interact with each other - incorprated into breast milk
ketones
- alternative energy source - only other source brain can use (besides glucose)
Choose the strategies that constitute a healthy weight loss plan. Check all that apply. - Eat less high-fat foods - Participate in daily physical activity - Lose approximately 6 pounds/week - Set measurable goals - Drink protein shakes twice/day
- eat less high-fat foods - participate in daily physical activity - set measurable goals
Energy expenditure includes which of the following? Check all that apply. - Physical activity - Vitamins and minerals - Foods and beverages - Thermic effect of food - Basal metabolic rate
- physical activity - thermic effect of food - basal metabolic rate
ketones are created during times of
- starvation/ prolonged fasting - low-carb diet - uncontrolled diabetes
Functions of Proteins
-Structure (Muscle, Hair, Fingernails, Healing, Skin, Bones, Cell Membranes) -Enzymes (Act as a catalyst- Speed up chemical reactions) -Movements (Muscles contracting) -Transportation -Communication -Protection -Provide Energy -Protein Turnover (Breaks down protein and rebuilds other proteins) -
What is the current DRI-RDA for protein intake for a healthy body weight?
.8 g/kg body weight
Approximately percent of adults and children in America, which is about three million people, have celiac disease.
1
3 Stages of Protein Synthesis
1. Cell Signaling 2. Transcription 3. Translation
The Institute of Medicine's Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein is:
10-35% of energy intake
The AMDR for protein is:
10-35% of total energy
Fiber recommendations
14g per 1000 kcals AI = 21-38 g per day
Which of the following BMI values is classified as being in the overweight category?
28
inflammation
3. Although we don't know precisely how fats affect cognition biologically, it may be similar to the way different fats affect heart health; that is, it may be related to
Obesity is defined as a body mass index of or higher and is associated with increased risk of mortality and chronic diseases.
30
Research has shown that as little as ________ minutes of sustained physical activity on most days can substantially improve health and quality of life.
30
If you were to do Pilates, how long would you have to work out to burn off 119 calories from a few pieces of hard candy?
30 minutes
Which of the following BMI values is classified as being in the obese category?
30.5
Which of the following BMI values is classified as being in the obese category? a. 30.5 b. 28.0 c. 18.0 d. 22.5
30.5
Polysaccharides
A carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of MORE THAN 10 Monosaccharide units.
Oligosaccharides
A carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a SMALL NUMBER (3-10) of Monosaccharide units.
essential, non-essential
A conditionally amino acid becomes ________ as a result of certain diseases or illnesses, but is usually non-essential under normal healthy circumstances.
saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid containing no carbon-carbon double bonds. Ex: Coconut oil, butter, palm oil, lard or beef fat. Solid at room temp.
monounsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid containing one carbon-carbon double bond. Ex: Olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil. Liquid at room temp.
polyunsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Ex: Corn, soybean, sunflower and safflower oils. Liquid at room temp.
build and repair tissue cells
A major role of protein in the body is to:
Diabetes
A medical condition characterized by the lack of insulin production or impaired insulin function - Insulin resistance - Leads to hypoglycemia
angiogram
A test used to visualize the coronary arteries with the help of an injected dye is an:
glycerol
A three-carbon alcohol used to form triglycerides.
vegan
A vegetarian who omits all animal foods from their diet is referred to by the term:
lactovegetarian
A vegetarian who restricts all animal foods except dairy is referred to by the term:
The form of energy that cells use for energy is:
ATP
What would be the outcome if an inherited metabolic disorder inhibited the enzyme ATP synthase?
ATP would not be formed
Which of the following pathways does not require oxygen for ATP production?
ATP-creatine phosphate pathway
hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen to carbon-carbon double bond producing a single carbon-carbon bond with two hydrogens attached to each carbon. Convert liquid oils to solid fats. Trans fatty acids are a by-product.
The prevalence of obesity is highest among which of the following ethnic groups?
African Americans
Alcohol metabolism can cause lipids to accumulate in the liver due to all of the following reasons except:
Alcohol metabolism can cause lipids to accumulate in the liver due decreased fatty acid breakdown, increased uptake of fatty acids from the blood, increased fatty acid synthesis, and decreased transport of triglycerides from the liver into the blood.
saturated fat
All of the following dietary factors tend to lower LDL cholesterol levels in some people except:
transanimation
All of the following play a role in cellular protein synthesis except what?
essential amino acids
Although Tyler is unable to consume tree nuts, there are many other dietary protein sources. Most importantly, his diet must provide _______________ in amounts needed to support growth and development.
docasahexaenoic acid (DHA)
An omega 3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and six carbon-carbon double bonds. Present in large amounts of fatty fish and is slowly synthesized in the body from alpha-linolenic acid. DHA is especially present in the retina and brain.
arachidonic acid
An omega 6 fatty acid made from linoleic acid with 20 carbons and four carbon-carbon double bonds.
oleic acid
An omega 9 fatty acid with 18 carbons and one double bond.
omega 6 fatty acid
An unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the methyl end (-CH3).
omega 3 fatty acid
An unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the third carbon from the methyl end (-CH3).
