TExES Science 7-12 Review Edited, TeXes Science 7-12 Practice Test, Texes Composite Science 7-12 (236)

If a gas with a pressure of 1 atm expands into a volume that is twice its original size, and the temperature raises from 100 K to 400 K, what is the final pressure?

2 atm

A car traveling along a straight highway at a constant speed of 25 m/s enters a tunnel that is 1 km in length. How long will it take for the car to travel through the tunnel?

40 s

Visible spectrum of light is

400 nanometers to 700 nanometers

Ordovician-Silurian extinction

439 M years ago - Caused by a drop in sea levels as glaciers formed then by rising sea levels as the glaciers melted - 25% of marine families and 60% of marine genera became extinct

How many significant figures does 0.000103200 have?

6

If a cylinder contains 2 mol of He and 6 mol of Ne at 298 K and 800 torr, what is the partial pressure of Ne?

600 torr

How many significant figures does 80.004500 have?

8

How many kcals of heat is required to melt 1kg of ice?

80 kcal

Divergent boundary

A boundary along which two tectonic plates move apart, characterized by either a mid-ocean ridge or a continental rift valley.

Molecular formula

A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.

Reynolds number

Describes kinds of movement through a fluid (air and water)

Index fossils

Distinctive fossils used to establish and compare the relative ages of rock layers and the fossils they contain

Mendel

Father of Genetics

James Hutton

Father of Geology

Hippocrates

Father of Medecine

Which of the following is the correct formula for iron(II) sulfate?

FeSO4

Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Generator

A device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Cline

A graded variation in a trait that parallels a gradient in the environment.

Entropy

A measure of disorder, or randomness

Turbidity

A measure of the clarity of water.

Spring tide

A high or low tide that occurs when the Sun, Earth and Moon are aligned so that the tides due to the Sun and Moon coincide, making the tides higher or lower than average. Occurs during the full moon or new moon.

Tidal bore

A high, often breaking wave generated by a tide crest that advances rapidly up an estuary or river.

Microtubules

A hollow rod of tubulin proteins that makes up the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. Helps pinch cells in two during cell division

Fungi

A kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Dichotomous key

A tool for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters.

uniformitarianism

A principle about geologic processes that the present tells us the past.

catastrophism

A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly, usually from large-scale disasters

superposition

A principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed

Folding

A process that bends and deforms beds of rocks as a result of compression forces.

Geological time scale

A record of the earth's history

Convergent boundary

A region where plates are pushing together and where a mountain range, island arc, and/or trench will eventually form; often a site of much seismic and volcanic activity. Subduction.

Annelids

A segmented worm which include earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches

Karst

A type of landscape in rainy regions where there is limestone near the surface, characterized by caverns, sinkholes, and valleys

Asteroid

A small, rocky object that orbits the sun; most are located in a band between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

Lysosome

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.

Titration

A solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution.

Buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution.

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Solar wind

A stream of electrically charged particles that emanate from the sun's corona.

Chromatin

All the components of chromosomes 1.) DNA 2.) RNA 3.) Protein

Total Internal Reflection

Allows a fiber optic cable to transmit a light beam over great distances

Newton's First Law

An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

Work

Applying a force to an object causing it to move. force x distance

Henry's law

At a given temperature the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid

Explain the Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of a moving pendulum

At the maximum height: KE = 0 PE = Max At the minimum height KE = Max PE = 0

Dalton

Atomic Theory of Matter -- All things are made up of atoms (building blocks of life)

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Van der waals

Attractive forces between separate molecules (not the bonds between atoms) caused by positively and negatively charged regions within a molecule. Intermolecular force.

Temperature

Average Kinetic Energy

Sclerenchyma

Cells with thick, even, rigid cell walls that support and strengthen the plant in areas where growth is no longer occuring

What makes up the cell wall of plants?

Cellulose

Autonomic Nervous system

Controls everything except skeletal muscles. Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and repair).

Somatic Nervous System

Controls skeletal muscles

Plate Tectonics is caused by

Convection currents in the earth's mantle

Which structures conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?

Dendrites

Three Main Types of Rocks

Igneous - Obsidian, Basalt, Granite (made from lava/ volcanic activity) Metamorphic - Slate, Gneiss, Phyllis (made under extreme pressure and temperature) Sedimentary - Limestone, Shale, Sandstone (made from weathering and erosion)

intrusive rock

Igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly and hardens beneath Earth's surface.

Concave Mirror

Image is dependent upon on your distance from the mirror. Close to mirror - upright and larger than reality Far away from mirror - inverted and smaller than reality

Convex Mirror

Image is upright and smaller than reality

The Alps were formed...

...by the collision of the African and Eurasian continents (the alps are not made of volcanic rock)

Relative time

The sequence in which events took place (not measured in time units).

Which of the following is an example of the effect of an environmental factor on the expression of a genetic trait in the human phenotype?

The serious medical problems associated with phenylketonuria (PKU) can be avoided if a diet low in the amino acid phenylalanine is instituted in infancy.

Which of the following is an important limitation of using models to study a complex natural system, such as surface ocean currents?

The high number of variables in a complex natural system makes it difficult to include all important interactions in a model.

A person standing near the top of a mountain will breathe faster in order to get more oxygen. What effect will this have on the persons blood?

Increased pH of blood

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes estuaries from other types of marine environments?

Inflows of both freshwater and salt water

Why is the element iodine required by vertebrates?

It is an essential element of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Third Law of Thermodynamics

It is not possible to lower the temperature of any system to absolute zero in a finite number of states, that is absolute zero is unattainable.

What are the most and least valuable objects to recycle?

Most -- Aluminum Least -- Glass & Newspaper

Loam

Most fertile class of soils. Contains 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay.

Osmosis

Movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration. Results in equality on both sides.

This type of epithelial tissue lines the digestive tract.

Mucous membrane

What is the major distinction between multicellular vs. unicellular organisms?

Multicellular organisms have a specific "job" or function; whereas unicellular organisms are less specialized

Klinefelter's syndrome

Multiple X chromosomes and one Y chromosome. Leads to low testosterone, small testes, and predisposition to diseases.

3 structures of neurons

Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar

The most common salt in the ocean is

NaCl

Monera

One of the five kingdoms of life. Organisms in this kingdom are prokaryotic cells such as bacteria.

What are the stages of cell signaling?

Reception, Transduction, and Response.

How do lights with a shorter wavelength react in a prism?

Refract more

Specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (heat capacity divided by mass)

Which of the following types of community structure consists of daily and seasonal cycles of activity?

Temporal

Planets in order

Terrestrial - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Gas Giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Amino acids like cysteine which contain a sulfur atom may covalently bond to each other, forming a disulfide bridge. What protein structure level is it?

