Human A&P - Exam: Complete Review

At a neuromuscular junction

neurotransmitters are released

The recent discovery of taste receptors that detect sweetness in the small intestine illustrates that

new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made

The subcutaneous layer is

not part of the skin

The activities of an anatomist consist of __, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __.

observing body parts; studying functions of body parts

Articular cartilage of a long bone is found

on the other surface of the epiphyses

A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the

origin

The immovable end of a muscle is its

origin

Cells that remove excess bone tissue after fracture repair are

osteoclasts and phagocytes

Compact bone has __, whereas spongy bone has __.

osteons; trabeculae

The amount of oxygen liver cells require to support the conversion of lactic acid to produce glucose or glycogen is the

oxygen debt

Thrusting the head forward to contact an incoming soccer ball is an example of

protraction

The clavicles

provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, and upper limbs

Body heat is lost primarily by

radiation

Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called

recruitment

A sternal puncture is often used to obtain a sample of

red bone marrow

Inflammation makes skin

red, swollen and painful to touch

Living organisms use oxygen to __.

release energy stored in the molecules of food

Eccrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature

The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body illustrates

responsiveness

Simple squamous epithelium is an example of a(n)

tissue

Histology is the study of

tissues

A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is

totipotent

The nucleolus contains

RNA and protein

The intervertebral discs that separate parts of the backbone are composed of

fibrocartilage

The organelle where energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP is a

mitochondrion

Which organelle contains the nucleolus?

The nucleus

Functions of neuroglia include which of the following?

They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels

Fontanels in the fetal skull permit some bone movement, enabling the fetus to pass more easily though the birth canal during childbirth.

True

The number of bones in most people is 206.

True

True of False?: A bone shaft is the diaphysis; the expanded parts at the ends are the epiphyses.

True

True of False?: A mucus-secreting goblet cell is a unicellular gland.

True

True of False?: A saddle joint forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both convex and concave regions.

True

True of False?: A skeletal muscle fiber contains many nuclei.

True

True of False?: Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma.

True

True of False?: Certain white blood cells take in bacterial cells by phagocytosis.

True

True of False?: Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move.

True

True of False?: Cytoplasm is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope.

True

True of False?: In a push-up, the elbow joint flexes as the person lowers.

True

The subcutaneous layer consists of

areolar and adipose tissue

Smooth muscle has __ and not troponin.

calmodulin

A __ joint is found between a metacarpal and its adjacent phalanx.

condylar

Blood vessles in the __ supply epidermal cells with nutrients.

dermis

The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the

dermis

At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a

motor end plate

The femur

is the longest bone in the body, extends from the hip to the knee, articulates with the patella

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in

motor neuron endings

In which of the following is a rotational movement possible? A) Ball-and-socket joint B) Condylar joint C) Hinge joint D) Pelvic joint

A) Ball-and-socket joint

Which of the following is(are) not an example of an endochondral bone? A) Broad, flat skull bones B) Phalanges of the fingers C) Humerus D) Femur

A) Broad, flat skull bones

List the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence.

1. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules. 2. The muscle impulse reached the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released. 3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites. 4. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges. 5. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments. 6. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts.

Which of the following processes is most important to continuation of the human species? A) Responsiveness B) Movement C) Reproduction D) Respiration

C) Reproduction

There are __ types of muscle cells.

3 (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)

Height begins to decrease on average after age

30

About how many cells comprise the body of an adult?

50 to 100 trillion

Describes the structural organization of the cell membrane.

A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move

Describe a female's pelvis compared to a male pelvis.

A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with lighter bones

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? A) Dermal blood vessels constrict B) Sweat glands become active C) Smooth muscles relax D) Dermal blood vessels dilate

A) Dermal blood vessels constrict

For which of the following organelles is the structure and function correctly described? A) Endoplasmic reticulum: a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion. B) Ribosomes: membranous vesicles containing digestive enzymes. C) Golgi apparatus: particles, composed of protein and RNA, which synthesize proteins D) Mitochondrion: non-membranous structure that synthesizes proteins.

A) Endoplasmic reticulum: a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion

Which of the following are components of the pelvic girdle? A) coxae B) coccyx C) sacrum D) all of the above

A) coxae

Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of

ATP

What movements could occur at the hip joint?