1% which is about 3 million people
Approximately ________ of adults and children in American have celiac disease.
Which of the following statements is false?
Arterial circulation flows toward the heart, whereas venous blood flows away from the heart.
As one moves from the absorptive state to the postabsorptive state, which of the following is false?
As one moves from the absorptive state to the postabsorptive state, glucagon levels increase, most blood glucose is supplied by glycogenolysis, and insulin levels decline. The drop in insulin and increase in glucagon stimulates lipolysis and use of fatty acids from triglycerides.
Healthy values are considered to be between 18.5 and 24.9 a. BMI b. Waist circumference c. Both
BMI
cis fatty acid
Bent. 80%. A form of an unsaturated fatty acid that has the hydrogens lying on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond.
emulsifying agent
Bile is an example of:
All of the following are components of TEE, EXCEPT:
Body temperature
monoglyceride
Breakdown product of a triglyceride. Consists of one fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone.
diglyceride
Breakdown product of a triglyceride. Consists of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone.
Amino Acid
Building block of proteins
atherosclerosis
Buildup of fatty material (plaque) in the arteries including those surrounding the heart.
BHA, BHT
Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Common synthetic antioxidants added to foods.
Proteins are composed of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and NITROGEN
Carbohydrates are composed of
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
All of the following are important functions of amino acids except:
Catabolic pathways can metabolize proteins for energy. However, amino acids that make up proteins serve as a limited source of energy. Amino acids are however, the building blocks for nitrogen-containing compounds and for proteins. An important function of amino acids does not include urea formation.
nutrient absorption
Celiac disease is considered an autoimmune disorder in which a person's attacks the lining of the small intestine, resulting in decreased
Protein-Cell Signaling
Cell receives a signal to synthesize a protein. The genes tell the amino acids where to put the proteins.
Which of the following is not a function of vitamin C? a. Protects from and repairs free radical damage. b. Reduces mineral elements in enzymes. c. Enhances intestinal absorption of minerals. d. Coenzyme required for the action of enzymes.
Coenzyme required for the action of enzymes.
triglyceride
Composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Major form of lipid in the body and in food.
sterol
Compound containing a multi-ring (steroid) structure and a hydroxyl (-OH) group. Ex: Cholesterol.
Folate is needed for the synthesis of _______________.
DNA and RNA
hemmorhagic stroke
Damage to part of the brain resulting from rupture of a blood vessel.
urea
Deamination of amino acids produces the toxic substance, ammonia, which is converted to:
hydrogen bonding
Disruption of the shape and structure of a protein occurs by all of the following means except:
Nonessential Amino Acid
Don't have to consume, Body can synthesize
The nutrient intakes set at a level to meet the requirement for half of the population are the:
EARs
The method established to estimate the average energy intake needed to maintain weight is the:
EER
lipoprotein lipase
Enzyme attached to the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels. Breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.
The riboflavin coenzyme that participates in catabolic reactions of energy metabolism is: a. FAD. b. ATP. c. TPP. d. NAD+.
FAD
All of the following forms of coenzymes are in their oxidized form except:
FADH2 is in a reduced state, not an oxidized state.
BMR is highest when sleeping.
False
Most drugs currently being developed to treat celiac disease are aimed at completely eliminating the need for a gluten-free diet.
False
Obesity appears to be controlled by a single gene that is passed from one generation to the next.
False
Denaturation
Folded Protein to an Unfolded Protein - Mercury denatures Proteins
________ diabetes develops in 4 to 7% of pregnant women and increases their chance for developing ________ diabetes.
Gestational; Type 2
Which of the following is not true concerning gluconeogenesis?
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the liver cells and to a lesser extent in kidney cells. Energy is supplied by ATP and NADH + H+ and the process uses noncarbohydrate sources. Insulin inhibits the process of gluconeogenesis while glucagon and cortisol stimulate the process.
What are the most common Monosaccharides in food?
Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
Which of the following is not true for the water-soluble vitamins? a. They are not stored in large quantities. b. High doses are generally toxic. c. They are mainly absorbed in the small intestine. d. They travel to the liver in blood.
