Ch.1
76) Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) A) hypothesis. B) classification. C) variable. D) axiom.
A) hypothesis.
94) During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs. A) intimacy versus isolation B) integrity versus despair C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority
A) intimacy versus isolation
56) Late adulthood is a time of A) life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health. B) expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility. C) establishing personal and economic independence and advancing in a career. D) selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.
A) life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.
4) In his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) _____ approach to developmental change. A) life-span B) evolutionary C) normative D) constructivist
A) life-span
67) The developmental pattern experienced by most people in which psychological functioning peaks in early middle age and starts to decline in the early eighties is called A) normal aging. B) pathological aging. C) everyday aging. D) successful aging.
A) normal aging.
103) Lynne, at 5 years old, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the _____ stage of cognitive development. A) preoperational B) sensorimotor C) formal operational D) concrete operational
A) preoperational
88) Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative versus guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in A) preschool. B) elementary school. C) junior high school. D) high school.
A) preschool.
74) The concept of discontinuity is characterized by A) qualitative change. B) quantitative change. C) collective change. D) measured change.
A) qualitative change.
32) Wang Ying is a clinical psychologist who specializes in counseling young adults. She helps her clients cope with depression, anxiety, and life transitions. In this scenario, Wang is most likely to A) work individually with clients. B) instruct clients to resolve their problems without seeking outside help. C) refrain from referring clients to medical facilities. D) conduct research on the effects of specific policies on children's well-being.
A) work individually with clients.
23) "Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement? A) Development is multidisciplinary. B) Development is contextual. C) Development is multidimensional. D) Development is multidirectional.
B) Development is contextual.
45) The _____ period is the time from conception to birth. A) perinatal B) prenatal C) neonatal D) postnatal
B) prenatal
42) _____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality. A) Cognitive B) Biological C) Socioemotional D) Polycentric
C) Socioemotional
22) Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is A) multidirectional. B) plastic. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidimensional.
C) multidisciplinary.
41) _____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language. A) Cognitive B) Biological C) Socioemotional D) Cultural
A) Cognitive
33) _____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. A) Culture B) Genotype C) Phenotype D) Ethnocentricity
A) Culture
17) Divya is 65 years old. She undergoes training and uses effective strategies to improve her memory. As a result, her memory does not decline but rather improves as she ages. According to Paul Baltes's view, which of the following aspects of the life-span perspective most likely explains the improvement in Divya's memory? A) Development is plastic. B) Development is contextual. C) Development is multidirectional. D) Development is multidimensional.
A) Development is plastic.
52) _____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children. A) Early adulthood B) Late adolescence C) Middle adulthood D) Late adulthood
A) Early adulthood
65) Which of the following statements is true regarding chronological age? A) It is not a reliable predictor of an individual's health. B) According to the life-span perspective, it is the sole component of the overall age profile of an individual. C) It is determined by knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs, which may be better or worse than those of other people of comparable age.D) It refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
A) It is not a reliable predictor of an individual's health.
36) _____ is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. A) Social policy B) Generational policy C) Cultural legislation D) Equity policy
A) Social policy
29) According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is true of nonnormative life events? A) They do not happen to all people. B) They are similar for individuals in a particular age group. C) They do not influence the lives of individual people. D) They are usual occurrences.
A) They do not happen to all people.
19) According to Paul Baltes's life-span perspective, which of the following is true of contexts? A) They have a biological impact on development. B) They are influenced by genetic factors. C) They remain constant over time. D) They refer to the capacity for change.
A) They have a biological impact on development.
126) Recent advances in gene assessment have revealed several specific genes that are linked to A) childhood obesity. B) social policy. C) research methods. D) life expectancy.
A) childhood obesity.
89) Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development. A) conscious thoughts B) repressed memories C) biological processes D) the effects of genes and evolution on intelligence
A) conscious thoughts
136) In an experimental study, the _____ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared. A) control B) experimental C) dependent D) independent
A) control
106) Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development. A) culture and social interaction B) biology C) the unconscious mind D) one's genetic makeup
A) culture and social interaction
43) The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of A) developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience. B) developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience. C) developmental socioemotional pharmacology and developmental biological pharmacology. D) developmental cognitive biology and developmental cognitive neuroscience.
A) developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
125) The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role, is referred to as a(n) A) eclectic theoretical orientation. B) mixed theoretical orientation. C) abridged theoretical orientation. D) severed theoretical orientation.
A) eclectic theoretical orientation.
114) According to Bandura, when engaging in _____, individuals guide and motivate themselves by creating action plans, formulating goals, and visualizing positive outcomes of their actions. A) forethought B) foresight C) hindsight D) forecast
A) forethought
96) The term generativity as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for A) helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives. B) forming healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another. C) developing healthy ego boundaries. D) feeling secure in one's job.
A) helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.
120) According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her A) microsystem. B) mesosystem. C) chronosystem. D) macrosystem.
A) microsystem.
113) Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and A) person/cognition. B) culture. C) education level. D) motivation.
A) person/cognition.
78) Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n) A) psychoanalytic theorist. B) evolutionary theorist. C) cognitive theorist. D) behavioral theorist.
A) psychoanalytic theorist.
24) According to Paul Baltes, which of the following do normative age-graded influences include? A) sociocultural factors and environmental processes B) economic, political, and social upheavals C) long-term changes in the cultural makeup of a population D) long-term changes in the genetic composition of a population
A) sociocultural factors and environmental processes
135) A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is A) the number of minutes on the treadmill. B) the exercise program (high versus low). C) the number of elderly patients. D) the eight-week duration of the exercise program
A) the number of minutes on the treadmill.
139) The longitudinal method of research consists of studying A) the same individuals over a long period of time. B) individuals of different ages. C) individuals from around the globe. D) individuals born in the same year.
A) the same individuals over a long period of time.
37) The Ascend intervention program by the Aspen Institute is an example of the increasing interest in developing A) two-generation educational interventions to improve the academic success of children living in poverty. B) programs that move adults off welfare rolls and into paid employment. C) initiatives that raise the incomes of working poor parents in order to benefit their children. D) programs for the protection of older adults and the provision of health care for the elderly.
A) two-generation educational interventions to improve the academic success of children living in poverty.
10) According to Paul Baltes's perspective on life-span development, which of the following statements is true? A) Development stops during adolescence. B) Development is multidimensional. C) Development is unidirectional. D) Development occurs independent of context.
B) Development is multidimensional
101) In Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, which of the following is true of the sensorimotor stage? A) It is the second stage of cognitive development. B) It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. C) It is the longest stage of cognitive development. D) It involves developing images of ideal circumstances.
B) It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.
63) _____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age. A) Social B) Psychological C) Physical D) Biological
B) Psychological
21) Based on the work of Paul Baltes, which of the following statements supports the view that development is plastic? A) Early adulthood is not the end- point of development; rather, no age period dominates development. B) The cognitive skills of older adults can be improved through training and acquisition of effective strategies. C) Development has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. D) All development occurs within a context, or a setting that changes.
B) The cognitive skills of older adults can be improved through training and acquisition of effective strategies.
141) Which of the following is a characteristic of generation Z? A) The oldest members turned 18 in 2000. B) They are more ethnically diverse than millennials. C) They are less technically sophisticated than millennials. D) They are even less educated than millennials.
B) They are more ethnically diverse than millennials.
130) Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests? A) They allow a person's performance to be compared with that of other individuals. B) They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable. C) They provide information about individual differences among people. D) They are difficult to design.
B) They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable.
35) Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to A) the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. B) a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. C) the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures. D) a social label placed on a similar group of people based on their heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.
B) a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
44) The developmental period, whether one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to A) a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation. B) a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features. C) a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change. D) a time frame in a nation's history that is characterized by rapid development
B) a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.
50) Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in? A) middle childhood B) adolescence C) early adulthood D) late childhood
B) adolescence
40) Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development. A) cognitive B) biological C) socioemotional D) cultural
B) biological
75) Lisa is a clinical psychologist. She decides to conduct a study on whether the progression of memory loss in older adults with Alzheimer disease can be slowed down. According to the scientific method, which of the following describes the sequence Lisa should follow? A) collect data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, analyze data, draw conclusions B) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions C) collect data, analyze data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, draw conclusions D) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, draw conclusions, collect data, analyze data
B) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions
104) Hidalgo, at 8 years old, is very good at addition and subtraction but has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development? A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) conceptual operational
B) concrete operational
131) Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world and global warming. Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform? A) descriptive B) correlational C) collaborative D) discrete
B) correlational
48) Which of the following is a characteristic of the developmental period known as early childhood? A) extreme dependency on adults B) development of school readiness skills C) formal exposure to the larger world D) development of sexual characteristics
B) development of school readiness skills
53) Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development. A) late adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood
B) early adulthood
47) Jenny is 4 years old. She becomes self-sufficient and develops school readiness skills. In this scenario, identify the developmental period that Jenny is most likely in. A) infancy B) early childhood C) prenatal period D) late childhood
B) early childhood
90) Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to _____. A) seven; early adulthood B) eight; late adulthood C) six; adolescence D) nine; death
B) eight; late adulthood
107) A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to A) emphasize the influence of culture on development. B) emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. C) state that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information. D) state that thinking does not constitute information processing.
B) emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
115) Fernando believes that the presence or absence of certain experiences in life has a long- lasting influence on individuals. He further believes that there is rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen and that this learning takes place at a critical period very early in the life of an animal. In this scenario, Fernando is most likely taking a(n) _____ approach to human development. A) behavioral B) ethological C) social cognitive D) psychoanalytic
B) ethological
73) In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies _____. A) abrupt change; stability B) gradual change; distinct stages C) qualitative change; quantitative change D) discrete stages; gradations
B) gradual change; distinct stages
69) According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people A) are more pressured to achieve. B) have better relationships with people they care about. C) are less content with what they have in their lives. D) have less time for leisurely pursuits.
B) have better relationships with people they care about.
93) Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development. A) intimacy versus isolation B) identity versus identity confusion C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority
B) identity versus identity confusion
118) Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother. He called this form of attachment A) conditioning. B) imprinting. C) internalizing. D) acclimatizing.
B) imprinting.
31) Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _____ and _____ will take center stage. A) growth; maintenance of her capacities B) maintenance of her capacities; regulation of loss C) regulation of loss; augmentation of her capacities D) growth in her capacities; regulation of loss
B) maintenance of her capacities; regulation of loss
121) The _____ involves relations between microsystems, or connections between contexts. A) metasystem B) mesosystem C) chronosystem D) macrosystem
B) mesosystem
55) Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community. Both his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development? A) early adulthood B) middle adulthood C) late adulthood D) retirement
B) middle adulthood
49) Alex is 8 years old and in the third grade; his main focus is success in school, as he is gradually exposed to more and more information about the world at large. The developmental period Alex is currently in is A) early childhood. B) middle childhood. C) adolescence. D) adulthood.
B) middle childhood.
30) Thomas is a teenager who lives with his parents in an American city. During one of his high school years, Thomas's house gets destroyed in a fire, forcing his family to relocate to a rural area. According to Paul Baltes, this incident is likely to affect Thomas's development and life and is likely an example of a A) normative history-graded influence. B) nonnormative life event. C) minority influence. D) cohort effect.
B) nonnormative life event.
27) The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of A) nonnormative multidirectional change. B) normative historical change. C) nonnormative life events. D) nonnormative demographic change.
B) normative historical change.
112) Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of _____ in Bandura's social cognitive theory. A) operant conditioning B) observational learning C) salient stimuli D) classical conditioning
B) observational learning
109) Dr. Nasrin believes that associating a behavior with a consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavior modification. A) stimulus B) operant C) classical D) cognitive
B) operant
79) Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development. A) genital, oral, anal, phallic, and latency B) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital C) anal, genital, oral, phallic, and latency D) oral, phallic, anal, latency, and genital
B) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
81) Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud A) proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions. B) overemphasized sexual instincts. C) overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual's development. D) underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining development.
B) overemphasized sexual instincts.
68) Andrew is 60 and is starting to have memory lapses and struggling to complete things that used to take him no time at all. He finds himself forgetting driving routes that he used to know. Andrew seems to be experiencing the developmental pattern called A) normal aging. B) pathological aging. C) everyday aging. D) successful aging.
B) pathological aging.
64) In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of A) chronological age. B) social age. C) psychological age. D) biological age.
B) social age.
71) The question of whether a fun-loving, carefree adolescent is bound to have difficulty holding down a 9-to-5 job as an adult reflects the A) epigenetic view. B) stability-change issue. C) nature-nurture issue. D) continuity-discontinuity issue.
B) stability-change issue.