Tertiary Structure

Transform boundary

The boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally. San Andreas fault.

Water cycle

The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

Holocene Epoch

The current interglacial period, extending from 10,000 years ago to the present on the geologic time scale.

Profundal zone

The deep, open water where it is too dark for photosynthesis in freshwater lakes

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result

Gibbs free energy

The energy in a system that can be used to drive chemical reactions. If the change in free energy of a reaction is negative, the reaction will occur spontaneously.

Photosphere

The inner layer of the sun's atmosphere, visible surface.

Early astronomers noted that the planets move across the stars within a very narrow band called the zodiac. Which of the following best explains the observation?

The orbits of the planets lie in approximately the same plane.

Deduction

The process of taking a general statement and specifically applying it "All cats have four legs. Tom is a cat; therefore, Tom has four legs."

Induction

The process of taking a specific fact and generalizing it "I saw a black cat. All cats must be black."

Lithification

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.

Partial Pressure

The product of the molar ratio and the total pressure

Top Environmental Concern with Abandoned Mines

The pollution of groundwater and soil

Vesicle

The cell's "waste collector"

Which of the following is a major distinction between the cells of unicellular and multicellular organisms?

The cells of multicellular organisms are more specialized in function than are the cells of unicellular organisms.

Nucleoid Region

The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.

Coulomb's Law

The relationship between distance and attraction/repulsion in electricity Like charges repel more strongly as they move closer to one another Unlike charges attract more strongly as they move close to one another

In the photoelectric effect, light incident on the surface of a metal causes electrons to be emitted from the metal. Which of the following best describes the effect of increasing the frequency of the incident light?

The energy of the emitted electrons increases.

Nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

Which TWO of the following are true statements about sound waves in air?

They can exhibit the Doppler effect. They can travel around obstacles.

Thompson

Thompson's Plum Pudding Model (Chocolate Chip Cookie Model) -- No Nucleus

In human oogenesis, how many polar bodies are formed from a single (diploid) oogonium on its way to the formation of an ovum (haploid)?

Three

What is the function of enzymes in biological systems?

To speed up the process of reactions when temperature must remain constant to sustain life

What are the atmospheric layers? (in order from closest to furthest)

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere

What is the largest of the twenty amino acids?

Tryptophan

Euphotic zone

Upper layer of a deep body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis (for both deep lakes and oceans)

Which of the following statements best explains why the productivity of ocean ecosystems is greater in coastal waters than in the open ocean?

Upwelling of water provides greater nutrient availability in coastal waters than in the open ocean.

In humans, most nitrogen waste is excreted from the body through the kidneys in what molecular form?

Urea

Feedback systems in animals

Used to maintain internal homeostasis.

Ohms law

V = iR

Electric potential

V = k(q)/r

Pasteur

Vaccines & Pasteurization

Vector vs. Scalar

Vectors have magnitude and direction Scalars solely have magnitude

You are pushing a lawn mower with 60 N of force at a 30 degree angle from the horizontal. What are the vertical and horizontal components of this force?

Vertical -- 30 N Horizontal -- 52 N

Plane Mirrors

Virtual Images Images are Reflected Left-to-Right Same Distance and Size as Reality

Exosphere

What is considered outer space. Outside of the earths atmosphere.

Unsaturated Solutions

When you introduce more solute, id dissolves in the solvent completely

Supersaturated Solutions

When you introduce more solute, no more is dissolved and it combines with the existing solute on the bottom to make larger cubes of solute

Saturated Solutions

When you introduce more solute, no more is dissolved and it just sinks to the bottom

Formation of Petroleum

Where microorganisms are covered with sediment underwater (lake or ocean)

Formation of Coal

Where organic materials are covered by sediment on land (in a swamp)

A wire coil is held with its plane horizontal to the Earth's surface and a small bar magnet is dropped vertically down through it. How will the magnet fall?

With a non-uniform acceleration less than g

An example of a homologous structure is...

a cat's forelimb and the pectoral fin of a dolphin (notice both critters are mammals!)

Ionic bond

a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion

Empirical formula

a chemical formula showing the ratio of elements in a compound rather than the total number of atoms

Endothermic

a description of a change in which a system absorbs energy from its surroundings

Playa

a large basin that remains when all the water evaporates out of a lake

Absyssal plain

a large, flat almost level area of the deep ocean basin

Alteration of generations

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form

Littoral zone

a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants

Isothermal process

a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant temperature

instead of colliding directly into each other, two plates can move horizontally past each other. This kind of boundary is called:

a transform boundary.

Longitudinal Waves

a wave in which the particles move parallel to the path of the wave

Projectile motion without air resistance is an example of motion with constant...

acceleration

uniform circular motion

acceleration and force is inward

Bronsted-Lowery Bases

accept an H+

Len'z law

an induced current is always in a direction which will oppose the motion or change that caused it

Which mountain building process created Mount St. Helen?

an oceanic-continental convergence

Largest amount of toxic material is ingested by...

animals at the top of the food chain

refraction

change in speed of light in medium v = f (lambda) => frequency is constant but wavelength decreases

Couloumbs law

charge force proportional to charge and inverse to distances

Exothermic

chemical reaction that yields a net release of energy in the form of heat

H2 and O2 at the same temperature have identical...

kinetic energy

Two gases, such as H2 and O2, at the same temperature must have the same average molecular

kinetic energy.

Wavelengths at the red end of the spectrum are

long

Waves and energy

low frequency = long wavelength = low energy high frequency = short wavelength = high energy red is low energy, violet is high (remember ULTRAviolet)

Acids

low pH and have H+ ion

cumulus

low, dense, pillowy "clear day" clouds with flat, grey bases

Conservation of momentum

m1v1 = m2v2

The rotational analog of mass is known as

moment of inertia.

symptoms of waves

reflect, refract, diffract, dipserse

Snell's law

refraction proportional to index

inclination to eleptic

relative to Earth, defined at 0 greatest for Pluto, then Mercury

Homozygous deletions (Chromosomal defect)

results in an absence of genes. Usually lethal.

convergent boundary

reverse fault

Sensory neurons

send signals to CNS

Wavelengths at the violet end of the spectrum are

short

The ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere plays a vital role in

the absorption of harmful radiation

Absolute time

the actual time (usually measured in years) as determined by radioactive decay of elements

Ionization Potential

the amount of energy needed in order to take an electron away from an atom

Molality

the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

The cause of volcanism is explained by

the development of new ocean crust at divergent boundaries, oceanic-continental convergent boundaries, and hot spots.

Phylum Chordata is characterized by

the existence of a backbone and notochord

dipole-dipole

the forces of attraction between polar molecules. Intermolecular force.