High doses are generally toxic
Food Allergy
Immune response to protein in food
peptide
In the forming of protein, amino acids are linked by what specific type of bond?
Which of the following has contributed the least to the increasing obesity in the United States over the past 30 years?
Increased physical activity.
Pancreas produces
Insulin and Glucagon
A number of risk factors contribute to inadequate levels of vitamin D and increase the likelihood of developing a deficiency disease. Choose the image that depicts the individual at greatest risk for vitamin D deficiency.
John is a 30-year-old Caucasian man who spends most of his day working in an office building.
To estimate how much iron Emily is consuming, she completes a diet record. This entails what?
Keeping a food diary for a specified period of time.
carbohydrate is limited
Ketogenesis is an important metabolic process for the body when:
what is the consequence of ketogenesis
Ketosis: occurs when the rate of ketone production exceeds the rate of ketone use
The lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to cells for their use is the
LDL
trans fatty acid
Linear. 20%. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). A form of an unsaturated fatty acid (usually monounsaturated when found in food) where hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides. Ex: margarine, shortening.
essential fatty acid
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid. Must be supplied by the diet to maintain health.
insoluble
Lipids are a large group of substances that are ________in water.
very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Lipoprotein created in the liver that carries cholesterol and lipids that have been taken up or newly synthesized by the liver. Composed of cholesterol and triglycerides surrounded by a water-soluble shell. Rich in triglycerides=very low density.
chylomicron
Lipoprotein made of dietary fats surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids and protein. Formed in absorptive cells of the small intestine after fat absorption and travel through the lymphatic system to the bloodstream.
Conditionally Essential Amino Acid
May need to be consumed if there are diseases or conditions at a time Example: PKU (Phenylketonuria)
Protein- Transcription
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is made using DNA as a template
Low-intensity sunlight can lead to low vitamin D production in all of the following countries except: a. the United States. b. England. c. Mexico. d. Scandinavian countries.
Mexico
Naturally Occurring vs Added Sugars
NATURAL - Fruits, Vegetables, Milk - Typically in nutrient dense foods ADDED - Brown Sugar, Corn Syrup, Honey - Typically in calorie dense foods
Positive Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen LOSS is less than Nitrogen GAINED Ex: Pregnancy/ Childhood
Negative Nitrogen Balance
Nitrogen Loss is greater than Nitrogen gained. Ex: Starvation/Illness
Protein Malnutrition Nutrition (P.M.N.)
Not enough protein in diet
What determines the shape and size of Monosaccharides?
Number of carbon atoms
non-essential
Of the 20 amino acids utilized in the body, 11 of them are considered ________.
Given what you know about the characteristics of a deficiency disease, which of the following would be considered a deficiency disease resulting from inadequate levels of vitamin D? Check all that apply.
Osteomalacia; rickets
Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic enzyme specific for protein digestion?
Pepsin
Which of the following is an enzyme used in the digestion of proteins?
Pepsin
a polar head group
Phospholipid structure is similar to triglycerides, but phospholipids are amphipathic because they contain:
The salivary gland is an example of an accessory organ of the digestive system. Which of the following statements describes the general function of this type of digestive organ?
Secretes enzymes and other liquids that aid in the digestion and processing of food
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
Simple (sugar) and Complex (starch)
What are Monosaccharides?
Simple sugar molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
scavenger cells
Specific form of white blood cells that can bury themselves in the artery wall and take up LDL contributing to the development of atherosclerosis.
Which of the following organisms make us sick through preformed toxins?
Staphylococcus aureus
What equation is used to measure REE?
The Harris-Benedict equation
side chain
The ________ is the group that varies for each amino acid
limiting amino acids
The amino acids present in the diet in amounts that do not meet human needs are known as:
essential
The amino acids that must be supplied by the diet are termed:
saturated fat
The brain function of the women in this study was most negatively affected by _____.
Inherited metabolic diseases, such as PKU, impair metabolic pathways. What would occur if a metabolic disease impaired lipolysis?
The breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol would not occur
only proteins
The chemical makeup requires 4 elements
All of the following are true of the citric acid cycle except:
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway that forms GTP and reduced coenzymes NADH + H+ and FADH2. It is an amphibolic pathway, because it has both catabolic and anabolic components.
grains
The foods recommended by the MyPlate food guidance system to meet protein needs include all of the following except:
lipids, carbs, and proteins
The human body is able to synthesize them
Before having surgery, August claims that she did not experience the sensation of hunger. What part of the brain plays a role in regulating hunger and satiety?
The hypothalamus
All of the following tissues can use ketone bodies for energy except:
The kidney, brain, central nervous system, and muscle can all use ketone bodies for energy. Red blood cells, however, rely solely on glucose for energy.