Abduction and adduction, rotation, flexion and extension

Which of the following statements is correct? A) Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments B) Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments C) Cross-bridges form between actin and the sarcolemma D) Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another

B (Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments

Which of the following terms and descriptions is correctly paired? A) Extension: bending the leg at the knee or decreasing the angle between the upper and lower leg B) Abduction: lifting the arm horizontally to form a tight angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline C) Flexion: straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased D) Adduction: moving a part in a circle or returning the arm from the horizontal position to the front of the body

B) Abduction: lifting the arm horizontally to form a tight angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline

Which of the following is not found associated with spongy bone? A) Trabeculae B) Osteons C) Canaliculi D) Osteocytes

B) Osteons

Which of the following is not true of organelles? A) They carry on specific activities. B) They are only in cells of humans. C) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules. D) They are found in many types of cells.

B) They are only in cells of humans

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? A) the head is facing to the front B) the palms are facing backward C) the body is erect D) the upper limbs are at the sides

B) the palms are facing backward

What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share?

Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy

Which action is the main function of the digestive system? A) Formation of cells B) Movement of body parts C) Absorption of nutrients D) Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients.

C) Absorption of nutrients

Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Bone tissue D) Muscle tissue

C) Bone tissue

Which of the following groups of bones, based on shape, is associated with an incorrect example? A) Long bones - forearm bones B) Short bones - wrist and ankle bones C) Flat bones - thigh bones D) Irregular bones - vertebrae

C) Flat bones - thigh bones

Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation. A) Hyaline cartilage develops into the shape of the future bone B) Periosteum forms from connective tissue outside the developing bone C) Hyaline cartilage change to adipose tissue D) Osteoblasts deposit osseous tissue in place of disintegrating cartilage

C) Hyaline cartilage change to adipose tissue

Which of the following is not a characteristic of nervous tissue? A) It is found in the brain and spinal cord. B) Some of its cells send electrochemical messages. C) Its intercellular space is filled with collagen D) Its cells sense changes in their surroundings.

C) Its intercellular space is filled with collagen

Which of the following characteristics is used to name tissue types? A) Location of cells in the body B) Number of inclusions C) Organization of cells D) Number of mitochondria

C) Organization of cells

Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism? A) Responsiveness B) Movement C) Reproduction D) Respiration

C) Reproduction

Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body? A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal B) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls C) Retaining fluid leading to retaining more fluid D) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal

C) Retaining fluid leading to retaining more fluid

Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? A) Distance B) The concentration of the substance C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules D) The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules

C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules

Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin? A) The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis B) The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium C) The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis D) The dermis contains smooth muscle and nervous tissue

C) The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis

Curvatures of the spin produce all of the following except A) lordosis B) scoliosis C) increased height D) kyphosis

C) increased height

All of the following are functions of bones except: A) to protect certain internal organs. B) to provide a source for red and white blood cells C) to provide a set point for the control of blood pressure and body temperature. D) to store inorganic salts

C) to provide a set point for the control of blood pressure and body temperature

Cells that support neurons are

neuroglea

Which of the following are cellular fragments? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Lymphocytes D) Blood platelets

D) Blood platelets

Which of the following characteristic of life and their descriptions are correct? A) Responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food. B) Assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them. C) Respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids. D) Circulation: the movement of substance in body fluids.

D) Circulation: the movement of substance in body fluids

Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? A) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems. B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems. C) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues. D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Which of the following is not a synovial joint? A) Condylar B) Ball-and-socket C) Hinge D) Symphysis

D) Symphysis

Which is true of sex hormones? A) They inhibit osteoblast activity. B) They have no effect on bone. C) They retard ossification of the epiphyseal plates. D) Their action on bone growth is stronger in females than in males.

D) Their action on bone growth is stronger in females than in males

Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? A) phagocytosis B) active transport C) pinocytosis D) facilitated diffusion

D) facilitated diffusion

Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) the heart B) the trachea C) the thymus D) the liver

D) the liver

"Function dictates structure" is a term used to describe the close relationship between anatomy and physiology.

False

The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.

False

True of False?: A ball-and-socket joint is also called an ellipsoidal joint.

False

True of False?: Absorption is the ability to exhale carbon dioxide.

False

True of False?: All cell types divide at the same rate.

False

True of False?: All tissue types are tightly packed, built of cells attached by intercellular junctions.

False

True of False?: As a person ages, osteoblasts outnumber osteoclasts.

False

True of False?: Blood cell formation is called osteogenesis.

False

True of False?: Bones in the human body are non-living.

False

True of False?: During normal cell division, karyokinesis follows cytokinesis.

False

True of False?: If a nerve cell has a greater concentration of Na+ on the outside and K+ on the inside of the cell membrane, then the movement of Na+ outside and K+ inside is by diffusion.

False

True of False?: Intervertebral discs are formed of skeletal muscle.

False

True of False?: Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material.