Hydrogen bonding

the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule

Regolith

the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering. soil, dust, sand, etc.

Which component of a dune represents the steeper slope on a sand dune?

the leeward side

Critical pressure

the lowest pressure at which a substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature

Limentic zone

the open, sunlit water surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by sunlight. The main photosynthetic body of the lake, this zone produces the food and oxygen that supports most of the lakes consumers.

Thermosphere

the outer most layer of the atmosphere; temperatures are the highest in the atmosphere due to solar influence. Satellites orbit here. Contains Ionosphere.

differentiation (geology)

the process in which the planet is internally zoned.

Radiometric dating

the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products

Iridescence

the quality of exhibiting rainbow-like colors

Mesosphere

the region of the earth's atmosphere above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. Meteorites burn up here.

Unlike primary growth, secondary growth in both roots and stems involves ____ cambium and ____ cambium.

vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Estuary

where the mouth of a river/ stream meets the ocean (an area for diversity in wildlife and an excess of nutrients)

End Triassic extinction

~199 million years ago to 214 million years ago. massive amounts of lava erupted from the mid atlantic rift. led to the break up of pangea. deadly global warming. rocks from eruption found in eastern United States, eastern Brazil, North Africa, and Spain.

Interneurons

Collect signals within CNS

Integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

Dinosaurs first appeared...

During the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era

Normality

Gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution, often denoted by N.

Excessive Use of Groundwater in Arid Climates Causes...

Increased Soil Salinity

Percent composition

Percent by mass of each element in a compound

Electrical potential

U = 1/2QV

Gravitational potential energy

U = mgh

Extrusive Rock

igneous rock that cools very fast on the surface and is created by lava

lineage of sun-like star

red giant => planetary nebula => white dwarf => black dwarf

lineage of big star

red supergiant => supernova => black hole

Transform Faults

when two tectonic plates slide next to one another horizontally

Comet

(astronomy) a relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit

Meteor

(astronomy) any of the small solid extraterrestrial bodies that hits the earth's atmosphere

Electronegativity

(chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond

Pyrimidine

(cytosine, thymine and uracil) have a single 6-membered ring

Fault

(geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other

Energy

(physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work

Power

(physics) the rate of doing work

Enthalpy

(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity equal to the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume and pressure

Levels of Radiation

1.) Alpha 2.) Beta 3.) X-ray 4.) Gamma 5.) Neutron

5 Evolutionary Eras

1.) Archean - bacteria 2.) Proterozoic - algae, single celled organisms, first animals with shells, sponges, jellyfish 3.) Paleozoic - fish, plants, reptiles (ended with mass extinction) 4.) Mesozoic - birds, reptiles, dinosaurs (ended with the deconstruction of Pangea) 5.) Cenozoic - mammals

Three Characteristics of Braided Rivers

1.) High-level of sediment 2.) High width-to-depth ratio (it is wide and shallow) 3.) The banks of the river are extremely erodible

Newton's Three Laws of Motion

1.) Inertia - an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion, unless acted upon by an external force 2.) Rate of Change - an object that is influenced by a force moves in relation to the force's magnitude and direction 3.) Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Meiosis

1.) Interphase 2.) Prophase 3.) Pro-metaphase 4.) Metaphase 5.) Anaphase 6.) Telophase 7.) Cytokinesis 1.) Interphase 2.) Prophase 3.) Pro-metaphase 4.) Metaphase 5.) Anaphase 6.) Telophase 7.) Cytokinesis Different Daughter Cells Line up as homologous pairs

Mitosis

1.) Interphase 2.) Prophase 3.) Pro-metaphase 4.) Metaphase 5.) Anaphase 6.) Telophase 7.) Cytokinesis Identical Daughter Cells

Life Cycle of Stars

1.) Interstellar Nebula - dust and hydrogen start to come together 2.) Protostart - dust and hydrogen start coming together through fussion 3.) Main Sequence Star - a stable stage of a star's life cycle (our sun is currently in this stage) 4.) Red Giant - Where the hydrogen diminishes and the helium becomes more prevalent HIGH MASS -- SHORTER LIFE 5.) Supernova explosion A.) If 1.4-3 times the size of our sun, it becomes a Neutron Star B.) If over 3 times the size of our sun, it becomes a black hole LOW MASS -- LONGER LIFE 5.) White Dwarf -- cools to produce carbon and implodes 6.) Black Dwarf

Macromolecule types

1.) Lipids 2.) Proteins 3.) Carbohydrates 4.) Nucleic Acid

Unique aspects of Muscle Cells

1.) May have smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum 2.) Have an excess of Calcium to enable quick intracellular signaling

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

1.) Membrane bound nucleus and organelles 2.) Nucleus 3.) Mitosis 4.) Lysosome 5.) Simple Cell Walls

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

1.) No membrane bound nucleus or organelles 2.) Nucleoid 3.) Binary Fission 4.) Complex Cell Wall

What are two methods of speeding up chemical reactions?

1.) increase the surface area of reactants 2.) increase the concentration of reactants

Astronomical Unit (AU)

1.5 billion meters Distance from Earth and Sun

An earthquake that registers an 8 on the Richter scale is how many times more powerful than one that registers a 5 on the Richter scale?

1000 times. (The richter number is actually referring to an exponent of 10. ie 10^8 vs 10^5)

In what century did the term scientific begin being used?

19th

What is the voltage across a circuit with 1, 3, and 2 resistors and a 12 V source?

2 V

Stratosphere

2nd layer of atmosphere; location of ozone layer; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.

A 25 kg box is pushed a distance of 10 m along a flat frictionless floor. If the net force acting on the box in the direction of motion is 30 N, the work done on the box is given by which of the following?

300 J

A horizontal force is applied to a 10kg block that is initially at rest on a flat surface. The coefficient of friction is 0.4. What force must be applied to just exceed the friction?

39.2 (m*kg)/(s^2)

How many significant figures does 8000 have?

4

A 400g cart moving at 12 cm/s collides with a still cart that weighs 800g. What speed are they both traveling at now?

4 cm/s

How much HCl(aq) is needed to completely neutralize 2 mol of Ba(OH)2(s) ?

4 mol

What is a neurosecretory cell?

A cell that secretes hormones

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Faraday's Law of Induction

A changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (ef) in a conductor; thus producing electricity

Precambrian shield

A complex of old metamorphic and igneous rocks exposed over a large area.

Inference

A conclusion one can draw from the presented details

Synapse

A connection between a neuron and it's target cell.

The process of one tectonic plate moving under another takes place at which of the following locations?