Where is most protein digested and absorbed?
The large intestine
LDL
The lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to cells for their use is the:
pancreas
The main proteolytic enzymes functioning in the small intestine are released from the:
All of the following are true of oxidative phosphorylation except:
The majority of ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation. Because energy within energy-yielding nutrients cannot be transferred directly to ADP, NAD+ and FAD are used. The process of oxidative phosphorylation requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria.
magnesium
The mineral deficiencies a vegan is most at risk for include all of the following except:
short-chain fatty acids
The more water-soluble fatty acids are the:
several polypeptides forming a protein
The quaternary structure of an amino acid is:
3 dimensional structure
The secondary structure of an amino acid is:
saturated fatty acids
The sources of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, include:
polyunsaturated fatty acids
The specific term for fatty acids containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds is:
Lipogenesis, the storage of energy from glucose as triglycerides, occurs in liver and adipose tissue and involves all of the following reactions except:
The storage of energy from glucose as triglycerides (lipogenesis) involves the reaction of glucose to pyruvate, pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and acetyl CoA to fatty acids.
protein complementation
The term for combining protein sources to supply all the essential amino acids is:
All of the following play a role in cellular protein synthesis except what?
Transamination
lipoprotein
Transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues. Made of a lipid core with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid and cholesterol.
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Transports cholesterol to tissues. Lipoprotein in the blood containing primarily cholesterol. High LDL increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. (VLDL fraction. As triglycerides are released=>proportionately denser)
immune
Tyler has a food allergy, whereas his friend has a food intolerance. In the case of food allergies, the ___________ system causes a physiological response to certain proteins present in tree nuts.
What are the four classifications of diabetes?
Type 1, Type 2, Secondary, and Gestational
Once taken up by the liver, vitamin E is then transported in blood associated with: a. LDLs. b. HDLs. c. VLDLs. d. albumin.
VLDLs
For August, it was determined that adipose tissue had accumulated in her abdominal region. This is referred to as what?
Visceral adipose tissue
Which of the water-soluble vitamins functions as an antioxidant?
Vitamin C
In order for this synthesis to occur, a series of steps are necessary and any disruption in this process can result in a deficiency of vitamin D. With this in mind, choose the situations or conditions that could contribute to a vitamin D deficiency. Check all that apply.
Wearing protective clothing and sunscreen when outdoors; Having kidney disease
negative- example: malnourished elderly man
When nitrogen conusmption is less than nitrogen excretion, a person is in ________ nitrogen balance
prions
Which of the following are nonliving proteins that are responsible for mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
long-chain fatty acids
Which of the following lipid digestion products does not travel to the liver by the portal vein?
no
Would you suggest that the average person looking to build more muscle needs to eat more protein?
The type of bond connecting two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide is called a(n): a. peptide bond. b. glycosidic bond. c. alpha bond. d. beta bond
a
A compelling desire for a specific food is known as:
a food craving
Crohn's disease is likely to impair _______________________.
a. Digestion and nutrient absorption.
________ diabetes develops in 4 to 7% of pregnant women and increases their chance for developing ________ diabetes. a. Gestational; Type 2 b. Secondary; gestational c. Type 1; Type 2 d. Type 2; secondary
a. Gestational; Type 2
Crohn's disease is commonly misdiagnosed as what?
a. Irritable bowel syndrome
Which of the following statements about sugar alcohols is not true? a. They contain no kcalories. b. They can cause a laxative effect. c. They are not actually alcohols or sugars. d. They do not promote tooth decay.
a. They contain no kcalories
Ideally, Emily's dietary iron intake should be
a. above the RDA, but below the UL
Crohn's disease is likely to develop when ________________________________________.
a. an environmental trigger causes an abnormal immunological response in the body
Nutrients which are not typically needed except at special times are termed: a. conditionally essential. b. essential. c. trace nutrients. d. nonessential.
a. conditionally essential
The GI tract condition characterized by inflammation of pouches protruding from the colon is: a. diverticulitis. b. diverticulosis. c. diarrhea. d. hemorrhoids.
a. diverticulitis
All of the following are examples of dietary assessment methods except:
a. height and weight measurements.
Risk factors for developing chronic diseases include all of the following except: a. infectious diseases. b. dietary intake. c. physical inactivity. d. genetics.
a. infectiuous diseases
In the ABCDs of nutritional status assessment, the biochemical measurements include:
a. laboratory analysis of biological samples.