127) Flevy, a marketing researcher, is conducting an extensive market research study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using? A) laboratory research B) surveys C) naturalistic observation D) physiological measures
B) surveys
124) Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances? A) the mesosystem B) the chronosystem C) the macrosystem D) the exosystem
B) the chronosystem
132) Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that A) people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with small heads. B) there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ. C) people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads. D) head circumference is an important predictor of IQ.
B) there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.
91) Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. In his relationship, he is suspicious toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this indicates that Edwin did not successfully resolve the _____ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his current developmental stage. A) identity versus identity confusion; stagnation B) trust versus mistrust; isolation C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; confusion D) trust versus mistrust; despair
B) trust versus mistrust; isolation
18) It is anticipated that in 2050, roughly 32 percent of children in the United States will have a Latino ethnic identity. What was the percentage of Latino children in the United States in 2017? A) 15.2 B) 20.2 C) 25.2 D) 30.2
C) 25.2
38) Based on the results of a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families? A) Compared to children in poor families, children in middle-income families are much more likely to separate from a parent. B) Compared to children in poor families, children in middle-income families are much less likely to have a peaceful home. C) Compared to children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much more likely to be exposed to violence. D) Compared to children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much less likely to be exposed to family turmoil.
C) Compared to children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much more likely to be exposed to violence.
82) One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that A) Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-span development of an individual. B) Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20. C) Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences. D) Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of an individual.
C) Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
8) Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States? A) It decreased by 15 years in the beginning of the twenty-first century. B) It has remained unaffected by improvements in sanitation and nutrition. C) It increased by 30 years in the twentieth century. D) It has remained unpredictable and has confused demographers.
C) It increased by 30 years in the twentieth century.
2) Who among the following is most likely taking the traditional approach to the study of development? A) Darren, who emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood B) Nick, who emphasizes extensive change in adulthood C) James, who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age D) Gregory, who emphasizes development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual
C) James, who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no
5) In the context of Laura Carstensen's view on life expectancy, which of the following statements is true? A) There has been a remarkable decrease in the number of people living to an old age. B) The conception of work as a full-time endeavor that ends in the early 60s is well suited for long lives. C) Science, technol-ogy, and behavioral changes have not kept pace with the increase in the number of people living to an old age. D) There should be a change from a world constructed mainly for the elderly to a world that is more compatible for young people.
C) Science, technol-ogy, and behavioral changes have not kept pace with the increase in the number of people living to an old age.
128) Which of the following is true of physiological measures used in the study of life-span development? A) They are based on the assumption that a person's behavior is consistent and stable, yet personality can vary with the situation. B) They involve the use of a standard set of questions to obtain people's self-reported beliefs about a particular topic. C) They involve the use of electromagnetic waves to construct images of a person's brain tissue and biochemical activity. D) They provide insights that sometimes cannot be attained in the labo-ratory and are used at sporting events and child-care centers.
C) They involve the use of electromagnetic waves to construct images of a person's brain tissue and biochemical activity.
86) Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of A) initiative versus guilt. B) intimacy versus isolation. C) autonomy versus shame and doubt. D) trust versus mistrust.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
61) Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs. A) social B) chronological C) biological D) psychological
C) biological
62) Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her _____ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age. A) social B) mental C) biological D) psychological
C) biological
70) In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____. A) personality traits; abilities B) attributes; ecological heritage C) biological inheritance; environmental experiences D) acquired traits; heredity
C) biological inheritance; environmental experiences
140) A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result is referred to as a A) cult. B) clan. C) cohort. D) posse.
C) cohort.
108) Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize A) unconscious motives. B) discontinuity in behavior. C) continuity in development. D) that development occurs in a stage-like fashion.
C) continuity in development.
99) Psychoanalytic theories are criticized for A) not emphasizing sexual underpinnings. B) not emphasizing unconscious aspects of the mind. C) creating an image of people that is too negative. D) stressing the importance of cognitive thoughts.
C) creating an image of people that is too negative.
119) In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the A) receptive period. B) sensitive period. C) critical period. D) bonding period.
C) critical period.
34) Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the United States. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) _____ study. A) longitudinal B) ethnocentric C) cross-cultural D) decentralized
C) cross-cultural
98) Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into A) stagnation. B) identity confusion. C) despair. D) mistrust.
C) despair.