A convergent boundary

Reverse Osmosis

A desalinization process that involves forcing salt-water through a membrane permeable to water but not to salt

Accuracy

A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured Can only be made more accurate by repeating the experiment

temperature inversion

A deviation from the normal temperature distribution in the atmosphere, resulting in a layer of cold air temporarily trapped near the ground by a warmer, upper layer

Collenchyma

A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth

Summative Assessment

A formal assessment in the form of a quiz, test, or homework assignment

Chromosphere

A gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Cyclins

A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle

Estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

Hardy-Weinberg Law

A law of population genetics that states that the frequencies of alleles in a given gene pool do not change over time. 5 things must be present: there must be no mutation, there must be no migration, there must be no random mating between individuals in the population, and the population must be large.

Phospholipids

A lipid that penetrates simple cell membranes (eukaryotes) to allow the transport of material in and out of the cell. One side of the lipid is hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic.

Fjord

A long narrow inlet with steep cliffs created by glacial erosion (commonly found in Washington State)

Meteorite

A meteoroid that passes through the atmosphere and hits Earth's surface.

Soil

A mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

proto-oncogene

A normal cellular gene corresponding to an oncogene; a gene with a potential to cause cancer but that requires some alteration to become an oncogene.

Nucleotides are built from

A pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

Bohr's Model of the Atom

A photon is emitted whenever an electron moves down an energy level

Torpor

A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Oxidation state

A positive or negative whole number that represents the "charge" an atom in a compound would have if all shared electrons were assigned to the atom with a greater attraction for those electrons.

golgi body

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

Asthenosphere

A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

Solar flare

A sudden eruption of intense high-energy radiation from the sun's surface

Ecosystem

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

Which of the following most directly ensures that the correct amino acid is added to a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis?

A tRNA with a particular anticodon carries only one kind of amino acid.

A triple bond is stronger than a hydrogen bodnd and a double bond

A triple bond is stronger than a hydrogen bodnd and a double bond

Viviparous

A type of development in which the young obtain their nutrients directly from the mother and are birthed live.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

Ideal gas law

A unification of Boyle's Law, Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law, and Avogadro's Principle into the formula that describes the behavior of ideal gases: PV=nRT.

Linear momentum

A vector quantity defined as the product of an objects mass and velocity. p=m*v

Transverse Waves

A wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling

Volcano

A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface

Artesian well

A well in which water rises because of pressure within an aquifer.

Purine

A&G are _____, have two rings

Lewis Base

Above 7 on the pH scale. Proton donor.

C2H3O2

Acetate. Charge of -1.

what type of groundwater erodes limestone?

Acidic groundwater

Redox Reaction

Adds an electron and produces oxygen

Bohr & Wheeler

Advancements in Nuclear Fission

Protist

Algae and Protozoa belong to the kingdom. Eukaryotes.

Lunar Eclipse

Also known as a full moon The earth is in the center High tide will be lower than usual Low tide will be lower than usual

Solar Eclipse

Also known as a new moon The moon is in the center High tide will be higher than usual Low tide will be higher than usual

NH4

Ammonium. Charge of +1.

Heat of fusion

Amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase.

Wave properties

Amplitude: the height of the wave, measured in meters. Wavelength: the distance between adjacent crests, measured in meters. Period: the time it takes for one complete wave to pass a given point, measured in seconds. Frequency: the number of complete waves that pass a point in one second, measured in inverse seconds, or Hertz (Hz). Speed: the horizontal speed of a point on a wave as it propagates, measured in meters / second.

dicot

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves (cotyledons)

Ovovivparous

An animal that produces eggs that hatch inside the female immediately before birth

What is an inquiry-based assessment?

An assessment that requires students to form and test a hypothesis to an inquiry (open-ended)

Lunar eclipse

An eclipse where the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon and it is a full Moon (the moon is covered, has a shadow of dark red cast on it, or slightly dimmed)

Pleistocene Epoch

An epoch of the Quaternary period beginning about 1.8 million years ago and ending about 10,000 years ago. Best known as a time of extensive continental glaciation.

Formative Assessment

An informal assessment in the form of a discussion

Electroscope

An instrument used to detect electric charge

Wave Reflection

Angle of reflection is equal to angle of incidence.

Rotational Analog of Linear Momentum

Angular Momentum

Earthworms belong to the what phylum?

Annelida (segmented worms)

Physical weathering

Any process that breaks rock down into smaller pieces without changing the chemistry of the rock; typically wind and water.

Bacteria cells have what charateristics?

Cell wall, plasma membrane, No nucleus, No organelles

Which of the following is the most important question to ask when analyzing the results of a scientific experiment?

Are the conclusions of the experiment supported by the data collected?

Neritic zone

Area of ocean that extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf

What are the three types of Tephra, from smallest to largest?

Ash, Lapilli, Blocks

Volcanic rock found on island arcs is most likely to be composed of which of the following?

Basalt

What are island arcs commonly made of?

Basalt

Brain stem

Basic needs. Heart beating, lungs breathing, visual reflexes.

sedimentary rock forming into horizontal rows is called

Bedding

What are the three theoretical approaches to learning objectives?

Behavioral, Cognitive, Constructivist

Arrhenius Acid

Below 7 on the pH scale. Electron pair donor.

Who established the modern technique of chemical formula notation?

Berzelius

Lemaitre

Big Bang Theory

Taiga

Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw

Certain birds sing a rudimentary version of their species' song before they have heard it sung by their parents. The more time the young birds spend with their parents, the more fully developed the song becomes. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion about birdsong development?

Birdsong development is dependent on both genetics and learning.

Coelenterates

Body walls made of 2 layers of cells and a central, saclike digestive system, radial symmetry (hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones).

Birdsong is...

Both learned and instinctual/innate

Carbon cycle

Both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem plants take up CO2 -carbon dioxide- from the air and (through photosynthesis) incorporate carbon into food that is used by autotrophs + heterotrophs → when all organisms, including plants, respire, a portion of this carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2

Planetary Axis

Both the Earth and Moon have a planetary axis The earth's planetary axis dictates our 24 hour day

Collisional boundary

Boundary where two land masses meet and crush each other so they crumple and fold

Boyle

Boyle's Law (P1*V1 = P2*V2) Founder of Modern Chemistry

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord.

4 major parts of the brain

Brain stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Diencephalon

Double Circulatory System

Breath --> lungs --> blood --> heart --> body (highly pressurized with greatest blood flow rate)

Capacitance

C = Q/V

Neurons

Cells of nervous system that can send signals

During a laboratory experiment, students mixed aqueous solutions of K2CO3 and CaCl2 and observed that a precipitate formed. Which of the following is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction that took place?

Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3(s)

What is the primary difference between normal cells and cancer cells?