All of the following statements about lipids are true except: a. lipids are a medium for body transport. b. lipids regulate body processes. c. lipids provide large amounts of energy. d. lipids are important for the structure of membranes.
a. lipids are a medium for body transport
Which of the following is not one of the five food categories of the MyPlate guide?
a. meat and beans
Environmental factors related to health would include: a. pollutants. b. dietary intake. c. genetic factors. d. exercise.
a. pollutants
The components of the food label must include all of the following except:
a. qualified health claims.
Fat accumulated in the lower body (pear shape) is (a)____________ fat, while fat accumulated in the abdominal area (apple shape) is (b)____________ fat. - subcutaneous - visceral
a. subcutaneous b. visceral
When participant behavior and study results are altered by study influences, it is termed: a. the Hawthorne effect. b. researcher bias. c. a placebo. d. a control.
a. the Hawthorne effect
The α -1,6 bonds in amylopectin are digested by the enzyme: a. α-dextrinase. b. salivary amylase. c. pancreatic amylase. d. maltase.
a. α-dextrinase.
Three functions of the nephron units of the kidneys include all of the following except:
absorption
Emily's iron deficiency anemia is probably an example of what?
b. Secondary malnutrition.
Glucagon is produced by the: a. muscle. b. alpha cells. c. liver. d. beta cells.
b. alpha cells
An example of a prospective dietary assessment is a:
b. diet record.
Which of the following is not one of the four basic themes of the ChooseMyPlate.gov website and its components?
b. do weight lifting exercises at least twice a week
A nutrient required by the body due to the inability to make any or enough to meet needs is termed: a. conditionally essential. b. essential. c. nonessential. d. trace nutrient.
b. essential
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called: a. glycolysis. b. gluconeogenesis. c. glycogenolysis. d. glycogenesis
b. gluconeogenesis
Almost all dietary carbohydrates are converted to which sugar, which circulates in blood? a. ribose b. glucose c. fructose d. galactose
b. glucose
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are both classified as _________________.
b. inflammatory bowel syndrome
The Dietary Guidelines encourage the increase of certain foods and nutrients. All of the following should be increased, except:
b. protein-rich foods.
All of the following are polysaccharides except: a. starch. b. raffinose and stachyose. c. glycogen. d. dietary fiber.
b. raffinose and stachyose.
The artificial sweetener that is derived from modification of sucrose is: a. aspartame. b. sucralose. c. acesulfame K. d. saccharin
b. sucralose
Which of the following vitamins is classified as fat soluble? a. vitamin C b. vitamin K c. the B vitamins d. vitamin B12
b. vitamin K
The energy-yielding nutrients include all of the following except: a. carbohydrate. b. water. c. protein. d. fat.
b. water
Which component is the largest contributor to total energy expenditure for most individuals?
basal energy expenditure
Which component is the largest contributor to total energy expenditure for most individuals? a. nonexercise activity thermogenesis b. thermic effect of food c. physical activity d. basal energy expenditure
basal energy expenditure
The macronutrients that we consume are broken down through digestion and then absorbed in order to ultimately
be used by the cells for energy
Abundant dietary sources of vitamin E include all of the following except: a. almonds. b. fortified breakfast cereals. c. beef. d. broccoli.
beef
This video compares beef mince (ground beef), cheese, vegetarian sausages, meat sausages and tofu as sources of protein and micronutrients. Which option offers the most protein per 100 grams?
beef mince (ground beef)
Which protein source is the best source of vitamin B12?
beef mince (ground beef)
Which of the following major GI secretions is made in the liver, stored and released from the gallbladder?
bile
The extent to which a nutrient or other food component is absorbed is called its:
bioavailability
The method of estimating body composition based on the conduction of a current by body tissues is:
bioelectrical impedance.
The diagnosis of anemia was based on measuring Emily's hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in her blood. These measures are examples of
biomarkers
The B vitamin reliably obtained from bacteria in the large intestine is: a. niacin. b. thiamin. c. biotin. d. vitamin B6.
biotin
Which vitamin participates in carboxylation reactions, is required for formation of oxaloacetic acid for the citric acid cycle, and is used in gluconeogenesis? a. niacin b. thiamin c. biotin d. riboflavin
biotin
The functions of vitamins include all of the following except: a. contributing to energy formation. b. playing a role in preventing and treating illness. c. making up part of body structure. d. building and maintaining tissues.
c. making up part of body structure
Dietary fiber is best defined as: a. carbohydrates in plant foods. b. foods rich in carbohydrate. c. nondigestible plant polysaccharides. d. plant sources of carbohydrate.
c. nondigestible plant polysaccharides.
