Human A&P - Exam: Complete Review
At a neuromuscular junction
neurotransmitters are released
The recent discovery of taste receptors that detect sweetness in the small intestine illustrates that
new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made
The subcutaneous layer is
not part of the skin
The activities of an anatomist consist of __, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __.
observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
Articular cartilage of a long bone is found
on the other surface of the epiphyses
A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the
origin
The immovable end of a muscle is its
origin
Cells that remove excess bone tissue after fracture repair are
osteoclasts and phagocytes
Compact bone has __, whereas spongy bone has __.
osteons; trabeculae
The amount of oxygen liver cells require to support the conversion of lactic acid to produce glucose or glycogen is the
oxygen debt
Thrusting the head forward to contact an incoming soccer ball is an example of
protraction
The clavicles
provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, and upper limbs
Body heat is lost primarily by
radiation
Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called
recruitment
A sternal puncture is often used to obtain a sample of
red bone marrow
Inflammation makes skin
red, swollen and painful to touch
Living organisms use oxygen to __.
release energy stored in the molecules of food
Eccrine sweat glands
respond primarily to elevated body temperature
The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body illustrates
responsiveness
Simple squamous epithelium is an example of a(n)
tissue
Histology is the study of
tissues
A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is
totipotent
The nucleolus contains
RNA and protein
The intervertebral discs that separate parts of the backbone are composed of
fibrocartilage
The organelle where energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP is a
mitochondrion
Which organelle contains the nucleolus?
The nucleus
Functions of neuroglia include which of the following?
They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels
Fontanels in the fetal skull permit some bone movement, enabling the fetus to pass more easily though the birth canal during childbirth.
True
The number of bones in most people is 206.
True
True of False?: A bone shaft is the diaphysis; the expanded parts at the ends are the epiphyses.
True
True of False?: A mucus-secreting goblet cell is a unicellular gland.
True
True of False?: A saddle joint forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both convex and concave regions.
True
True of False?: A skeletal muscle fiber contains many nuclei.
True
True of False?: Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma.
True
True of False?: Certain white blood cells take in bacterial cells by phagocytosis.
True
True of False?: Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move.
True
True of False?: Cytoplasm is located between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope.
True
True of False?: In a push-up, the elbow joint flexes as the person lowers.
True
The subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissue
Smooth muscle has __ and not troponin.
calmodulin
A __ joint is found between a metacarpal and its adjacent phalanx.
condylar
Blood vessles in the __ supply epidermal cells with nutrients.
dermis
The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the
dermis
At a neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane folds, forming a
motor end plate
The femur
is the longest bone in the body, extends from the hip to the knee, articulates with the patella
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in
motor neuron endings
In which of the following is a rotational movement possible? A) Ball-and-socket joint B) Condylar joint C) Hinge joint D) Pelvic joint
A) Ball-and-socket joint
Which of the following is(are) not an example of an endochondral bone? A) Broad, flat skull bones B) Phalanges of the fingers C) Humerus D) Femur
A) Broad, flat skull bones
List the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence.
1. The impulse arrives at the synapse and travels through the transverse tubules. 2. The muscle impulse reached the sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium is released. 3. Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules leaving active sites. 4. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges. 5. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments. 6. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts.
Which of the following processes is most important to continuation of the human species? A) Responsiveness B) Movement C) Reproduction D) Respiration
C) Reproduction
There are __ types of muscle cells.
3 (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
Height begins to decrease on average after age
30
About how many cells comprise the body of an adult?
50 to 100 trillion
Describes the structural organization of the cell membrane.
A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move
Describe a female's pelvis compared to a male pelvis.
A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with lighter bones
Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? A) Dermal blood vessels constrict B) Sweat glands become active C) Smooth muscles relax D) Dermal blood vessels dilate
A) Dermal blood vessels constrict
For which of the following organelles is the structure and function correctly described? A) Endoplasmic reticulum: a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion. B) Ribosomes: membranous vesicles containing digestive enzymes. C) Golgi apparatus: particles, composed of protein and RNA, which synthesize proteins D) Mitochondrion: non-membranous structure that synthesizes proteins.
A) Endoplasmic reticulum: a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion
Which of the following are components of the pelvic girdle? A) coxae B) coccyx C) sacrum D) all of the above
A) coxae
Tawanda finishes a sprint and suffers great pain in her calf muscles. Her muscle cramps are most likely due to a temporary deficit of
ATP
What movements could occur at the hip joint?
Abduction and adduction, rotation, flexion and extension
Which of the following statements is correct? A) Tropomyosin molecules move and expose specific sites on myosin filaments B) Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments C) Cross-bridges form between actin and the sarcolemma D) Filaments of troponin and tropomyosin slide past one another
B (Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments
Which of the following terms and descriptions is correctly paired? A) Extension: bending the leg at the knee or decreasing the angle between the upper and lower leg B) Abduction: lifting the arm horizontally to form a tight angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline C) Flexion: straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased D) Adduction: moving a part in a circle or returning the arm from the horizontal position to the front of the body
B) Abduction: lifting the arm horizontally to form a tight angle with the side of the body or moving a part away from the midline
Which of the following is not found associated with spongy bone? A) Trabeculae B) Osteons C) Canaliculi D) Osteocytes
B) Osteons
Which of the following is not true of organelles? A) They carry on specific activities. B) They are only in cells of humans. C) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules. D) They are found in many types of cells.
