Final exam
A wife found her husband unresponsive on the recliner and called 911. When she went to bed, she said her husband was watching sports on TV. The call came in at 2 a.m. The emergency services and the police each arrived at 2:11. The medical professionals at the site declared the husband dead at 2:20 a.m. after trying several attempts at reviving him. After processing the scene, his liver temperature wa 90.9 at 3:20 a.m. Using the Glaister equation, determine the time of death (98.4 - measured temperature = hours since death ) 1.5
10:20 p.m.
Chargaff's Rules
1947, Erwin Chargaff determined that while the four nucleotides were not present in equal amounts in the DNA from different organisms, the amount of adenine was always the same as thymine and the amount of guanine was always the same as cytosine.
Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of Dna on organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in hi sample will be guanine?
38%
Perform calorimetric measurements on food items and interpret the results
4.186 Joules=specific heat of water Energy gained (mass of water) x (change in temperature) x (specific heat of water) Energy content of food sample (chemistry calorie) Energy gained by water ÷ change in mass of food Energy content of the food sample in food calories (food calorie per gram) Energy content of of food sample (chemistry calorie) /1000
A person is found dead by a neighbor. What carer is involved in notifying the police and calling an ambulance ?
911 operator
What is heart disease?
A broad term used to refer to the range of diseases that can affect the heart. This includes diseases of the blood vessels, heart rhythm problems, heart infections, and so on.
Describe the structure of a nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
What is anemia?
A condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells, or hemoglobin.
What does it mean to be Dominant, recessive?
A dominant gene is "strong" and always dominates a "weaker" gene. ... A dominant gene masks the effects of a recessive gene, and so recessive traits are only seen when an individual inherits genes that are both recessive - this is expected to occur in one in every four offspring. A recessive gene is a gene that can be masked by a dominant gene. In order to have a trait that is expressed by a recessive gene, such as blue eyes, you must get the gene for blue eyes from both of your parents. You might remember the word recessive from biology, where it most often appears
A clear prediction of the anticipated results in an experiment designed is know as?
A hypothesis
What is a mutation?
A mutation is any change in DNA.
How can the manner of death be determined?
A pathologist studies the effects of diseases, medical treatments and injury on the human body.
Medical Examiner
A physician who performs an autopsy when death may be accidental or violent. He or she may also serve in some jurisdictions as the coroner. toxicologist - one who studies the nature and effects of poisons and their treatment.
Describe how restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze genetic information.
A segment of amplified DNA from a genome is digested with a restriction enzyme. Electrophoresis allows you to analyze the patterns by separating DNA by size.
What is sickle cell disease?
A severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. It is most common among those of African descent.
Which of these is correct according to Chargaff's base pairing rule?
A=T
What are the risk factors for the development of heart disease?
Abnormal cholesterol levels, extra fat around your waist as opposed to hips, smoking
Manners of death
Accidental Suicide Natural causes Homicide Undetermined
Purines
Adenine and guanine Has two carbon-nitrogen rings and four hydrogen bonds
Why do purines bond with pyrimidines in the DNA ladder?
Adenine and thymine have hydrogen bonds Guanine and cytosine have 3 hydrogen bonds
Graph laboratory blood glucose and insulin level data and interpret results
After conducting research, it was concluded that a fasting blood sugar level should be under 100 mg/dl. Before meals, normal glucose levels are between 70 and 99 mg/dl. One hour after a meal (postprandial), normal glucose levels should be less than 180 mg/dl. Before drinking the glucose solution, Anna Garcia presented with a glucose level of 150 mg/dl. Her baseline insulin level was considerably higher than what it should be. Thirty minutes after drinking the glucose, Anna Garcia presented with glucose levels of 200 mg/dl. Sixty minutes after drinking the glucose solution, Anna Garcia had a measured glucose level of 250 mg/dl. Instead of Anna Garcia's glucose levels decreasing, her levels increased. After 120 minutes, Anna Garcia's blood glucose levels had decreased to 200 mg/dl, which is still relatively high. This drastic increase and decrease of glucose in the blood indicate diabetes. Patient B presented with the exact same measured blood glucose levels during the testing. Based off the results and data, it can be logically deduced that both Anna Garcia and Patient B suffer from a form of diabetes. Patient A's glucose levels increased significantly, remained high for a short period of time, and then decreased drastically. Based off her unsteady glucose levels, Patient A may be prediabetic. After performing research, it was discovered that individuals who suffer from type I diabetes are unable to produce insulin. Anna Garcia presented with a insulin level of 0 mg/dl throughout the entire test. Based off this, I believe that she has type I diabetes. Patient A does not present with diabetes at the current moment. However, based off the unsteady insulin levels recorded during the test, I believe that Patient A may have a prediabetic condition. Patient B's insulin levels showed a steep increase from the baseline level. Once his insulin level reached 400 mg, it remained at that level for a total of 30 minutes. In type II diabetes, individuals are able to produce insulin, however, their bodies are unable to use it. Based off this and the data collected from both of the tests, it can logically be deduced that Patient B suffers from type II diabetes.
Which of the following statements about macromolecules is true?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease.
An EKG can show irregular heartbeats and irregular speeds of contractions. It can also show if there isn't enough blood flowing to the heart, if the heart can't pump hard enough, or if there are problems with the valves. If you can see one of those problems you know treatment is needed.
What is an EKG?
An electrocardiogram, also called an ECG or EKG, is a simple, painless test that detects and records your heart's electrical activity.
How is anemia diagnosed?
Anemia is diagnosed through a hematocrit test.
What is a hematocrit, how is it tested, what can we learn from this?
Anemia is diagnosed through a test called a hematocrit. A hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of the volume of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells. This measurement depends on the number of red blood cells and the size of red blood cells. The blood sample taken from the patient is centrifuged, meaning that it is spun at a very high speed. The percentage of blood that is red blood cells can be easily measured because the red blood cells settle to the bottom and the yellowish plasma, the white blood cells, and the platelets rise to the top.
