Final Exam

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest

B

Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) ACh B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine

B

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________. A) absorption B) secretion C) chemical digestion D) mechanical digestion

C

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin D) gastric inhibitor peptide

C

Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins? A) dextrinase B) amylase C) trypsin D) lipase

C

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) protein

C

What provides the shortest-term mechanism for preventing acid-base imbalances in the body? The longest-term mechanism?

Chemical buffers act within a fraction of a second to resist a pH change. The longest-term mechanism is the kidney system, which ordinarily requires from several hours to a day or more to effect changes in blood pH.

) Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption. A) Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport. B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport. C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed. D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.

D

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A. the lungs and kidneys B. the adrenal glands and the testes C. the thyroid glands and the heart D. the stomach and the liver

A

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food? A) the pancreas B) the buccal glands C) the thyroid gland D) the parotid glands

A

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered Answer: A

A

Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) starches

A

Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products? A) enteroendocrine cells B) parietal cells C) zymogenic cells D) mucous neck cells

A

Hepatocytes do not ________. A) produce digestive enzymes B) process nutrients C) store fat-soluble vitamins D) detoxify

A

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon

A

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood

A

Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________. A) chief cells of the stomach B) parietal cells of the duodenum C) Brunner's glands D) goblet cells of the small intestine

A

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common i infants because of their ____. A. ineffecient kidneys B. comparatively low metabolic rates C. low rate of insensible water loss D. low daily rate of fluid exchange

A

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares and intestinal villi B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunner's glands D) the rugae

A

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) the control of respiratory ventilation B) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach C) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells D) control of the acids produced in the stomach

A

The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration

A

There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long period of time D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required

A

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodies

A

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

A

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.

A

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins

A

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis

A.

7) Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) chief cells B) parietal cells C) serous cells D) mucous neck cells

B

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen

B

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis

B

Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action

B

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________. A) starches and complex carbohydrates B) protein and peptide fragments C) simple carbohydrates and alcohols D) fatty acids

B

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

B

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

B

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ___. A. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C. a runner has completed a very long marathon D. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

B

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH

B

The function of the goblet cells is to ________. A) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion C) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food

B

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage C) distribute hormones D) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low

B

What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis

B

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems B) diet C) respiratory changes D) renal mechanism

B

Which of the following is not true of saliva? A) cleanses the mouth B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus D) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted

B

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A) gastrin B) amylase C) cholecystokinin D) trypsin

B

________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion. A) Distension B) Carbohydrates C) Peptides D) Low acidity

B

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________. A) acidosis B) ketosis C) alkalosis D) dysphagia

C

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis

C

Chief cells ________. A) occur in the intestine B) produce HCl C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands D) produce mucin

C

How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A) simple diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy D) bulk flow

C

Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________. A) accessory pancreatic duct B) main pancreatic duct C) cystic duct D) hepatopancreatic ampulla

C

Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) mucin B) pepsinogen C) hydrochloric acid D) rennin

C

Select the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries. C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. D) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.

C

Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.

C

Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance. A) The kidneys are not able to excrete phosphoric acid. B) Excreted hydrogen ions are unbound in the filtrate. C) Kidney tubule cells are able to synthesize bicarbonate ion. D) The kidneys are the most important mechanism for eliminating all bicarbonate ions

C

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin

C

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ___ buffer system. A. phosphate B. hemoglobin C. bicarbonate D. protein

C

Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

D

Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

D

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

D

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) lipolysis

D

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin

D

Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D) rennin

D

Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) cephalic B) gastric C) intestinal D) enterogastric

D

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth

D

Helen is a 62-year-old smoker. Her physician has diagnosed her as having emphysema that has caused her to hypoventilate. She is tired and sedentary. Besides having difficulty breathing, what other condition is contributing to her tiredness?

Helen is suffering from respiratory acidosis because she is retaining too much carbon dioxide. Her shallow breathing, due to the damage to her lungs from the disease, is the cause. In order to release the carbon dioxide, one must be able to breathe normally (deep breathing would be optimal).

A patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. The nurse tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. The patient's wife asks why the tube will not be inserted into the stomach. What should the nurse say?

The duodenum is part of the small intestine, which is the body's major digestive organ. Digestion is completed and absorption is best in the small intestine. There is also less risk for vomiting, which may cause complications.

A patient is admitted to the hospital in complete collapse. His blood pH is 6.8, and his HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. What diagnosis would you give and what prognosis? A medical history reveals that this patient is a chronic alcoholic.

The pH and bicarbonate levels and the history of alcoholism indicate metabolic acidosis. With a pH below 7.0, the patient will go into a coma and death soon follows.

A patient was admitted to the hospital because of severe epigastric pain. He has noted that his stools were darker than the usual brown color. He appears pale and very anxious. The history reports that he drinks 2-3 beers per day and smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. Based on the assessment data, what condition might the nurse determine this patient has? Explain why.

The patient most likely has a gastric ulcer. The most distressing symptom of a gastric ulcer is gnawing epigastric pain that seems to bore through to the back. The danger posed by ulcers is perforation of the stomach wall followed by peritonitis and massive hemorrhage. Because the patient's stools are darker than usual and he is pale and anxious, the nurse suspects a bleeding ulcer. Factors such as smoking and alcohol increase hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid and low secretion of mucus.

How does the respiratory system influence the buffer systems of the body?

The respiratory system maintains a constant bicarbonate level in the bloodstream by outgassing carbon dioxide. In the event of a respiratory problem the bicarbonate system might not be a constant.

What is the effect of acidosis on the body? Of alkalosis?

When the body is in acute acidosis, the nervous system becomes so severely depressed that the person goes into a coma and death soon follows. Alkalosis causes overexcitement of the nervous system. Characteristic signs include muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, and convulsions. Death often results from respiratory arrest.

Arterial blood pH below 7.35 is called ________.

acidemia or acidosis