False

True of False?: Testosterone has a stronger effect on epiphyseal plates than estrogens.

False

True of False?: The deltoid tuberosity is part of the radius.

False

True of False?: The femur extends from the knee to the foot.

False

True of False?: The first cervical vertebra is the axis and the second is the atlas.

False

True of False?: The hip joint allows a greater freedom of movement than the shoulder joint.

False

True or False?: In the initiation of muscle fiber contraction calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, exposing active sites on actin for cross-bridge formation.

False

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include

Homeless people exposed to the outdoors, the very old and the very young, and very thin people

True of False?: Transcytosis combines diffusion and active transport.

False (Transcytosis not involving diffusion)

True or False?: The elbow is distal to the wrist.

False (distal means situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment, porximal is closer)

True of False?: The soft part of the nose and the supporting rings of the respiratory passages are composed of fibrocartilage.

False (hyaline cartilage)

True of False?: The parietal pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart.

False (it doesn't actually touch the heart)

True or False?: The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are in the dorsal cavity.

False (it's part of the cranial cavity)

True of False?: Muscle tissue conducts electrical impulses from one neuron to another and coordinates body activities.

False (nerve)

True of False?: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not.

False (rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes)

True of False?: Skeletal muscle lines hollow organs.

False (smooth muscle)

True of False?: Homeostasis is the body's maintenance of an unstable internal environment.

False (stable)

True of False?: The digestive system filters wastes from the blood.

False (the urinary system does that)

True of False?: Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system.

False (urinary/excretory)

__ compose dense connective tissue fibers.

Fibroblasts

__ joints are held together by collagen-rich dense connective tissue.

Fibrous

Describes the function(s) of the skeletal system.

It interacts with muscles, providing movement; it stores inorganic salts; it protects organs, especially in the head and thorax

Most of the terminology to name and describe body parts and their functions comes from

Latin and Greek

What increases the risk of developing osteoporosis?

Low intake of dietary calcium, lack of physical exercise, and family history of the condition

True of False?: Kicking a soccer ball is flexion of the leg at the knee joint as the foot draws back and then extension as it contacts the ball.

True

True of False?: Loss of cell cycle control can cause cancer.

True

True of False?: Macromolecules are built of atoms.

True

True of False?: Moving a part away from the midline is abduction.

True

True of False?: Osteoblasts become osteocytes.

True

True of False?: Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.

True

True of False?: The basic structure of the knee joint permits flexion and extension.

True

True of False?: The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities

True

True of False?: The elbow joint includes a hinge joint.

True

True of False?: The fibrous joints between the flat bones of the skull are sutures.

True

True of False?: The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis.

True

True of False?: The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat.

True

True of False?: The organ systems responsible for integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine systems.

True

True of False?: The pectoral girdle consists of two scapulae and two clavicles.

True

True of False?: The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation.

True

True of False?: The type of synovial joint in which only rotation my occur is a pivot joint.

True

True of False?: Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce.

True

True of False?: Usually epithelial tissues do not have blood vessels.

True

True or False?: A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit.

True

True or False?: ATP is necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.

True

True or False?: Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers from each other.

True

True or False?: The ears are lateral to the eyes.

True

In phagocytosis

a cell membrane engulfs solid particles

The acetabulum is

a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur

The arrector pili muscle is attached to

a hair follicle

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by

a joint capsule

Hypothermia is

a lowered body temperature

Gray hair is

a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs

A motor unit is

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it

A nail consists of

a nail bed and nail plate

A myogram is

a recording or the events of a twitch

In order to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, motor neurons release the neurotransmitter

actecholyine

Myofibrils are composed primarily of

actin and myosin

The functions of skin include

acting as a protective covering, housing sensory receptors, regulating body temperature

The movement of a limb toward the midline is

adduction

Metabolism is defined as

all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life

A selectively permeable membrane

allows some substances to pass through and exclude others

The differences amoung merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions are the

amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product

Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic

anaphase

The muscle that opposes a particular action is called the

antagonist

Milk and ear wax

are secreted from modified sweat glands

Joints are also called

articulations

A bone lengthens

as a result of increased activity within the epiphyseal plate

A bone thickens

as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis

The capitulum and trochlea are located

at the distal end of the humerus

The sternum is part of the

axial skeleton

Apocrine sweat glands are most abundant on or in the

axilla

What do joints do?

bind bones, allow bones to grow, enable body parts to move

Osteoclasts are __, whereas osteocytes are __.

bone-dissolving cells; mature bone cells

Phalanges are

both finger and toe bones

Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called

bursae

Muscle tissue that is involuntary and has striations is found in __ muscle.