Recognize that blocked blood vessels can be treated surgically using procedures that tunnel through or around the areas that disrupt normal blood flow.
Angioplasty-a balloon is inserted via a catheter and is blown up to expand the artery to push the plaque against the walls and restore blood flow. Stent-wire mesh is inserted into the artery and compressed the plaque. it then stays that way allowing for blood flow. Coronary Bypass- a vessel, usually from the leg, is taken and inserted on the heart to bypass the clogged area of the coronary artery to restore blood flow.
Protein's
Are large molecules with many different shapes and structures. Are the primary structural component of all tissues in humans and all other animals. Build, maintain, and repair the tissues in the body. Are highly specialized and have specific purposes in the body. All proteins are composed of amino acids linked together. All amino acids are composed of: Amine group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH) Variable group (referred to as a R group) The bond that holds two amino acids together is called a peptide bond. Short chains of amino acids, generally containing fewer than 50 amino acids, are referred to as peptides.
Lipids
Are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Are non-polar (no atomic charges or ions) and hydrophobic (do not dissolve in water). Are primarily composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, along with a few oxygen atoms. Lipids have many functions in the body. Triglycerides, fats in the food we eat, store large quantities of energy and can be classified as saturated or unsaturated Phospholipids are essential for the structure of membranes Steroid hormones are responsible for cell communication Vitamin D responsible for bone structure
Forensic DNA analyst
Are responsible for analyzing evidence that can link suspects with specific crime scenes. DNA analysts focus on identifying samples of DNA, such as blood, hair follicles, or other bodily fluids.
How does the structures of arteries and veins relate to their function?
Arteries are thick and muscular, elasticated, small lumen, thick walls, that transport blood away from heart. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Veins are thin walls with low blood pressure flow. Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood to the whole body.
How is height associated with bloodstain patterns?
As the height increases, the diameter of the blood spatter increases as well.
What can be done at a scene of a mysterious death to help reconstruct the crime scene?
At the scene of a mysterious death, taking notes, pictures, making sketches, precise measurement, and collecting data/samples can be done to help reconstruct what happened.
Evaluate web resources to determine their level of credibility
Authority Is it clear who is responsible for the contents of the page? Is there a way of verifying the legitimacy of the organization, group, company or individual? Is there any indication of the author's qualifications for writing on a particular topic? Is the information from sources known to be reliable? Accuracy Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so they can be verified in another source? Is the information free of grammatical, spelling, and other typographical errors? Objectivity Does the content appear to contain any evidence of bias? Is there a link to a page describing the goals or purpose of the sponsoring organization or company? If there is any advertising on the page, is it clearly differentiated from the informational content? Currency Are there dates on the page to indicate when the page was written, when the page was first placed on the Web, or when the page was last revised? Coverage Are these topics successfully addressed, with clearly presented arguments and adequate support to substantiate them? Does the work update other sources, substantiate other materials you have read, or add new information? Is the target audience identified and appropriate for your needs? Appearance Does the site look well organized? Do the links work? Does the site appear well maintained?
What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death?
Autopsy is when you examine the body and look at the body from the inside out, take out the organs, check the heart, lungs, and other major body parts. This is usually the time when most blood, urine, and any type of test can be done to the body for evidence. Autopsy can determine the cause of death because, you get to have a more thorough look and examination of the body. What investigators see on the outside, and the evidences around the body at the crime scene, only tells half of the story, not the full story. To fully understand why somebody dies, one must look beyond what the human eye can see on the outside. Autopsy helps determine the science, physics, and chemistry, of what happened inside the body during the death, which is the only way to fully comprehend how/what the cause of death was.
Describe basic nutritional terms as well as identify the role of each nutrient in the body.
Basic nutrients help the body develop. Such as Proteins, Carbs, Fats and Minerals/Vitamins. Proteins help with the building and repair. Carbs provide needed energy. Fats not only provide extra energy but it's also used as a storage space and transportation of fat-soluble vitamins. Minerals and Vitamins help in regulation of the body function.
What role do basic nutrients pay in the function of the human body?
Basic nutrients help the body develop. Such as Proteins,Carbs,Fats and Minerals/Vitamins. Proteins help with the building and repair. Carbs provide needed energy. Fats not only provide extra energy but its also used as a storage space and transportation of fat-soluble vitamins. MInerals and Vitamins help in regulation of the body function
What is the application of science to clinical medicine?
Biomedical Science
Recognize that a variety of biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death in mysterious death cases.
Blood Spatter Analyst Forensic DNA Analyst Medical Examiner / Coroner
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the movement of blood through the vessels of your body, the veins, and arteries. It measures the force applied to the arterial walls as the heart pumps blood.
How are bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene used to help investigators establish the events that took place during a crime.
Blood typing and DNA evidence provide crucial pieces of information, but bloodstain patterns left at a crime scene can also be very useful as they can help investigators establish the events that took place during the crime. For example, the bloodstain pattern can give you information about the possible weapon used and the location of the blood source (also called the point of origin). Bloodstain pattern can also help investigators distinguish between an accident and foul play. If two similar-sized blood droplets fall from different heights, the resulting stains will have different sizes. Therefore, the height from which a blood droplet falls can be determined based on the size of the bloodstain. Bloodstain analysis is a form of forensic science known as blood spatter analysis.
What evidence found at the crime scene contain DNA?
Blood, finger prints, and hair.
Given the DNA strand GAATTCCTCGAG, what would be the complementary strand to make the double stranded DNA?
CTTAAGGAGCTC
Exampain the process of calorimetry and how it used to measure the amount of energy in food.
Calorimentry is the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction. By knowing the change in heat, it can be determined whether or not a reaction is exothermic (releases heat) or endothermic (absorbs heat). Calorimetry is used to measure the amount of energy in food by burning the foods in an oxygen atmosphere and measuring the energy yield in terms of the increase of temperature.
In type 2 Diabetes, the main problem is the body ______.
Can't use insulin
In type 1 Diabetes the main problem i the body _______.
Cannot produce insulin.
A monosaccharide is a type of _________ .