117) A recent television documentary concluded that from birth, girls are more nurturing than are boys. Daniel agrees with this. He believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Daniel's view reflects the _____ perspective of development. A) ideological B) clinical C) ethological D) theological
C) ethological
122) The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. A) microsystem B) mesosystem C) exosystem D) macrosystem
C) exosystem
134) A(n) _____ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant. A) case study B) survey C) experiment D) correlation
C) experiment
105) Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic. Piaget would say that she is in the _____ stage of development. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) conceptual operational
C) formal operational
137) The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares A) various research methodologies. B) various developmental theories. C) individuals of different ages. D) individuals of different genders.
C) individuals of different ages.
142) According to the APA's guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop. This guideline addresses which of the following issues? A) deception B) debriefing C) informed consent D) confidentiality
C) informed consent
97) The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is A) generativity versus stagnation. B) trust versus mistrust. C) integrity versus despair. D) intimacy versus isolation.
C) integrity versus despair.
95) Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at risk of reaching the state of A) stagnation. B) guilt. C) isolation. D) shame and doubt.
C) isolation.
54) Johnathan and his wife Tracy are in their mid-fifties. They are expanding their personal and social responsibilities and assisting their children in becoming competent, mature individuals. Which of the following developmental periods are Johnathan and Tracy currently in? A) early adulthood B) emerging adulthood C) middle adulthood D) adolescence
C) middle adulthood
12) Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is A) lifelong. B) contextual. C) multidimensional. D) plastic.
C) multidimensional.
28) When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a _____ event can influence a person's development. A) normative age-graded B) normative generational C) nonnormative life D) normative history-graded
C) nonnormative life
25) By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development. A) normative history-graded B) nonnormative multidirectional C) normative age-graded D) nonnormative age-graded
C) normative age-graded
59) Katie-Lou is 88 years old. Katie would most likely be characterized as A) young-old. B) old-old. C) oldest-old. D) late-old.
C) oldest-old.
111) B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important factors that shape development are A) thoughts and feelings. B) unconscious motivations. C) rewards and punishments. D) culture and society.
C) rewards and punishments
116) Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a _____ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period. A) positive B) critical C) sensitive D) severe attachment
C) sensitive
3) The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age. A) prescriptive B) constructivist C) traditional D) evolutionary
C) traditional
85) Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of A) autonomy. B) initiative. C) trust. D) integrity.
C) trust.
58) Which of the following is true of the period of development known as late adulthood? A) It involves rapid physical changes and the development of sexual characteristics. B) It is a time of establishing economic independence and advanc-ing in a career. C) It begins in the early twenties and lasts through the thirties. D) It is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.
D) It is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.
80) According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements is true? A) Children's social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development. B) Children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world. C) The primary motivation for human behavior is social in nature. D) People's basic personality is shaped during the first five years of their life.
D) People's basic personality is shaped during the first five years of their life.
77) _____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. A) Behavioral B) Social cognitive C) Evolutionary D) Psychoanalytic
D) Psychoanalytic
66) Who among the following most clearly exhibits the developmental pattern of successful aging? A) Khalid, who is 79 years old and has started experiencing a modest decline in his psychological functioning B) Shyam, who is 81 years old and frequently forgets where he places his belongings C) Carlo, who is 78 years old and suffers from Parkinson disease, which impairs his daily functioning D) Selena, who is 80 years old and is capable of walking without the support of a cane
D) Selena, who is 80 years old and is capable of walking without the support of a cane
60) Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true? A) They are people between 60 and 65 years of age. B) They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness. C) They show considerable loss in cognitive skills. D) They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
D) They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
51) Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gaining height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in? A) middle childhood B) late adulthood C) late childhood D) adolescence
D) adolescence
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that A) begins at childhood and continues until adulthood. B) begins at conception and continues until adulthood. C) begins at birth and continues through the human life span. D) begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
D) begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
110) Nellie, at 3 years old, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior? A) by exploring experiences from Nellie's early childhood and addressing them in therapy B) by testing Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioning C) by investigating her psychosocial environment and eliminating stressors D) by rewarding Nellie when she does not bang her head and punishing the head- banging behavior
D) by rewarding Nellie when she does not bang her head and punishing the head- banging behavior
16) Bruce Chan, a 57-year-old accountant, decides to enroll in a short-term course on creative writing. He performs well in the course and is surprised that he does so despite not having engaged in creative writing for over 25 years. This scenario illustrates Paul Baltes's view that development is A) plastic. B) multidisciplinary. C) lifelong. D) contextual.