cardiac

Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. This tissue is most likely.

cardiac muscle

The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much

carotene

The bones of the wrist collectively from the

carpals

Vesicles are formed from

cell membrane

Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called

central canals, or Haversian canals

The atlas is one of the

cervical vertebrae

Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets our of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to

changes in collagen structure

Assimilation is

changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms

Cartilage tissue are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because

chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies

The heart is part of the __ system.

circulatory or cardiovascular

A muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli of increasing frequency combines individual twitches (summation) which results in

complete sustained contraction

DNA molecules are in the nucleus

complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers

Epidermis is __, whereas dermis is __.

composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes

A(n) __ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.

compound

Adipose tissue is a form of

connective tissue

A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it

consists of cells with much extracellular material

The primary characteristics of muscle tissues is their ability to

contract

Cardiac muscle...

contracts as a syncytium, excited itself, is only in the heart

Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle

contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by

convection

When ATP levels are low, the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that

creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate

The cytoplasm consists of organelles suspended in

cytosol

In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps deep down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the

epidermis

Shafts of hair are composed of

dead epidermal cells

The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylecholine to

decompose

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective tissue

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of

dense regular connective tissue

One mechanism in the skin that prevents cells from becoming loose and separating is the presence of junctions called

desmosomes

The process by which food substances are chemically changed into simpler forms that can be absorbed is called

digestion

Reddened skin reflects

dilated blood vessels with more blood entering the dermis

The function of the nucleus is to

direct the activities of the cell

Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is

dorsiflexion

Bone cells and muscles cells differ in structure and function because

each expresses a different subset of genes

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lines with a thin cellular layer called

endosteum

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the

epidermis

The most abundant cells in dense connective tissue are

fibroblasts

In the inherited disease ichthyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the

epidermis

The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the __ region.

epigastric

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the

epimysium

It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the

epiphyseal plate

The tissue that cover all body surfaces is

epithelial tissue

A basement membrane anchors

epithelial tissue to connective tissue

The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of

fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels

The intervertebral discs are formed of

fibrocartilage

Sweat cools the body by

evaporation

The removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions is

excretion

Straightening the leg at the knee is a type of movement called

extension

Sebaceous glands secrete

fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum

Skin wrinkles with age because

fat is lost from subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks

A suture is an example of a(n)

fibrous joint

A yoga move in which a foot is grasped and the lower limb brought upwards so the foot touches the buttock is an example of

flexion

The membranous soft spots of a newborn's skull are called

fontanels

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the

foot

The __ is the large opening in the occipital bone through which the brain and spinal cord join.

formen magnum

The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is

glandular epithelium

A __ is a joint formed where a bony socket meets a cone-shaped bony process.

gomphosis

A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a

gomphosis

Extracellular matrix consists of

ground substance and protein fibers

Secretion of excess __ hormone causes giantism.

growth

Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of __, which as a result decreases the rate of cell division of __.

growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate

An isotonic solution

has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution

Functions of muscles include:

heartbeat, muscle tone, moving bones

Blood cell formation is called

hematopoiesis

Glands that release entire cells filled with secretory products are called __ glands.

holocrine

The chemicals endocrine glands secrete are called

hormones

Cartilagenous joints are connected by

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires

hydrostatic pressure

Cells lose water when placed in a __ solution.

hypertonic

Osteoblasts are

immature bone cells that give rise to osteocytes

The main function of cristae is to

increase the surface area for chemical reactions

The __ at the ends of cardiac muscle cells help to join cells.

intercalated discs

The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are

intercalated discs

Chromosomes duplicate during

interphase

Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order:

interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation

Corns are

keratinized conical masses on toes

You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely

keratinized epidermal cells

Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnosis a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his

knee joint

The largest and most complex synovial joint is the

knee joint

Muscle fatigue is most likely due to an accumulation of

lactic acid

In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the

latent period

Bones and muscles function as mechanical devices called

levers

Joint capsules may be reinforced by bundles of strong, tough collagenous fibers called

ligaments

A joint capsule is reinforced by

ligaments binding articular ends of bones together

A parietal layer of a serous membrane __, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane __.

lines cavities; covers organs

The major components of the cell membrane are

lipids and proteins

Wrinkled and sagging skin results from

loss of subcutaneous fat and less elastin and collagen

Which of the vertebrae support the most weight?

lumbar

A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college, and must rest for three months, then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscle size in his lower limbs decreases during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle protein are

lysosomes

A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the

maxillary bone

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens the skin by stimulating synthesis of

melanin

Threshold stimulus is the

minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a muscle fiber

A __ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.