Cancer cells continue to reproduce even if they are tightly packed together

oncogene

Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations

Branched Polymers

Carbohydrates

Major gases responsible for the green house effect

Carbon Dioxide and water vapor

CO3

Carbonate. Charge of -2.

One of the chief functions of hemoglobin in the blood is to

Carry oxygen to different parts of the body

The remarkable growth rate of mushrooms is caused by?

Cell Enlargement. The cells of the hyphae enlarge by rapidly absorbing water.

Centriole

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Acceleration

Change in Velocity divided by Time (D)/(S^2)

Homology

Characteristics in different species from a common ancestor even though they have very different functions.

Arthropod

Characterized by their segmented bodies, jointed appendage's and hard external skeletons

Covalent bond

Chemical bond formed between atoms with very similar electronegativities. Valence electrons shared.

Chemical weathering

Chemical change in rock-forming minerals through exposure to atmospheric conditions in the presence of water; mainly involving oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonic acid action, or direct solution.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical signal between neuron and another cell.

ClO3

Chlorate. Charge of -1.

Ectothermic - BIOLOGY

Cold-Blooded Creatures

Walker, Bergman, & Werner

Classification of Rocks

Interspecific competition

Competition between individuals or populations of two or more species requiring a limited resource.

Electrolyte

Compounds that ionize in water and produce a solution that will conduct electricity are called _____.

Magnetics basics

Consequence of MOVING charge Current creates B field (curl rule) Changing B field creates current

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial and spinal nerves

Cloud Types

Cumulonimbus - thunderstorms Cumulus - white, cotton-like, fluffy clouds Cumulostratus - thin clouds at a high altitude Stratus - thin clouds at a low altitude, fog (sometimes produces a drizzle of flurry)

CN

Cyanide. Charge of -1.

Oxygen cycle

Cycle whereby natural processes and human activity consume atmospheric oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and the Earth's forests and other flora, through photosynthesis, consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

DNA Code Pairs

DNA A=T & C=G RNA A=U, T=A, & C=G

Francis Crick, James Watson, & Rosalind Franklin

DNA Discovery

Photosynthesis takes place during the ____ and respiration takes place during the ____

Day, Day and night.

Gilbert

Determined the Earth is Magnetic

What is Danish physicist Neils Bohr most famous for?

Developing a more accurate model of the atom.

Which algae phylum are among the most abundant and beautiful organisms on earth?

Diatoms

Equivalents

Different units of equal measure

Newton's Accomplishments

Discover of Gravity Three Laws of Motion

Otto Hahn & Fritz Strassmann

Discovered Nuclear Fission

Four types of chemical weathering of rocks

Dissolution, Hydrolysis, Hydration, Oxidation

Recrystallization

During metamorphism, the crystals of these minerals may change in composition .

Electric field

E = k(q)/r^2

photoelectric effect

E_photons = hv photons of particular wavelength can eject electrons from metal

Law of independent assortment

Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

Lithosphere

Earth's crust and solid upper mantle, broken into tectonic plates

The area where terrestrial biomes grade into each other is called what?

Ecotone

voltage source, a wire, and a lightbulb

Electrical into electromagnetic and thermal

Action Potential (Neurons)

Electrical signal along surface of neuron membrane.

Kepler

Elliptical orbits around the sun

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Conduction

Energy is passed from atom to atom through direct contact

Electron affinity

Energy released when an atom or ion in the gaseous state gains an electron. Increases from left to right and from bottom to top on the Periodic Table.

Radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

Archean Eon

Eon extending from the time that life originated, 3.8 billion years ago, to 2.5 billion years ago.

What is tephra?

Erupted material from a volcano

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Electrostatic Force Equation

F = 1/(d^2) Relates to Coulomb's Law

Universal law of gravitation

F = G (m*m)/r^2

Electrostatic force

F = k (q*q)/r^2

Free-Body Diagram Equations

F = ma Coefficient of Friction = (Force of Friction)/(Normal Force)

Magnetic force

F = qv x B (right hand rule) charged particle in a B field forced into moving path

Newton's Second Law

F=ma

Schwann Cells

Filled with Myelin (type of fat). Forms Myelin Sheath. Speeds up signals.

Continuity equation

Flow Rate = Av = constant Volume flow = Avt = constant Take home: as area decreases, velocity increases

Infiltration

Flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants. Seeds are contained in fruit.

Laminar flow

Flows in parallel lines in a smooth progression

New Vaccines are tested by...

Food and drug administration Institutional Review Board

Anecdotal records are used for what type of assessment?

Formative Assessment

Igneous Rock

Formed by crystallization of magma

Parenchyma

Fundamental tissue composed of thin-walled living cells that function in photosynthesis and storage.

Lichen is a symbiotic association between which two organisms?

Fungi and algae

Interphase is comprised of which phases?

G1, S, G2.

Which person in history can be considered to be the Father of the Modern Scientific Method?

Galileo

In molar heat of fusion, which state of matter is not involved?

Gas

What process is believed to cause Earth's magnetic field?

Geodynamo Effect

Metric System Units

Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deka BASE Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano

Single Circulatory System

Gills or Skin --> blood --> heart --> body

What is the smallest of the twenty amino acids?

Glycine

If there is a climb in the barometric pressure, it usually means what?

Good weather is on the way

What stellar diagram plots luminosity against star type?

H-R Diagram

Evolutionary ancestry is best traced from...

Hackle's drawing and "advancement in embryology

Copernicus

Heliocentric Theory Father of Astronomy

Cerebellum

Helps regulate motor control. Fine motor skills. Balance.

Liver cancer is commonly related to...

Hepatitis B

Seafloor spreading

Hess's theory that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge

Which of the following statements correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?

Homologous pairs of chromosomes align during meiosis, whereas they do not align during mitosis.

How does the fuel cell version of a hydrogen vehicle propel?

Hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce electricity which operates an electric motor

OH

Hydroxide. Charge of -1.

Ohm's Law

I = V/R I = Circuit's Current V = Voltage from Power Source R = Resistance

Why use parallel circuitry?

If one resistor fails, the other resistors prevent the outlets from becoming inoperable

What is the major difference between cellular respiration and fermentation?

In respiration NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain

Net ionic equation

Includes only those compounds and ions that undergo a chemical change in a reaction in an aqueous solution

Stages of cell division (in order)

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Types of igneous rock

Intrusive and Extrusive

Turbulent flow

Irregular flow with random variations in pressure.

How does kinetic friction change with the sliding velocity?

It does not change. friction is independent from velocity.

Unit of Work

Joule [(m^2)kg]/(s^2)

Kinetic energy

K = 1/2 mv

Classification Order

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

All forms of nutrition (how an organism obtains carbon and energy) evolved in which Kingdom?