Carbohydrate
What types of goods supply sugar, starch, proteins and lipids?
Carbohydrate- soda, juice, skim/whole milk, yogurt, crackers, low fat crackers, chips, marshmallows Starch- pudding, cereal, yogurt, crackers, low fat crackers, chips, marshmallows Proteins- egg white, peanuts, cereal, skim/whole milk, yogurt Lipids- peanuts, pudding, whole milk, crackers, low fat crackers, chips, marshmallows
Which of the following macromolecules would the body use first for energy?
Carbohydrates
What are the main structural components of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The main function of carbohydrates is energy storage. All carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, the monomer of carbohydrates. Glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, and ribose sugars are all examples of monosaccharides. Other forms of carbohydrates are disaccharides and polysaccharides. Disaccharides have two monosaccharides linked together and polysaccharides have 3 or more monosaccharides linked together. Proteins are made up of amino acids which are composed of an amino group, carboxyl group, and variable group. They are used to build, repair, and maintain tissues. An example of a protein is enzymes. Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Lipids are used for long term energy storage, membrane structure, and cell communication. Examples include triglycerides, steroids, and phospholipids
How can Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins be detected in foods?
Carbohydrates/glucose can be detected in foods by using the Benedicts test. In that test, the food is put into a test tube, some drops of Benedict's solution is added to it,and is then put into a beaker of boiling water. If the food/solution mixture turns reddish orange instead of staying blue, it is positive. Lipids are tested for using the brown paper test. a drop of the food is put onto a strip of brown paper, and the test is positive if the paper turns transparent. Proteins are tested for with Biurets, which is where you add the Biurets solution to the food sample and watch for color changes. The sample may turn a light purple, which would be positive. Starches can be tested for with iodine. If it is positive, the sample with the iodine drops should turn purple instead of staying a yellow color
What effect on the body does a lack of insulin have?
Cells can't take up glucose/body can't produce ATP.
Compare normal vs. sickle-shaped red blood cells lead to decreased oxygen flow to body tissues?
Cells with sickle cell hemoglobin are stiff and sticky. When they lose their oxygen, they form into the shape of a sickle or crescent, like the letter C. These cells stick together and can't easily move through the blood vessels. This can block small blood vessels and the movement of healthy, normal oxygen-carrying blood. Instead of moving through the bloodstream easily, sickle cells can clog blood vessels. When blood can't get where it's needed, the body's tissues and organs don't have the oxygen they need to stay healthy
How does a change in the DNA code affect the shape of a protein?
Changes in the genetic material may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein and consequently the traits of an organism.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is naturally produced in the liver and also absorbed from food as it passes through the intestines. Regardless of where cholesterol originates, it must be transported to all the cells in the body. As with most substances transported through the body, it is carried by the blood stream. Cholesterol is needed by all cells in the body.
How can cholesterol plaques affect overall function of the heart?
Cholesterol plaques can be the cause of heart disease. Plaques begin in artery walls and grow over years. The growth of cholesterol plaques slowly blocks blood flow in the arteries. Worse, a cholesterol plaque can suddenly rupture. The sudden blood clot that forms over the rupture then causes a heart attack or stroke.
Which of the following is NOT found in DNA?
Chromosome
Describe the relationship between between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
Chromosomes are paired long chains within a cell nucleus that are composed of genes (about 20,000 genes per chromosome pair), which are made up of the chemical substance called DNA. Genes on the chromosomes are made of segments of DNA which contain chemically coded messages resulting in the characteristics of an organism — including humans.
What shape of blood stain is produced when a droplet of blood strikes a horizontal surface at 90 degrees?
Circular
Crime scene investigator
Collect physical evidence that is pertinent to a criminal investigation.
The part of the experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison
Control Group
Translation
Converting the information of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in proteins. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. A tRNA anticodon matches with the mRNA codon Usually first codon is AUG. The ribosome then slides over one codon on the mRNA. The new tRNA molecule carrying another amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon. The amino acids are joined by a peptide bond A chain of amino acids is formed until a stop codon is reached. The amino acids become a protein when released from the ribosome. The chain twist up to make a protein.
Describe the structure of DNA.
DNA is a large molecule whose information is stored as a chemical code. The basic structural unit of DNA is called a nucleotide, which is composed of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The nucleotides link together in a series spiraling clockwise around a central axis forming a twisted ladder called a double helix. There are only four types of nitrogenous bases, and the sequence of these bases encodes the information that determines an organism's traits.
What are genes?
DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code.
How can techniques of molecular biology be used to analyze DNA for the presence of the FH mutation?
DNA is obtained from either blood or saliva. This is then amplified and analyzed to see if there is a mutation. They use enzymes to cut the DNA in specific places. You then examine the size of the DNA fragments. DNA electrophoresis is the process used. The fragments move through the gel because of electrical currents.
What is DNA?
DNA is the fundamental building block for life. It resides in the nucleus of cells and consists of thousands of genes that contain the instructions for building the different parts of the cell. DNA is what makes us who we are. It determines what physical characteristics we have, such as hair and eye color, as well as some of the diseases we may develop. DNA is a very long molecule, so in order to fit inside the cell, the DNA is highly coiled and twisted into chromosomes.
When sugars or any monomers are put together to become polymers, they go through the process of _________.
Dehydration synthesis
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule in order to bind together two monomers. Hydrolysis splits two monomers and releases energy by adding a water molecule.
In an experiment the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is interested is called the:
Dependent variable
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease in which the body is unable to produce any or enough insulin causing elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
What lifestyle changes may help a patient obtain healthy cholesterol levels?
Diet- less saturated or trans fat. Relieve Stress Quit Smoking Physical Activity Manage Weight
In the DNA isolation lab, what was the purpose of the detergent?
Dissolve the cell and nuclear membrane
How can doctors and genetic counselors calculate the probability of a child inheriting a disease?
Doctors and genetic counselors can calculate the probability of a child inheriting a disease by looking through the family history of the child through the use of a pedigree. A doctor or genetic counselor could also use a punnett square to calculate the the likelihood of inheriting a particular gene.