The specific type of dietary fiber that is recognized to help lower heart disease risk is: a. nonpolysaccharide dietary fiber. b. insoluble dietary fiber. c. soluble dietary fiber. d. nonstarch polysaccharides.
c. soluble dietary fiber
When Paige takes antibiotics to treat an infection associated with Crohn's disease, she should also consider ______________________________.
c. taking a probiotic
Evolutionarily speaking, the human brain may associate sweet taste with .
calories
High dietary intakes of some lipids are associated with increased risk for
cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity
The functions of thiamin include all of the following except: a. removing CO2 from substrates. b. allowing the body to use carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids for energy. c. it is required for synthesis of DNA, RNA and other nucleotides. d. capturing energy for ATP production.
capturing energy for ATP production.
Ketogenesis is an important metabolic process for the body when
carbohydrate is limited
Which of the following is required to transport activated long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for β-oxidation? a. carnitine b. cholesterol c. ascorbic acid d. choline
carnitine
Which of the following functions is related to both vitamin D and vitamin A? a. vision b. immunity c. cell differentiation d. nerve impulse transmission
cell differentiation
The basic steps involved in protein synthesis include
cell signaling, translation, transcription
Which of the following is not a type of tissue found in the human body?
cellular
Which of the following phases of digestion begins even before food enters your mouth?
cephalic phase
The artificial sweetener that is derived from a modification of sucrose is
sucralose
The lipoprotein formed when muscle and adipose remove most of the triglycerides from chylomicrons is the
chylomicron remnant
Which of the following is not one of the three important functions carried out by the GI tract and accessory organs?
circulation
Intrinsic factor assists in the absorption of _____________.
cobalamin
Organic molecules that assist enzymes in carrying out their catalytic functions are termed:
coenzymes
Characteristics of high-quality protein sources include
complete protein source, easily digested, high bioavailability
Complex molecules such as proteins and lipids are often assembled and disassembled within cells. A chemical reaction that joins molecules together is termed:
condensation
Amino acids that are only essential due to medical conditions or lifespan period are
conditionally essential
Amino acids that are only essential due to medical conditions or lifespan period are termed:
conditionally essential
Chronic diseases include all of the following except: a. stroke. b. heart disease. c. cancer. d. infectious diseases.
d. infectious diseases
Ketogenesis
create ketones from fat breakdown
The Daily Value for cholesterol on current food labels is set at less than:
d. 300 mg.
The Daily Value for carbohydrate on current food labels is set at:
d. 60%.
The form of energy utilized by cells for work is: a. carbohydrates. b. protein. c. lipids. d. ATP.
d. ATP
Regulations for nutritional food labeling are established by the U.S.:
d. Food and Drug Administration.
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are dietary standards established by the:
d. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.
The artificial sweetener composed of two amino acids that is not heat stable is: a. sucralose. b. saccharin. c. acesulfame K. d. aspartame.
d. asparatame
Experiments utilizing in vivo systems could use all of the following in the study except: a. humans. b. rats. c. guinea pigs. d. cell cultures.
d. cell cultures
Phytochemicals are thought to positively influence health, and the term refers to: a. minerals found in plants. b. plant chemicals essential for health. c. vitamins found in plants. d. chemicals not considered nutrients in plants.
d. chemicals not considered nutrients in plants
In the ABCDs of nutritional status assessment, the dietary measurements include:
d. collecting dietary intake information.
The storage form of carbohydrates in humans and other animals is: a. starch. b. amylose. c. amylopectin. d. glycogen.
d. glycogen
All of the following are part of the female athlete triad, except:
d. iron-deficiency anemia.
The key functions of protein in the body include all of the following except: a. it is instrumental in allowing chemical reactions. b. allowing cellular uptake and communication. c. providing structural material for the body. d. it is a vital energy source.
d. it is a vital energy source
Examples of potential causes of primary malnutrition include all of the following except:
d. malabsorption due to gastric surgery.
Macronutrients are needed in large amounts and include all of the following except: a. lipids. b. carbohydrates. c. water. d. minerals.
d. minerals
The phrases "sugar free," "low sodium," and "good source of" on food labels are examples of:
d. nutrient content claims.
Foods certified as "organic" can be grown using which of the following? a. pesticides b. herbicides c. synthetic growth promoters d. soil
d. soil
Before becoming pregnant, Beth included a variety of folate-rich foods in her diet, such as ____________________.
dark-green leafy vegetables
Which of the following is not a benefit of exercise on health and fitness?
decrease in HDL cholesterol
Decreased activation of vitamin D will result indecreased absorption of calcium in the small intestine and increased risk of inadequate bone mineralization.
decreased; increased
A vitamin deficiency is a lack or shortage of a particular vitamin, and prolonged insufficiency can eventually lead to a vitamin deficiency disease , characterized by harmful symptoms
deficiency; vitamin deficiency disease
Disruption of the shape and structure of a protein occurs by
development of prions, mutations, denaturing agents
sucrose
disaccaride
The GI tract condition characterized by inflammation of pouches protruding from the colon is
diverticulitis
Each of the following is/are associated with oligosaccharides
dried beans and peas, stachyose, and raffinose.