Kingdom Monera. (Bacteria)

Lentic

Lake or other unmoving water biosystem.

Soil horizons

Layers of the soil. O (organic material), A (topsoil), B (subsoil), C (bedrock).

Rock cycle

Lithosphere floats on a molten mantle. Molten magma cools and forms igneous rocks. Tectonic processes uplift the rocks exposing them to weathering process. Igneous rocks are broken down into granular material, that are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks (tectonic basins). Sediments buried and subjected to heat and pressure create metamorphic rocks. Heated sufficiently to melt reforming magma.

Freshwater biomes

Littoral Limnetic Profundal Benthic

Multipolar neurons

Lots of dendrites, one axon.

Founder Effect

Low variation in genetics due to the isolation of a smaller group from a large group of organisms (island sheep colony)

Troposphere

Lowest atmosphere layer; site of weather, organisms; contains most atmospheric water vapor; temperature and pressure decrease as altitude increases.

Cell division happens in which phase of the cell cycle?

M(itotic) phase

A ball is thrown upward. What is the magnitude and resistance direction as the ball rises?

Magnitude = g (9.8 m/s^2) Resistance Direction = downward

Unipolar neurons

Main cell body sits sits on top of dendrite and axon.

Law of segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

Hg2

Mercury (I). Charge of +2.

Evangelista Torricelli

Mercury Barometer

Nonfoliated rocks

Metamorphic rocks formed without pressure. randomly arranged grains. (marble and quartzite)

Communalism

One animal benefits and the other is not impacted

Which protein helps pinch animal cells in two during cell division?

Microfillaments

Leeuwenhoek

Microorganisms

Rotational Analog of Mass

Moment of Inertia

Egg laying mammals are called what?

Monotremes

How much energy is required to remove an electron from cation +1?

More than the first one.

Bipolar neurons

One dendrite, one axon.

Directional selection

Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.

Disruptive selection

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

Stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

DNA has a ____ charge

Negative (because of it's phosphate backbone)

Anion

Negative charged ion.

Unit of Force

Newton (m*kg)/(s^2)

NO3

Nitrate. Charge of -1.

Constant Velocity is Equivalent to...

No Acceleration

Assumptions in simple fluid dynamics

No internal friction between layers of fluid (zero viscosity). The density of the fluid remains the same throughout the fluid (non-compressibility). Fluid velocity and pressure at each point in the fluid do not change with time (steady state). The fluid particles follow smooth, predictable flow lines (streamline or laminar flow).

Node of Ranvier

Nodes in between the myelin sheaths of an axon.

A black cloth reflects what colors?

None. All colors are being absorbed.

atomic number

Number of protons

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

Diffraction

Occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

Solar eclipse

Occurs when the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow over part of Earth

As DNA is being replicated there is a continuous strand and a lagging strand. What are fragments of newly transcribed DNA on the lagging strand called?

Okazaki fragments.

Mutualism

One animal benefits and the other also benefits

Parasitism

One animal benefits and the other is harmed

C2O4

Oxalate. Charge of -2.

Electrical power

P = iV

Synapsis

Pairing of homologus chromosomes in a diploid cell, as occurs during prophase I of meiosis. Where crossing over can occur.

Triassic Period

Part of the Mesozoic Era, the period when dinosaurs first appeared. (248-213 million years ago)

Dendrites

Part of the neuron that takes in signals

Axon

Part of the neuron that the message is sent down. Wrapped in Schwann Cells.

Adaptive radiation

Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill new or vacant ecological roles in their communities.

Mendleeve

Periodic Table

PO4

Phosphate. Charge of -3.

Tracheophytes

Plants that have transport vessels, xylem and phloem. Vascular.

A new Moon occurs when the Moon is at which of the following positions?

Position 1

Cation

Positively charged ion.

Unaltered preservation

Preservation in which the organism is trapped in amber, ice or something else that perserves it without much chemical change.

Hydrostatic pressure

Pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid

Convergent Evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Convection

Process by which, in a fluid being heated, the warmer part of the mass will rise and the cooler portions will sink.

Carbonization

Process of fossilization wherein the original organic material in a fossil has been reduced to a film of carbon looking like a black drawing

Erosion

Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)

Effervescence

Property of a mineral that is characterized by a fizzing reaction with HCl (hydrochloric acid).

Wegener

Proposed the theory of continental drift.

6 Major Kingdoms

Protista -- kelp, paramecium (multicellular or unicellular eukaryotes) Animaila -- mammals, birds, reptiles (multicellular eukaryotes) Fungi -- fungus (multicellular eukaryotes) Archaebacteria -- live in harsh climates under extreme temperature and pressure (unicellular or multicellular prokaryotes) Eubacteria -- may be rods, spheres, or spirals (unicellular or multicellular prokaryotes) Plantae -- plants (multicellular eukaryotes)

In order to create ATP through the electron transport chain, mitochondria keeps a gradient of

Protons

Rutherford

Rutherford's Atomic Model -- Included a Nucleus

How does the number of electrical resistors in parallel relate to the total resistance?

R/(# of Resistors)

A circuit consists of two identical resistors of resistance R connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is

R/2

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio -- Microwave -- Infared -- Visible -- Ultraviolet -- X-ray -- Gamma Mnemonic Device: Red Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns

Lotic

Relating to or living in actively moving water.

DNA replicates during which phase of the cell cycle?

S(ynthesis) phase

Who put forth the fluid mosaic model for the plasma membrane?

S.J. Singer and G.L. Nikolson

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed when minerals that are dissolved in a solution crystalize or when a lake evaporates due to dry climate forming a large mineral deposit

Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers, made up of parts of living things or made by living things

Angular momentum

Rotational momentum of a spinning or orbiting object, L = mvr

Whose statement complemented the cell theory in 1855?

Rudolf Virchow's

How does marine life deal with excess salt?

Salt glands that excrete salt that is ingested

F=ma is known as Newton's _____ law

Second

Sedimentary rock

Sediment resulting from weathering of other rocks are compressed for a long time.

Metamorphic rock

Sedimentary or igneous rock compressed with extreme heat.

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks formed when broken pieces of other rocks are squeezed together, grouped by size of rock fragments

Motor neurons

Send signals away from CNS

Earthquake

Shaking and vibration at the surface of the earth resulting from underground movement along a fault plane of from volcanic activity

In order to grow, an arthropod must do what?

Shed its exoskeleton and a secrete a larger one.

Pyramid of biomass

Shows the total amount of living material available at each trophic level/ The area at the bottom corresponds to the producer level. It represents the greatest amount of living material.

Africa, India and Australia were located near which region approximately 290 million years ago?

South Pole

Which factors affect the solubility of a solute in a solvent?