What person is responsible for providing short - term care for people transported to the hospital ?
EMT
What is the connection between genes and proteins?
Each gene tells the cell how to put together the building blocks for one specific protein.
How are traits passed through the generations?
Each parent passes off one half of each pair to the child. When the two halves of the DNA then join together, the resulting combination determines what specific traits the child has. The traits that are expressed in the child are determined by dominant and recessive genes.
Atoms are held together with other atoms through the interactions of ___________.
Electrons
Describe how evidence at a crime scene , such as blood, hair, fingerprints, and shoeprints can help forensic investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects.
Evidence at a crime scene, such as blood, DNA, fingerprints, or footprints all help forensic investigators determine what might have occurred and help identify or exonerate potential suspects. We all have things in common biologically, but there are differences that make us all unique. Forensic scientists use these differences to help identify potential suspects. In the last activity, you were introduced to the crime.
What are basic recommendations for a diabetic diet?
Exercise daily, Watch nutrient intake such as having a high protein diet, eating whole grains and plenty of vegetables
What is familial hypercholesterolemia and how is it inherited?
Familial hypercholesterolemia is when the LDL can't bind correctly to the cells, so the cholesterol molecules stay in the blood and don't enter the cells. This is inherited from a single mutation in a receptor gene. It is an autosomal dominant trait so heterozygotes will be affected.
What does feedback refer to in the human body?
Feedback in the human body can be two things: negative feedback and positive feedback. They regulate many functions of the body such as the control of body temperature, heart rate, and the concentration of sugar in the blood. Negative feedback causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take no action or to perform an opposite action. Positive feedback causes a reinforcement of the original action, so the input causes the reaction to increase. Some examples of this are childbirth and blood clotting.
How can food labels be used to evaluate dietary choices?
Food labels can be used to evaluate dietary choices by showing multiple nutrients that your body needs and it shows how much you receive by the serving size or all together.
What biomedical professionals are involved in a crime scene analysis and determination of manner of death?
Forensic pathologist, medical examiner, coroner, blood splatter analyst, DNA analyst
The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law.
Forensic science
How do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis relate to harnessing energy from food?
Forms bonds to store energy and break bonds so that the energy from the bonds can be used.
What roles does cholesterol play in our cells and in the body?
Forms cell membrane, makes bile in the liver stored in the gall bladder, makes hormones, learning and memory, digestion and bile acids, vitamin D, steroid hormones
The smaller the DNA fragments, the:
Further it move down the gel
Describe how gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments.
Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on the length of the DNA. DNA has a negative charge and one end the gel electrophoresis is positive making the smaller fragments migrate faster and farther than the larger ones.
Which of the following base is a purine?
Guanine
What is HDL?
HDL is a type of cholesterol that stands for high density lipoprotein. This cholesterol is usually considered the "good cholesterol." It is considered good because it takes cholesterol to the liver to be disposed of since cholesterol can't be dissolved in blood. HDL along with LDL are used to measure the risk of heart disease.
Structure of HDL
HDL structure is around 20% cholesterol and 50% is protein. HDL molecules are larger and more buoyant than LDL molecules. They are less likely to cause plaque buildup because of their structure. These molecules contain mainly A-1 and A-II proteins.
Function of HDL
HDL's main function is to take cholesterol from your heart and other organs to the liver to be disposed of.
What is Hydrophilic?
Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
What happens inside the heart to cause a heart attack (mitral infarction)?
Heart attacks are many times caused by a coronary vessel becoming blocked. The part of the heart that this vessel supplies blood to loses its supply. The part of the heart that no longer has blood is at risk of dying unless the blockage is quickly removed
Describe how internal and external factors can affect heart function and contribute to the development of heart disease.
High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Diabetes Smoking Being overweight Being physically inactive Having a family history of early heart disease Age (55 or older for women)
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions. Example: The body's ability to maintain an internal temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, whatever the temperature outside.
What type of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix
Hydrogen
How is the shape of a protein affected by its surrounding environment?
Hydrophobic or hydrophilic.
The experimental design
Identify the problem or question Predict a solution to the problem or an answer to the question Design the experiment to be used to test your hypothesis Carry out the experiment Analyse data State the conclusion Summary paragraph
How do Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic affect the shape of a protein?
If a protein is hydrophobic and is in water, it will come be come together with other hydrophobic proteins in water. If it is hydrophilic, the protein will move freely in the water and with bond with other water molecules.
Explain how changes in the b-globin protein are due to the mutation associated with sickle cell disease.
In a normal hemoglobin molecule, there are four subunits, which are made by combining two bglobin proteins with two aglobin proteins. In the normal hemoglobin gene, the codon for the sixth amino acid in group B is GAG, which codes for the amino acid glutamic acid. Glutamic acid is hydrophilic, which means that it bonds with water molecules and moves freely in the water. As a result, the normal hemoglobin molecules with glutamic acid are not attracted to each other. However, the sickle form of the hemoglobin gene is created when an adenine nucleotide is changed to a thymine. This changes the codon for the sixth amino acid in the bglobin protein to GUG, which causes the sixth amino acid in the protein to become valine instead of glutamic acid. Valine is a hydrophobic amino acid, which means that it bonds with other valine molecules while in water. As a result, multiple Hb molecules that have the sixth amino acid mutation are drawn together and form fibers that makes the HBs molecule sickled and stiff.
Demonstrate the process of dehydration synthesisHow does dehydration synthesis work in carbohydrates?
In carbohydrates, an H from one simple sugar, and an OH from another are taken out, which will form water. The two simple sugars are then joined to form a carbohydrate! How does dehydration synthesis work in Lipids? During the dehydration glycerol and fatty acid are joined, and water comes out as a result. The remaining chemicals bond (see image on handout for details)
How do scientist isolate DNA in order to study it?