Anaphylaxis
drop in blood pressure, rapid pulse, constriction of airways -- Severe and Life Threatening
triglycerides OR micelles?
during lipid digestion, bile is released into the small intestine, and aids in the formation of
Substances that produce ions when dissolved in fluids, such as water, are specifically called:
electrolytes
All of the following are passive transport mechanisms, except:
endocytosis
Which of the following situations would tend to lead to stable body weight?
energy balance
Which of the following situations would tend to lead to stable body weight? a. energy balance b. positive energy balance c. negative energy balance d. energy intake < energy expenditure
energy balance
Normally, one of the least critical functions of protein is:
energy production
PKU is caused by a defect in a(n) ________ that is needed to metabolize the essential amino acid phenylalanine.
enzyme
The amino acids that must be supplied by the diet are
essential
The amino acids that must be supplied by the diet are termed:
essential
Although Tyler is unable to consume tree nuts, there are many other dietary protein sources. Most importantly, his diet must provide _______________ in amounts needed to support growth and development.
essential amino acids
help to regulate inflammatory processes
essential fatty acids:
omega 3 fatty acids
exerts strong anti-inflammatory properties in the body
By incorporating fat-free and sugar-free foods in their diet, people lose weight more readily while still feeling satiated.
false
The condition of low blood glucose due to excess insulin release regardless of food intake is
fasting hypoglycemia
Training increases the ability of muscles to metabolize ________ for energy thereby delaying the onset of muscle fatigue.
fatty acids
The sources of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, include
fatty fish and seafood
An imbalance of protons and electrons creates ions, and the following are cations except for:
fluoride
Lactose intolerance is a health concern of many adults in the world due to a loss of
lactase
A vegetarian who restricts all animal foods except dairy and eggs is referred to by the term:
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
A vegetarian who restricts all animal foods except dairy is referred to as
lactovegetarian
A vegetarian who restricts all animal foods except dairy is referred to by the term:
lactovegetarian
An allergic response is triggered when ________ is absorbed
large polypeptides
An allergic response is triggered when which of the following is absorbed?
large polypeptides
Which of the following foods is not a good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)? a. lean beef b. broccoli c. citrus fruits d. strawberries
lean beef
The foods recommended by the MyPlate food guidance system to meet protein needs include
legumes, lean meats, fat-free or low-fat milk
amphipathic
like other phospholipids in the body, bile can be classified as:
Characteristics of high-quality protein sources include all of the following except:
limiting amino acid
The amino acids present in the diet in amounts that do not meet human needs are known as
limiting amino acids
The amino acids present in the diet in amounts that do not meet human needs are known as:
limiting amino acids
omega 6
linolei acid:
Roles for cholesterol in the body include
lipid transport in blood, part of cell membrane structure, and participates in lipid digestion and absorption
Broken down into smaller molecules by bile salts
lipids
sterols
lipids made up of rigid carbon rings with no fatty acid tails, synthesized in the liver to make several important hormones
triglycerides
lipids that contain a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids, lipids that are comprised of about 95% of fat you eat
phospholipids
lipids that have both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end, manufactured by the body and act as emulsifiers
The enzyme, hormone-sensitive lipase, catalyzes the process called
lipolysis
Recent evidence shows that inadequate choline intake causes: a. liver damage. b. anemia. c. neurological disorders. d. gastrointestinal distress.
liver damage
Fatty acids containing 12 or more carbons are classified as
long-chain fatty acids
Which of the following lipid digestion products does not travel to the liver through the portal vein?
long-chain fatty acids
Dieting and food restriction seldom lead to successful long-term weight loss because this behavior generally leads to:
loss of lean body mass.
Dieting and food restriction seldom lead to successful long-term weight loss because this behavior generally leads to: a. calorie deficits. b. maintenance of BMR. c. increased food intake. d. loss of lean body mass.
loss of lean body mass.