mucous

The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is

mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified

An example of a partial but sustained contraction is

muscle tone

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate

muscles and glands in the dermis

During muscle contraction ATP supplied energy for

myofilament movement

The pigment responsible for the reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is

myoglobin

Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of

myosin

Melanocytes transfer melanin granules to

nearby keratinocytes

Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires

negative feedback mechanisms

The tough, fibrous vascular tissue that encloses a lone bone is the

periosteum

The rhythmic, wavelike motion produced by smooth muscles in tubular visceral organs is called

peristalsis

Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because

physiological functions depend on anatomical structures

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n)

physiologist

__ is a type of vesicle transport that could be described as "cellular drinking."

pinocytosis

Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a(n)

plantar flexion

Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than nonathlets because they

produce less lactic acid

A partly specialized cell that is the daughter of a stem cell is a __ cell.

progenitor

Apoptosis is also known as

programmed cell death

Moving a part backward is called

retraction

In a child, a vitamin D deficiency results in __, whereas in an adult the same deficiency results in __.

rickets; osteomalacia

An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a __ section.

sagittal

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the

sarcomere organization

Muscle fibers are basically a collection of

sarcomeres

Acne is a disorder of the

sebaceous glands

A synovial membrane

secretes synovial fluid

Epithelial tissue function is

secretion, absorption, and protection

The defining characteristic of a stem cell is

self-renewal

The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the

shoulder joint

The process by which a cell receives and responds to incoming messages is called __ transduction.

signal

A(n) __ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.

simple

The inner linings of most organs of the digestive system are composed of

simple columnar epithelial

The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is

simple squamous epithelium

Blood cells are produced in the organs of the __ system.

skeletal

Striations but not intercalated discs are seen in __ muscle tissue.

skeletal

Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are

skeletal muscle cells only

"Cutaneous membrane" refers to

skin

Cutaneous membrane is synonymous with

skin

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing

skin cancer

An autograft covers an injured area of skin with

skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body

The human integumentary system includes

skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands

In a cell, lipids are synthesized in the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under involuntary control is

smooth muscle

Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect

smooth muscle contraction

Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are

smooth muscle fibers

The type of muscle tissue in blood vessels is

smooth muscle tissue

Involuntary muscles tissues are

smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue

As a person ages, the skin typically becomes

spotted with patches of pigment

The xiphoid process is part of the

sternum

Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the

stomach and intestine

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the

stratum basale

In areas of the skin where epidermis is thin, the ___ may be absent.

stratum lucidum

The combining of a series of twitches to produce a more forceful contraction is called

summation

The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is

superficial

A burn affecting only the epidermis is a

superficial partial-thickness burn

The thoracic cavity lies __ the abdominopelvic cavity.

superior to

In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the

surface area of the burn

The two pubic bones are connected at a joint called the pubic

symphysis

The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies is a

symphysis that is amphiarthrotic

The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a:

synapse

Types of fibrous joints include

syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints

A shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue that forms the inner layer of the joint capsule is the __ membrane.

synovial

Most joints of the skeletal system are

synovial

The structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are

telomeres

Homeostasis is the

tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

The zygomatic bone is located in

the axial skeleton

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,

the cell will swell and may eventually burst

Classifying joints as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic represents.

the degree of movement possible at the joint

If a person typically has 24 ribs, what is the explanation behind 7 pairs of true ribs, 5 pairs of false ribs and 2 pairs of floating ribs.

the floating ribs are types of false ribs

Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of

the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two

Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that

the more active they are, the more heat is released

The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that

the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules

The three major parts of a cell are

the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because

the number of sweat glands diminishes

Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that fingerprints were obtained from the back of a watch. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, so as not to be a match for the fingerpads on the watch. Thy are wrong because

the prints arise from friction ridges of the dermis, which are not destroyed

The functional unit of muscle contraction is

the sarcomere

The appendicular skeleton includes

the upper and lower limbs

When a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse

there is a reduction in capillary networks, the size of actin and myosin filaments decreases, the muscle gets smaller

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

they die

Exercise __ and __ bones.

thickens; strengthens

Which part of the vertebral column contains the most bones?

thoracic

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is

transitional

A cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is termed

transverse (up/down; saggital is left and right, coronol is down the middle from the top)

The two types of genes that, when abnormal, cause cancer are

tumor suppressors and oncogenes

An organ consists of

two or more tissues grouped together that function together

The membrane on the surface of a lung is called the

visceral pleura

Skin cells play an important role in producing

vitamin D

The most abundant substance in the human body is

water

Osmosis is the movement of

water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside,

water will leave the cell by osmosis