In order to extract DNA from cells, scientists take advantage of the unique chemical properties of the DNA. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, which is a tough, insoluble material that makes plants sturdy. It can be broken through physical actions. In this lab you will mash the strawberries in order to break open the cell walls. Cell membranes and nuclear membranes are made up of fats. Detergents wash away these fats, just like they would grease in a pan. In this lab you will treat the mashed strawberry cells with detergent to dissolve the cell membranes and nuclear membranes to release the DNA. Once the cells are broken open, the DNA and cell debris are all mixed together. Because the DNA is in solution, you can separate the components by filtering the mixture through cheesecloth. Finally, you can separate the DNA from solution with alcohol, since DNA does not dissolve in alcohol.
What are chromosomes and where are they found?
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique
How does the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes relate to how the body produced and uses insulin?
In type one diabetes the person's immune system attacks the pancreas causing it to shut down insulin production, leaving the person without insulin. This makes cells unable to open up and utilise the glucose in the blood. If there is no insulin being produced, there is none to use and the cells have to find alternative ways to produce energy. In type two diabetes the person's insulin receptors become deformed for some reason making the produced insulin incompatible with the deformed insulin receptors in cells. This prevents the cells from using the glucose in the blood. If the insulin does not match the receptors then the body can't use the glucose as energy.
Who should keep patient information confidential?
Individuals treating the aforementioned patient.
Why does the sickling of red blood cells cause health problems?
Instead of moving through the bloodstream easily, sickle cells can clog blood vessels. When blood can't get where it's needed, the body's tissues and organs don't have the oxygen they need to stay healthy. The cells also die quicker, causing low oxygen levels due to less hemoglobin.
What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?
Insulin is released from the pancreas to the receptors in the cell, which sends signals to the GLUT4 protein to allow the glucose into the cell. If no insulin is present, or the insulin does not work with the receptors, the glucose cannot enter the cell and the cell has to find a different way to get the energy it needs.
911 operator
Is an individual who works at a 911 communications center and takes incoming emergency calls. Dispatchers then send emergency personnel as needed to address the caller's issue. Dispatchers must gather as much information about emergency situations as possible.
Why is confidentiality important?
It also patients to feel comfortable to share personal information that may help the medical personnel determine the problem.
How is the amount of energy in a food determined?
It is determined by calories. Calories are the amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water one degree celsius. One food calorie(kilocalorie) is 1000 chemistry calories. Measured in joules.
What is LDL?
LDL is a type of cholesterol that stands for low density lipoprotein. It is usually considered the "bad cholesterol." It is considered bad because of its increased risk of creating plaque buildup. LDL is used in measuring the risk of heart disease. It consists of an outer ring of lipoprotein surrounding a cholesterol center.
Structure of LDL
LDL structure is composed of around 50% cholesterol and 25% protein. LDL molecules are much smaller and denser than HDL molecules. Since they are smaller and less dense, they are more likely to go through oxidation and accumulate on on arterial walls as plaque. LDL proteins contain "B-100" proteins.
What is hydrophobic?
Lacking an affinity for water; insoluble in water; repelling water.
What are white blood cells called?
Leukocytes
Radial pulse
Locate the radial pulse at the wrist. If you have trouble finding this pulse, turn the wrist being measured palm up. Wrap your other wrist (palm up also) around it until your fingers fold over the radial artery.
Carotid pulse
Locate this pulse using your index and middle fingers on your neck. Slide your fingers alongside your jaw bone and down into the depression on the side of your neck.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules (the word macro means big or large). With the exception of lipids, macromolecules are also polymers. A polymer is a large molecule made of many smaller repeating sub-units, called monomers, linked together.
What is Meiosis?
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells - sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis one cell? divides twice to form four daughter cells. These four daughter cells only have half the number of chromosomes? of the parent cell - they are haploid. Meiosis produces our sex cells or gametes? (eggs in females and sperm in males).
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).
How many of cells are created in mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis- After mitosis two identical cells are created with the same original number of chromosomes, 46. Meiosis- The process results in four daughter cells that are haploid, which means they contain half the number of chromosomes of the diploid parent cell.
How is DNA passed to new cells during cell division?
Mitosis- Makes two duplicate body cells Used for growth and repair of cuts Before the cell divides the DNA in the chromosomes will replicate so each cell has the same DNA and same amount of chromosomes
Glucose is an example of a ____________.
Momosaccharide
A gland in your body releases hormone P. This hormone causes target cells to release hormone J. Once the body has enough hormone J, the gland stops the release of hormone P. This is an example of?
Negative feedback
Demonstrate the role of insulin in transferring glucose from blood into cells
Normally, in non-diabetics, insulin is released in small amounts by the pancreas to help our body's cells process glucose into energy. This is happening all the time, but around meal times, more insulin is produced to help process the increased glucose on our blood. Regulating this process is the beta cells in the pancreas. The beta cells monitor the levels of glucose in the blood and produce the necessary amount of insulin. Insulin is a protein and is carried in the blood plasma, the liquid form of our blood. As the insulin circulates throughout the body in your blood, it comes into contact with your cells. Your cells are looking for the glucose for energy. When the insulin comes in contact with cell membranes, the insulin causes a cell's membrane to become more susceptible to glucose entering it. Essentially, the membrane becomes more permeable or "leaky" for the non scientific types. The more insulin in the blood plasma, the more "leaky" a cell membrane gets causing more glucose to enter. The glucose that can't be used by the cells ultimately is converted to fat.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. Stores and carries genetic information in the form of DNA and RNA.
DNA is a very large molecule (a polymer) made up of a long chain of repeating sub-units called
Nucleotides
In DNA profiling by gel electrophoresis, DNA is separated on the basis of?
Number of base pairs (BP)
Describe how cholesterol buildup can impact blood flow through arteries.
Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your coronary arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). This causes a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery. If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked, angina or a heart attack may occur.
How does sickle cell disease affect daily life.
Patients dealing with the disease have to alter their lifestyle in order to avoid anything that may cause a crisis, such as certain medications, high altitudes, and strenuous exercise. They are often fatigued due to chronic anemia and have a high rate of infection. Loss of spleen, higher risk of stroke, shortness of breath, anemia (because cells die faster), pain (because of clots)
How can blood at a death scene be analyzed?