Temperature, Nature of the solution, pressure.

Which atmospheric layer contains the ozone?

Stratosphere

SO4

Sulfate. Charge of -2.

Heliocentric model of the solar system

Sun is the center of the solar system.

The intensity of an earthquake is generated by

Surface waves

What structure holds neurotransmitter in storage until it is released from nerve terminals?

Synaptic vesicle

Bernoulli's equation

Take home: as velocity increases, pressure decreases

What technology collects electromagnetic radiation of objects and is converted into an image?

Telescope

Galileo

Telescope Father of Physics

What ozone layer benefits humans? How?

The Stratosphere protects humans from radiation

Hubble

The Universe is Expanding

Sponateous Reactions

The addition of enthalpy and entropy to make Gibb's Free Energy If Gibb's Free Energy is negative, the reaction is spontaneous

When the density and atmospheric pressure of the atmosphere decreases, what happens to the altitude of the atmosphere?

The altitude increases

Heat capacity

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of substance by one degree C = Q/∆T

Heat of vaporization

The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas

Pelagic zone

The area of the ocean past the continental shelf, with areas of open water often reaching to very great depths.

John Dalton made significant contributions to which of the following?

The atomic theory of matter

In space, distance that is less than a light year is measured in astronomical units, or AU's. What is an AU ?

The average distance from Earth to the Sun.

Evaporation

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

Bronsted-Lowry concept

The chemical which accepts the proton is an acid.

Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction

The dinosaur extinction that occurred when a large meteor hit the earth. 65mya. Yucatan Peninsula.

Proterozoic Eon

The eon following the Archean and preceding the Phanerozoic. it extends between 2500 and 542 million years ago. Free oxygen, multi-cellular organisms.

K/r selection theory

The etymology is from an equation where r comes from rate and K comes from carrying capacity; in German, the word for capacity is Kapazität and K stand for the "Kapazitätsgrenze" (capacity limit) . r-selection makes a species prone to numerous reproduction at low cost per individual offspring, while K-selected species expend high cost in reproduction for a low number of more difficult-to-produce offspring.

Convergence (evolution)

The evolution of two unrelated organisms into similar morphologies (ie bats and birds)

Petrification

The filling or replacement of an organism's tissues with minerals that have different chemical compositions than the original tissues did.

Law of Superposition

The geologic principle that states that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock, each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it.

Photoelectric Effect (light incidence)

The greater the amount of light incidence the greater the energy of the electrons emitted

London dispersion forces

The intermolecular attraction resulting from the uneven distribution of electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles. Weak.

Gondwana

The large southern land mass that existed from the Cambrian (540 mya) to the Jurassic (138 mya). Present-day remnants are South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica.

Carrying capacity

The largest population that an area can support

Students are planning to use distillation to separate a mixture of methanol and water. Which of the following best explains why this method of separation is likely to be effective?

The normal boiling point of methanol is significantly less than that of water.

Avogadro's constant

The number of atoms in a mole of any pure substance.

Dendrochronology

The process of counting tree rings to determine the age of a tree

Lithosphere (geology)

The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the existence of critical periods in the development of behavior in many animals?

The structure of the brain is highly flexible early in development, but it becomes more difficult to alter neural connections as the animal gets older.

Thermodynamics

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.

Critical temperature

The temperature above which the substance cannot exist in the liquid state

The atomic weight represents...

The weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes

Robert Hooke

Theory of Earthquakes

Maxwell

Theory of Electromagnetism

Darwin

Theory of Evolution Natural Selection Origin of Species

Einstein

Theory of Relativity

Rotational Analog of Force

Torque

Which of the following is the best description of chromatin?

Total cellular DNA, proteins associated with the DNA, and nascent RNA

Layers of the Atmosphere

UPPER ATMOSPHERE 1.) Exosphere - Farthest Away 2.) Thermosphere - Northern and Southern Lights MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE 3.) Mesosphere - Shooting Stars 4.) Stratosphere - Protection from Radiation LOWER ATMOSPHERE 5.) Troposphere - Weather Exists (75% of atmosphere)

Endothermic - BIOLOGY

Warm-Blooded Creatures

Which of the following interactions best illustrates a parasitic relationship?

Wasps often pierce the skin of catalpa sphinx moth caterpillars and lay their eggs inside the caterpillars.

Why is water a liquid at 25 degrees Celsius and H2S a gas?

Water has stronger intermolecular bonds, as the elements are closer to one another than H2S

Dripstones

Water that drips inside of caves builds up over time to create rock formations

Who is given credit for discovering the double helix structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

Wave Refraction

Wave "bending." The wave is slowed down by a medium.

Wave speed formula

Wave speed = frequency x wavelength (lambda)

Wave Diffraction

Waves go through a small opening causing them to bend. Low frequency bends more quickly.

Which of the following describes an appropriate safety precaution that students must take when heating water in a beaker by the method illustrated above?

Wearing all required safety equipment, such as lab apron, safety goggles, and closed-toe shoes

If the atmosphere were twice as thick as it is now, would your weight be higher or lower than your current weight?

Weight would be lower because a heavier atmosphere would make you more buoyant.

A classroom lab activity involves handling earthworms, but a student in the class is reluctant to touch the worms. The teacher encourages the student to try the activity and shows the student the correct technique for handling the worms, but the student continues to resist participating in the activity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step for the teacher to take to resolve the situation?

Working with the student to develop an alternative method of obtaining the knowledge and experience that others are gaining through the lab activity

A sieve tube member would likely lose its nucleus in which zone of root growth?

Zone of cell differentiation.

What is the electronic configuration of the most electropositive element in the Periodic Table?

[Xe] 6s1

Resistivity

a material's opposition to the flow of electric current

Positive feedback system

a mechanism in a physiological function in which the change in a variable amplifies an activity rather than reverse it.

El Nino

a natural phenomenon when the clouds of the Eastern Pacific are minimal and the ocean becomes significantly warmer; thus causing increased evaporation and condensation

A dinoflagellate is characterized by what?

a pair of flagella in perpendicular grooves.

Adiabetic process

a process that takes place without the transference of heat between a system (ex- parcel of air) and its surroundings.

Meteroid

a relatively small, rocky body that travels through space

Capacitors

add in parallel -- the greater the area, the greater the energy stored

Resistors

add in series --the longer the resistor, the greater the resistance (think slashing through the jungle)

adiabatic cooling

air moves up and expands, causing the temperature to decrease.

Chordates

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

Transformer

an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage

Classification differences of toads in the same region is dependent upon...

breeding patters

Refraction

bending of a wave as it moves from one medium into another medium.