D) contextual.
138) Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their thirties, fifties, and seventies, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using? A) longitudinal B) cohort C) latitudinal D) cross-sectional
D) cross-sectional
92) The elementary school years, in which children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place. A) intimacy versus isolation B) integrity versus despair C) autonomy versus shame and doubt D) industry versus inferiority
D) industry versus inferiority
46) Daniel is 10 months old and is completely dependent on his parents. He is just beginning to acquire language and develop symbolic thought. In this scenario, which of the following developmental periods is Daniel most likely in? A) adolescence B) middle childhood C) early childhood D) infancy
D) infancy
57) Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development. A) adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood
D) late adulthood
6) On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach. A) evolutionary B) constructivist C) normative D) life-span
D) life-span
11) The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidimensional. D) lifelong.
D) lifelong.
123) The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live. A) chronosystem B) mesosystem C) ethnosystem D) macrosystem
D) macrosystem
13) Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink—in other words, how development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidirectional.
D) multidirectional.
14) Jeremy becomes fluent in English at the age of 4. At the age of 6, he becomes fluent in French. However, when Jeremy's parents try to teach him Spanish when he is 8 years old, they find that Jeremy's capacity to acquire a new language has decreased. This scenario most likely illustrates Paul Baltes's view that development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidirectional.
D) multidirectional.
20) As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends as a result. This illustrates how development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidirectional.
D) multidirectional.
26) Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam War on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences. A) nonnormative multidirectional B) normative age-graded C) nonnormative age-graded D) normative history-graded
D) normative history-graded
100) According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world: A) assimilation and generalization. B) adaptation and abstraction. C) association and abstraction. D) organization and adaptation.
D) organization and adaptation.
87) McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of A) inferiority. B) autonomy. C) stagnation. D) shame and doubt.
D) shame and doubt.
72) Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development. A) personality B) lifelong learning C) discontinuity D) stability
D) stability
102) Piaget's four stages of cognitive development A) start at conception and continue until adulthood. B) start at birth and end at death. C) span from conception to death. D) start at birth and continue through adulthood.
D) start at birth and continue through adulthood.
39) In the context of technology, which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently? A) Bluetooth B) smartphones C) global positioning system (GPS) D) television
D) television
129) Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. Which of the following problems is she likely to encounter while using this method of data collection? A) the assumption that a person's behavior is consistent and stable B) the inability to sample a large number of people C) the assumption that surveys have to be conducted only in person D) the fact that some participants may not tell the truth and will instead give socially acceptable answers
D) the fact that some participants may not tell the truth and will instead give socially acceptable answers
83) According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live sets in during the _____ stage. A) industry versus inferiority B) intimacy versus isolation C) initiative versus guilt D) trust versus mistrust
D) trust versus mistrust
84) The first stage in Erikson's theory is A) autonomy versus shame and doubt. B) initiative versus guilt. C) generativity versus stagnation. D) trust versus mistrust.
D) trust versus mistrust.
133) Which of the following correlations is the strongest? A) −.65 B) +.46 C) +.70 D) −.77
D) −.77
149) The last name of the theorist who proposed eight psychosocial stages of development is _____.
Erikson
148) The last name of the theorist who proposed that psychosexual development occurs in the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages is _____.
Freud
144) _____ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.
Gender
152) _____ observation is a method of gathering data by means of observing behaviors in real- world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation.
Naturalistic
147) _____ theorists emphasize that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind.
Psychoanalytic
150) The theorist who developed the concept of operant conditioning is _____ (last name only).
Skinner
153) A(n) _____ research design by itself cannot prove what causes some phenomenon but can reveal important information about people's behavior.
descriptive
143) According to Paul Baltes, _____ is a co-construction of biological, cultural, and individual factors working together.
development
151) Riley argues that behavior is strongly influenced by biology; it is tied to evolution and characterized by critical or sensitive periods. Riley most likely embraces a(n) _____ theory of development.
ethological
146) Apart from the issues of stability versus change and continuity versus discontinuity, the question of nature versus _____ characterizes development throughout the human life span.
nurture
145) In the context of the conceptions of age, _____ age refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
social