Patterns of spatter are measured and provide clues to the event that occurred Size of the blood droplets can indicate height at which it fell Dna from the blood can provide further information
What are the different parts to a pedigree? Who is female, who is male? How do you figure out relationships between individuals? What is the number system?
Pedigree charts map the transfer of genetic traits through the various generations of a family. The charts resemble family trees, with tiers describing the position of individuals with families. For example, the first tier may be grandparents, the tier below may represent parents and the lower tier may represent children.
Analyze pedigrees to calculate the probability of inheriting a trait or disease. [Know how to] How are pedigrees used to track diseases?
Pedigrees are used to track diseases because it shows the occurrence of a particular disease of a family tree. They show who is affected and not affected by a disease. They can predict the outcome of two people mating, and if their children are affected by a disease or not
Explain how pedigrees can be used to determine the model of inheritance of genetic diseases.
Pedigrees are used to track diseases because it shows the occurrence of a particular disease of a family tree. They show who is affected and not affected by a disease. They can predict the outcome of two people mating, and if their children are affected by a disease or not. Researchers can use pedigree charts to follow the path of dominant and recessive traits through the generations to determine those affected by genetic characteristics, those who only carry the genes and those who are unaffected. One practical use of pedigree charts is in deducing whether a child may be affected if both parents are carriers of a disease.
Explain the function of each of the major components of blood.
Plasma: A liquid called plasma makes up about half of the content of blood. Plasma contains proteins that help blood to clot, transport substances through the blood, and perform other functions. Blood plasma also contains glucose and other dissolved nutrients. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)- defend your body from infection Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)- carries oxygen to the cells & carbon dioxide from cells in the body Platelets-Vital for clotting blood and repairing blood vessel walls
Scientist are able to produce million of copies of a specific DNA sequence form a small amounts of DNA through the prices of.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Injured tissue releases chemical signals that activate platelets in the blood. An activated platelet releases more chemicals to active more plates, causing a rapid cascade and the formation of a blood clot. This is an example of _________.
Positive feedback
When running a gel electrophoresis, Dna will migrate towards the _____ end because DNA has a ___________ charge.
Positive, negative
What are the pros and cons of using cholesterol lowering medications (statins)?
Pros- lower cholesterol and help with health Cons- pain in the muscles, vomiting, brown urine, pain in the abdomen, cramps, or gas
How are proteins produced in a cell?
Proteins are produced in a cell through translation and transcription. See link above to understand the steps.
Is there ever a time patient confidentiality should be broken?
Providing information needed for health coverage, legal proceedings, for FED's to locate a apprehend fugitive, ID victims or missing persons, & coroners o/ medical examiners to ID deceased, determine COD, & perform other functions authorized by law. Public or independent protection e.g. infectious diseases, child abuse, neglect or domestic violence.
Type 2 Diabetes is most commonly found in people who
Regularly eat sugar - rich foods. Which of the following foods would have the both fat and protein? Hamburger patty
Dna is cut at specific nucleotide sequences by
Restion Enzymes
Demonstrate how restriction enzymes work.
Restriction endonucleases (commonly called restriction enzymes) act as molecular scissors that can cut DNA in specific location. Because every individual's DNA is slightly different, an individual's code determines the number of times the restriction enzymes will cut and the number and size of DNA pieces that will result. These pieces can then be separated and compared using a process called gel electrophoresis. As these fragments move, their varying lengths propel them through an agarose gel at different speeds. Scientists can use these RFLPs, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms, a set of DNA puzzle pieces unique to the individual, to create a pattern called a DNA fingerprint.
How do scientists design experiments to find the most accurate answer to the question they are asking?
Scientists designs experiences that can be compared by using a control, and they have an independent variable to see the effects of the dependent variable. They also make sure to perform their experiment in a controlled environment and conduct multiple trials.
What is gel electrophoresis and how can the results of this technique be interpreted?
Separation of nucleic acids or proteins; by size and electrical charge and by measuring rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. The results can be interpreted by comparing the DNA samples to a standard gel.
Why is a control group important for an experiment
Serves as a standard for comparison against the group where the independent variable is applied
Why does sickle cell disease run in families, yet is not present in every generation?
Sickle cell disease runs in families, yet is not present in every generation because it is a recessive gene, which means that you need both recessive alleles (rr) to have sickle cell disease. Carries who have the allele combination of Rr, have a 50% likelihood of have a child with sickle cell disease when mating with another carrier.
What factors can influence heart rate?
Sickness, exercise, stress, medicine and disease. If an artery is being blocked or a blood vessel collapses the beat you feel at each pulse point may be different.
Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the fragments of DNA. The larger prices of DNA will travel _______ the smaller fragments through the gel.
Slower than
How do systolic and diastolic blood pressure values relate to the movement of blood in arteries?
Systolic pressure- the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are at maximum contraction. Diastolic pressure- the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing.
In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data?
Technology can be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data because there are machines such as an EKG which is a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of your heart and there is also the echocardiogram which is a test in which ultrasound is used to examine the heart. So many types of technology provides us the cardiovascular data to collect and analyze.
How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes?
The GTT is usually administered after an abnormal urine test. Doctors use glucose tolerance testing to monitor the amount of glucose in the patient's blood at a given moment in time and to see if their body reacts properly in response to the glucose. If the glucose levels rise drastically and don't fall back down this indicates that there is a high chance that the patient has diabetes. The insulin test can determine the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes; if the levels of insulin in the blood are high, the patient has Type 2 diabetes, and if there is no insulin in the blood the patient has Type 1. Normal #: 60-100. Diabetic #: 90-130.
What is the pathway that blood takes as it passes through the heart?
The blood passes through the right atrium, then through tricuspid, then through the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve, then through the pulmonary artery, then through the lungs, then through the pulmonary veins, then through the left atrium, then through the mitral valve, then through the left ventricle, then through the aortic valve, then through the aorta, then through the body, then through the vena cavas and then the process repeats.