Closed Circulatory System

blood vessels blood is pumped by a heart and circulated throughout the body

Tides are influenced by...

both the sun and the moon Spring tides are highest (full moon and new moon) Neap tids are lowest (first quarter moon and last quarter moon)

Hyphae

branching threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

absolute magnitude

brightness of star corrected for distance

unconformities

buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous angular disconformity--between sediments nonconformity--between sediment and igneous or meta

Efferent pathways

carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors

Afferent pathways

carry nerve impulses into the central nervous system.

Strong Acids

completely disassociate in water

contact metamorphism

contact with extruded magma

Viruses

contain DNA or RNA, a protein coat ("capsid"), and multiply in host cells using host proteins/organelles.

nibostratus

continuous rain clouds of middle level--grey and thick

On a topographical map, elevation is indicated by the use of:

contour lines

Ohm's law

current and resistance: V = iR

net primary productivity

describes the amount of energy that remains available for plant growth after subtracting the fraction that plants use for respiration (limited by moisture on land and light and nutrients in the water)

constructive interpherence

difference in path length is multiple of wavelength

destructive interpherence

difference in path length is multiple of wavelength/2

What type of mountain is formed when large pieces of the crust are tilted, uplifted or dropped between normal fault lines?

fault-block mountains

longitundinal wave

displacement paralell

transverse wave

displacement perpendicular

How were the Mid-Atlantic Ridge mountains were formed?

divergent boundaries

Oviparaous

eggs hatch outside of mother

types of galaxies

elliptical = broad and unordered, no stars spiral = productive, regular, stars and orbital planets irregular = result of collisions, irregular orbits

Cyclin dependent kinase

enzyme to which cyclin binds during interphase and mitosis, triggering and controlling activities during the cell cycle.

gene flow

exchange of genes between populations

Beer's Law

explains the relationship between absorbance, at a given wavelength and concentration, A = εbc

Cotyledon

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

The model of cell membranes that states that they are made up of a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules is called

fluid mosaic model

phloem

food to all parts of plant

Ionic Bonds

form between a metal and nonmetal

Covalent Bonds

form between two nonmetals

Ionization Energy

is determined by an elements proximity to Helium, which has the largest ionization energy and Fr, which has the lowest ionization energy

What is the key difference between fungi and funguslike protists?

fungi have chitin cell walls and funguslike protists do not

Bronsted-Lowery Acids

give up an H+ (example: C2H4O2)

Charge by induction

gives opposite charge to charging agent (pull charged to one side and ground)

Charge by conduction

gives same charge as charging agent (flow of electrons)

stratus

grey uniform layer, makes drizzle

cumulonimbus

heavy, dense storm clouds, mountain or tower

Ultrasound waves

high intensity and small wavelength, manifest weak diffraction.

Bases

high pH and have an OH- ion

permeability

how easily water can move through

porosity

how much rock is open space

Doppler Effect

how sound becomes louder and the change in frequency (and pitch) as a source of sound moves toward or away from you

Karyotyping determines...

if an infant has an abnormal number of chromosomes

Intraspecific competition

in a community competition for resources among members of the same species

More life is near the coast because...

increased nutrients

Migration is Birds is...

instinctual birds use starts to help determine their flight path

Permian-Triassic extinction

largest in history, 96% of marine and 70% of land species went extinct; cause unknown. End of the Paleozoic Era. 250mya.

Snell's law

law of refraction index, n1 sin01 = n2 sinO2

Tropical rain forests are characterized by

massive biodiversity and many decomposers

Biotic potential

maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions

Soundwaves require a _____ to travel through

medium

What is known as the sum total of all the human life functions?

metabolism

Foliated rocks

metamorphic rocks formed with pressure, that have their grains arranged in parallel bands or layers (ex: slate, schist, gneiss, & slate)

Open Circulatory System

no blood vessels blood interacts directly with organs

divergent boundary

normal fault

Meridians run ____ and _____ and are a line of _____.

north, south, longitude

secondary succession

occurs in areas where life has previously existed. process by which a biotic community is replaced by another until a climax community develops.

multinucleate

one giant cell with many nuclei

Plant Cell Walls

only allow the intake of water and gases

golgi apparatus

organelle. stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

The seed coat develops from the

ovule wall

Charles law

partial pressure of gas = n moles of gass

stratucumulus

patchy, or sheet like low clouds

What is the direction of an objects velocity and acceleration when a projectile is at the highest point of its trajectory?

perpendicular to each other (acceleration down, velocity still going forward)

Authigenic preservation

preservation which leavels molds and casts or destroyed of dissolved organisms

regional metamorphism

pressure region

Conifer needles are designed to...

prevent the release of water

Pairs of students in a class are asked to design gliders that can safely carry eggs. The pairs of students will test their gliders to see which one can travel the farthest without the eggs breaking. This activity most effectively assesses the students'

problem-solving skills.

oogenesis

production of female gamete (egg)

Colligative properties

properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity

lagoons

protected area of salt water

estuaries

protected area where fresh water and salt water mix

Enzymes contain mostly

proteins

Equation for heat absorbed

q = m * c * (change in temperature) q = heat absorbed m = mass c = specific heat t = temperature in Celsius

attol

ring of coral reefs

Epithelial Cells

skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surfaces of organs responsible of the replacement of old cells

In polar climates, what role does snow play in preventing a rise in temperature?

snow reflects solar radiation

nebula theory

solar system product of collapse process driven by conservation of angular momentum (speed up as you get smaller) plantissimals formed into planets through collision heavier elements closer to sun, gassy ones further out

Stomata

stomata regulate the release of water and gases stomata should close during a drought and open during a time of plenty

Measure of electrical conductivity for compounds is determined by...

strength of cation and anion compounds taken from the same row of elements

transform boundary

strike-slip fault

Distillation

the utilization of condensation and evaporation to separate two components of a mixture

Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet because...

there are other objects orbiting the sun with a similar mass that are classified as dwarf planets

guyot

undewater volcano

The concept of the processes that we observe today that have been occurring for a long time is known as

uniformitarianism

xylem

water and minerals from roots to leaves

Thermohaline circulation

water circulation produced by differences in temperature and/or salinity (and therefore density)

Runoff

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

Examples of population-density-indpendent factors...

weather, natural disasters, climate

Hot Spot

when a lava melts through the crust, causing a volcanic eruption

Negative feedback system

when a variable moves above or below a certain set point, a control mechanism is turned on or off to return the system to normal

Neap tide

when the sun and the moon pull in the different directions and causes the smallest range between high and low tides. Happens during the first and third quarter of the moon

Divergent Boundary

when two tectonic plates pull away from one another, causing a "tear"

Convergent Boundary

when two tectonic plates run into one another, causing one to slide beneath the other