Immediately after leaving the enterocytes, chylomicrons first travel through the
lymph system
The action of the enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase results in:
lypolysis
Protein- Translation
mRNA binds to ribosomes The Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes so protein synthesis can happen. (mRNA = Instructions)
The mineral deficiencies a vegan is most at risk for include all of the following except:
magnesium
omega 3
main food source includes leafy green veggies and fatty fish
omega 6
main food source includes vegetable and safflower oil:
Marie is a 63-year-old African American woman from the Midwest. She is lactose intolerant and prefers staying indoors as opposed to going outside. Lately, she has had terrible bone and joint pain and a recent checkup confirms that Marie is deficient in vitamin D and has a disease called osteomalacia , or poor bone mineralization. This would be considered a primary deficiency that could be directly treated with vitamin D supplementation.
osteomalacia; primary; could
The loss of one or more electrons is called:
oxidation
The majority of ATP generated by cells occurs by a process called what?
oxidative phosphorylation
The main proteolytic enzymes functioning in the small intestine are released from the
pancreas
The main proteolytic enzymes functioning in the small intestine are released from the:
pancreas
The organ responsible for releasing a 'juice' that neutralizes chyme is the:
pancreas
The B vitamin found in almost every plant and animal tissue and named for the Greek word for "everywhere" is: a. folate. b. biotin. c. pantothenic acid. d. vitamin B6.
pantothenic acid
The protease functioning in the stomach is:
pepsin
Which of the following proteins does not bind vitamin B12 and assist with absorption and transport? a. R protein b. pepsin c. intrinsic factor d. transcobalamin
pepsin
In the forming of protein, amino acids are linked by what specific type of bond?
peptide
Specialized enzymes are necessary to digest lipids for absorption, with phospholipids being digested by
phospholipase A2
Cholesterol is used to make all of the following except
phospholipids
The component of total energy expenditure that varies most among individuals is:
physical activity
The basic steps involved in protein synthesis include all of the following except:
replication
Which of the following is not true for the condition of ketosis?
requires glycogen breakdown
The most biologically potent form of vitamin A is called: a. retinal. b. retinol. c. retinoic acid. d. retinoids.
retinol
The body's physiological response to eating an adequate amount of food is known as:
satiety
The type of dietary lipids that are solid at room temperature are
saturated fatty acids
Which of the following would not aid fat-soluble vitamin digestion or absorption? a. gallbladder secretions b. sugars c. other lipids d. pancreatic secretions
sugars
Like the carotenoids, vitamin E has the primary function of: a. vision. b. bone maintenance. c. serving as an antioxidant. d. immunity.
serving as an antioxidant
The concept that an internal signal regulates body weight by spontaneously adjusting food intake is called:
set point theory
The quaternary structure of an amino acid is
several polypeptides forming a protein
The quaternary structure of an amino acid is:
several polypeptides forming a protein
The more water-soluble fatty acids are the
short-chain fatty acids
Chocolate is an example of a ___________ _____ that will increase blood sugar levels quickly because it is compromised of monosaccarides.
simple carbohydrate
The method of estimating body composition by measuring subcutaneous fat is:
skinfold thickness.
The primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the:
small intestine
Dietary fibers are classified by all of the following properties
solubility, water-holding capacity, and susceptibility to fermentation
The specific type of dietary fiber that is recognized to help lower heart disease risk is
soluble dietary fiber
When table salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, the water would be considered (relative to this process):
solvent
All of the following are polysaccharides
starch, dietary fiber, and glycogen
All types of bariatric surgery involve the:
stomach
Digestion of protein begins in the:
stomach
The purpose of protein complementation is to:
supply all essential amino acids
To help select iron-rich foods, Emily could consult
the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for American
The method of estimating body composition based on air displacement of a body is:
the Bod Pod.
Neural and hormonal signals that help control sensations of hunger and satiety originate in all of the following except:
the liver
Vitamin A not taken up by tissues is mainly stored in: a. the hypothalamus. b. muscle. c. the kidneys. d. the liver.
the liver
triglycerides
the majority of lipids in our diet are in the form of:
Active vitamin D (calcitriol) is a hormone that regulates blood calcium levels through its action on all of the following except: a. the kidney. b. the small intestine. c. the pancreas. d. bone.
the pancreas
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) differs from basal metabolic rate (BMR) in that RMR includes which of the following components not included in BMR?
the thermic effect of food
The component representing the energy to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store nutrients after a meal is:
the thermic effect of food.
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) differs from basal metabolic rate (BMR) in that RMR includes which of the following components not included in BMR? a. thermic effect of food b. nonexercise activity thermogenesis c. physical activity d. basal energy expenditure
thermic effect of food
Which protein source offers the least protein per 100 grams?
tofu
The reason hydrogenated oils are solid at room temperature is that they contain
trans double bonds
Partial hydrogenation of oils is responsible for creating most of these in our diet
trans fats
The primary structure of a protein is determined by ______________________.
transcription and translation
The anabolic process of storing excess fatty acids forms:
tryglycerides