Determine the dependent variable :Researcher select 10 healthy 40 year old mean and have them sit calmly in the same relaxing environment for 2 hours. Then the researchers take their blood pressure using a standard blood pressure cuff. Next, the researchers have the same 10 people do 50 jumping jacks and measure their blood pressure again. What is the dependent variable?
The blood pressure
How does the body regulate the level of blood glucose?
The body regulates the level of blood glucose through a negative feedback loop. If blood sugar drops then glucagon is released into the blood from the stimulation of alpha cells in the pancreas. Then, the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood and blood glucose level rises to the set point and the stimulus for glucagon release diminishes. When blood sugar rises insulin is released into the blood from the stimulation of the beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, either the body cells take up more glucose or the liver and muscles take up glucose and store it as glycogen. Blood glucose levels then decline to a set point and the stimulus for insulin release diminishes.
What is atherosclerosis?
The buildup of plaque which can be due to excess ldl along the arterial walls, reducing blood flow.
How does the heart work as a pump?
The contraction of the heart muscle is involuntary. It happens without you thinking about it. Action Potentials originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node, then they travel across the wall of the right atrium from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular (AV) node. Action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node to give the atria time to contract. They then pass rapidly along the atrioventricular bundle, which extends from the atrioventricular node through the fibrous skeleton into the interventricular septum. The atrioventricular bundle divides into the right and left bundle branches, and action potentials descend rapidly to the apex of each ventricle along the bundle branches. Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricle walls. The rapid conduction from the atrioventricular bundle to the ends of the Purkinje fibers allows the ventricular muscle to contract in unison, providing a strong contraction.
Transcription
The information in DNA is transferred to the mRNA. Enzymes unzip the molecule of DNA. Free RNA nucleotides form base pairs with their complementary nucleotides of DNA. The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus.
How do the heart and lungs work together to pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells?
The left side (Systematic Pump) pumps oxygenated blood to the body. The right side (Pulmonary System) pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated.
What characteristics separate DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
The length of the DNA fragments
Function of LDL
The main function of LDL is to carry cholesterol to different parts of the body.
What are the main nutrients found in food?
The main nutrients found in food are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What property of DNA causes it to migrate to the positive pole of the electrophoresis apparatus?
The negative charge of the DNA
How does DNA differ from person to person?
The order of nucleotides is different in each individual.
How does the presence of malaria in a region affect the frequencies of normal versus sickle cell alleles?
The presence of malaria in a region affects the frequencies of normal versus sickle cell alleles because It was concluded that Hbs, found in people with sickle cell disease, actually helps to prevent the malaria parasites. Through evolution be means of survival of the fittest, sickle cell disease has become much more likely.
Carbohydrates
The primary energy source for the human body. All carbohydrates are made up of only three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The energy stored in carbs is captured and ultimately transferred to another molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Monomer=monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose) Disacharrides: Sucrose (common table sugar), Maltose (sugar for candy and milk shakes), Lactose (sugar found in cows milk). Polysacharrides: A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate created when three or more monosaccharides are linked together (polysaccharides can contains hundreds or even thousands of sugar units bonded together). Don't taste sweet, are insoluble in water, high energy foods that can be harnessed for energy.
How can tools of molecular biology be used to compare the DNA of two individuals?
The restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis can be used to match or compare DNA. PCR can be used to copy DNA if there isn't enough to examine
How does the sequence of nucleotides in DNA determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein?
The sequence of amino acids in a protein are determined by the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Therefore, if the sequence of DNA is changed, the sequence of mRNA is changed, which codes for a different amino acid.
What determines the shape of a protein?
The shape of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids, which also determines the function of a protein.
What are the structures that makeup the heart and how are they organized?
The structures of the human heart are the chambers, the valves, the arteries, and the veins. The chambers are 4 parts called the right atrium, the left atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle. The valves are the tricuspid, the bicuspid/mitral, the aortic, and the pulmonary. The arteries are the pulmonary artery, and the aorta which is the biggest. The veins are the superior and the inferior vena cava.
What is the function of valves in the heart?
The valves allow blood to flow in one direction, the 4 valves determine the pathway that blood flows, the heart valves are either open/closed, and they help prevent backflow of blood.
Explain how restriction enzymes cut DNA.
They act as molecular scissors that can cut DNA in specific location. Because every individual's DNA is slightly different, an individual's code determines the number of times the restriction enzymes will cut and the number and size of DNA pieces that will result. These pieces can then be separated and compared using a process called gel electrophoresis.
What are restriction fragments length polymorphisms?
They are the little pieces left after molecular scissors cut DNA
What are restriction enzymes
They cut the DNA into specific parts
What is metabolic syndrome?
This is a group of severe/life threatening problems, not just one. Increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels, and body fat around the waist.
Pyrimidines
Thymine and cytosine Has 1 carbon-nitrogen ring and 2 hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is a reason for document of sources?
To demonstrate the reliability of the source To recognize and give credit the author So other can read the source for additional information
How are LDL, HDL, and cholesterol related to heart disease?
Too much cholesterol in the bloodstream can cause a build up inside the arteries. HDL helps to minimize the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream while LDL takes the necessary cholesterol to wherever it needs to go, which can cause a buildup of plaque on the artery walls.
How do doctors interpret the results of a cholesterol test?
Total: >200mg/dL good, 200-239 okay, 240+ bad. LDL: >100 good, 100-129 okay, 160-189 bad, 190+ really bad. HDL: 60+ good, >40 bad. Triglycerides: >150 good, 150-199 okay, 200-499 bad, 500+ really bad.
Result in elevated blood glucose levels.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, and lack of energy
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
A young patient has an increased thrist and is very fatigued (no energy). The doctor tell the patient that their pancreas is not functioning properly. This patient most likely has ______.
Type 1 diabetes
Caused by lack of insulin
Type 1 diabetes
Usually presents before the age of 20
Type 1 diabetes
Compare Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes), accounts for 5 to 10 out of 100 people who have diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system destroys the cells that release insulin, eventually eliminating insulin production from the body. Without insulin, cells cannot absorb sugar (glucose), which they need to produce energy. Type 2 diabetes (formerly called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes) can develop at any age. It most commonly becomes apparent during adulthood. But type 2 diabetes in children is rising. Type 2 diabetes accounts for the vast majority of people who have diabetes-90 to 95 out of 100 people. In type 2 diabetes, the body isn't able to use insulin the right way. This is called insulin resistance. As type 2 diabetes gets worse, the pancreas may make less and less insulin. This is called insulin deficiency.
Caused by inability to use insulin
Type 2 diabetes
QRS complex
Ventricular activation(contraction)
How can a person decrease his or her risk for heart disease?
Weight management Diet Check blood pressure and blood sugar Exercise
How does insulin assist with the movement of glucose into body cells?
When you intake food your body breaks down the sugar to produce energy. Which then the pancreas releases Insulin . The insulin helps the movement of glucose into the body allowing GLUT4 to come out of the cell through the receptor .
How to measure blood pressure.
Wrap the cuff around the upper arm with the cuff's lower edge one inch above the antecubital fossa. Lightly press the stethoscope's bell over the brachial artery just below the cuff's edge. Some health care workers have difficulty using the bell in the antecubital fossa, so we suggest using the bell or the diaphragm to measure the blood pressur e.Rapidly inflate the cuff to 180mmHg. Release air from the cuff at a moderate rate (3mm/sec). Listen with the stethoscope and simultaneously observe the sphygmomanometer. The first knocking sound (Korotkoff) is the subject's systolic pressure. When the knocking sound disappears, that is the diastolic pressure (such as 120/80). Record the pressure in both arms and note the difference; also record the subject's position (supine), which arm was used, and the cuff size (small, standard or large adult cuff).
How an autopsy is performed
Y-Incision Removal of Organs Stomach Contents Sample Collection Head and Brain examination Conclusion
Can changing just one nucleotide in a gene change the shape of a protein?
Yes. For example, the when the nucleotide thymine is changed to adenine, the resulting amino acid becomes sickled shaped.
Why is it important to monitor the rate at which the heart beats?
You want to know if your heart is working overtime, or not as well as it should. Either of these can be fatal.
Describe the function of an angiogram in diagnosing blocked vessel.
Your cardiologist performs an angiogram to "see" any blockages in the heart (coronary) arteries, the vessels through which blood flows to your heart muscle. To get this special view, a catheter (a small, flexible tube) is inserted into a large vessel in your upper thigh or arm, and then guided through the arteries to the heart. A special "contrast" dye is injected into the catheter and to the coronary arteries and heart. The dye makes it possible for an x-ray camera to record a "movie" of your heart and its arteries. The movie, which you and your doctor may view on the TV screen, shows blood flow through the arteries of the heart and the location of any blockages. The angiogram also provides details about the size and shape of any blockages.
EMT
a specially trained medical technician certified to provide basic emergency services (as cardiopulmonary resuscitation) before and during transportation to a hospital—called also emergency medical technician
What factors can influence blood pressure?
age, gender, physical activity level, body temperature, diet, exercise, caffeine and other drugs, stress hormones, thyroid hormones, respiration rate, herbs, emotions, hydration level, altitude, exercise.
Artery Structure
arteries have three layers: a smooth inner layer; a strong, muscular layer; and a thin outer layer; connective fibers in artery walls allow for the elasticity needed for the artery to function; arteries are usually larger than veins
Pulmonary Artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Arteries
carry blood AWAY from the heart
Veins
carry blood TOWARDS the heart
Veins Function
carry deoxygenated blood to the heart [except pulmonary veins]; veins, with the exception of the pulmonary vein, carry blood that has been used by body tissues, back to the heart; veins carry blood and waste products to the heart where these will be processed through the lungs and given oxygen again.
Artery Function
carry oxygenated blood from heart [except pulmonary arteries]; arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry blood away from the heart. They bring blood that is rich in oxygen to the body
Blood spatter analyst
examine the location and shape of blood drops, stains, puddles, and pools. These crime scene technicians are called to sometimes gruesome scenes to gather crucial evidence regarding violent crimes.
Foods high in carbohydrates
grains fruits veggies dairy Sweets
Foods high in proteins
meat beans nuts eggs Dairy
Foods high in lipids
meat oils nuts veggies Dairy
What does PPE stand for?
peronal Protective Equipment
Right Ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery
Left Ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
Right Atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
P wave
represents the start of the electrical journey as the impulse spreads from the sinoatrial node downward from the atria through the atrioventricular node and to the ventricles.
The T wave
results from ventricular repolarization, which is a recovery of the ventricular muscle tissue to its resting state. Premature ventricular contractions are extra, abnormal heartbeats that begin in one of the heart's two lower chambers. Premature ventricular contractions are dangerous because they increase the risk of developing heart rhythm problems and the weakening of the heart muscle. When premature ventricular contraction are due to a heart disease, they can lead to sudden cardiac death. Ventricular tachycardia is a condition in which the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) beat very quickly. If ventricular tachycardia is left untreated, it can lead to ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is when the heartbeats are so quick and irregular, and the heart stops pumping blood. Ventricular fibrillation can be life threatening, and can lead to sudden cardiac death. Activity 4.2.3 EKG ST elevation is an extended flat, isoelectric section of the ECG between the end of the S wave and the beginning of the T wave. ST elevation causes myocardial infarction, which is the death of the heart muscle due to the lack of oxygen. As a result, there is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, which is known as a heart attack. Due to these findings, it would be recommended for Anna to alter her lifestyle, continue the use of her cardiac medication, and consider stents or a bypass surgery.
Coronary Vessels
supply the heart muscle with its blood supply
Pulmonary Vein
takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Aorta
the body's largest artery. Takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Vena Cava
the largest vein in the body, it carries blood from the body back to the heart.
Bicuspid Valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Vein Structure
veins also have three layers: a thin outer layer, a middle layer and a smooth inner layer; veins are less muscular than arteries and have less elasticity