B) They are only in cells of humans
When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? A) the head is facing to the front B) the palms are facing backward C) the body is erect D) the upper limbs are at the sides
B) the palms are facing backward
What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share?
Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy
Which action is the main function of the digestive system? A) Formation of cells B) Movement of body parts C) Absorption of nutrients D) Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients.
C) Absorption of nutrients
Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Bone tissue D) Muscle tissue
C) Bone tissue
Which of the following groups of bones, based on shape, is associated with an incorrect example? A) Long bones - forearm bones B) Short bones - wrist and ankle bones C) Flat bones - thigh bones D) Irregular bones - vertebrae
C) Flat bones - thigh bones
Which of the following is not a step in endochondral bone formation. A) Hyaline cartilage develops into the shape of the future bone B) Periosteum forms from connective tissue outside the developing bone C) Hyaline cartilage change to adipose tissue D) Osteoblasts deposit osseous tissue in place of disintegrating cartilage
C) Hyaline cartilage change to adipose tissue
Which of the following is not a characteristic of nervous tissue? A) It is found in the brain and spinal cord. B) Some of its cells send electrochemical messages. C) Its intercellular space is filled with collagen D) Its cells sense changes in their surroundings.
C) Its intercellular space is filled with collagen
Which of the following characteristics is used to name tissue types? A) Location of cells in the body B) Number of inclusions C) Organization of cells D) Number of mitochondria
C) Organization of cells
Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism? A) Responsiveness B) Movement C) Reproduction D) Respiration
C) Reproduction
Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body? A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal B) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls C) Retaining fluid leading to retaining more fluid D) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal
C) Retaining fluid leading to retaining more fluid
Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? A) Distance B) The concentration of the substance C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules D) The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules
C) The amount of energy available for transport molecules
Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin? A) The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis B) The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium C) The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis D) The dermis contains smooth muscle and nervous tissue
C) The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis
Curvatures of the spin produce all of the following except A) lordosis B) scoliosis C) increased height D) kyphosis
C) increased height
All of the following are functions of bones except: A) to protect certain internal organs. B) to provide a source for red and white blood cells C) to provide a set point for the control of blood pressure and body temperature. D) to store inorganic salts
C) to provide a set point for the control of blood pressure and body temperature
Cells that support neurons are
neuroglea
Which of the following are cellular fragments? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Lymphocytes D) Blood platelets
D) Blood platelets
Which of the following characteristic of life and their descriptions are correct? A) Responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food. B) Assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them. C) Respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids. D) Circulation: the movement of substance in body fluids.
D) Circulation: the movement of substance in body fluids
Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? A) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems. B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems. C) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues. D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Which of the following is not a synovial joint? A) Condylar B) Ball-and-socket C) Hinge D) Symphysis
D) Symphysis
Which is true of sex hormones? A) They inhibit osteoblast activity. B) They have no effect on bone. C) They retard ossification of the epiphyseal plates. D) Their action on bone growth is stronger in females than in males.
D) Their action on bone growth is stronger in females than in males
Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? A) phagocytosis B) active transport C) pinocytosis D) facilitated diffusion
D) facilitated diffusion
Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) the heart B) the trachea C) the thymus D) the liver
D) the liver
"Function dictates structure" is a term used to describe the close relationship between anatomy and physiology.
False
The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk.
False
True of False?: A ball-and-socket joint is also called an ellipsoidal joint.
False
True of False?: Absorption is the ability to exhale carbon dioxide.
False
True of False?: All cell types divide at the same rate.
False
True of False?: All tissue types are tightly packed, built of cells attached by intercellular junctions.
False
True of False?: As a person ages, osteoblasts outnumber osteoclasts.
False
True of False?: Blood cell formation is called osteogenesis.
False
True of False?: Bones in the human body are non-living.
False
True of False?: During normal cell division, karyokinesis follows cytokinesis.
False
True of False?: If a nerve cell has a greater concentration of Na+ on the outside and K+ on the inside of the cell membrane, then the movement of Na+ outside and K+ inside is by diffusion.
False
True of False?: Intervertebral discs are formed of skeletal muscle.
False
True of False?: Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material.
False
True of False?: Testosterone has a stronger effect on epiphyseal plates than estrogens.
False
True of False?: The deltoid tuberosity is part of the radius.
False
True of False?: The femur extends from the knee to the foot.
False
True of False?: The first cervical vertebra is the axis and the second is the atlas.
False
True of False?: The hip joint allows a greater freedom of movement than the shoulder joint.
False
True or False?: In the initiation of muscle fiber contraction calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, exposing active sites on actin for cross-bridge formation.
False
Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include
Homeless people exposed to the outdoors, the very old and the very young, and very thin people
True of False?: Transcytosis combines diffusion and active transport.
False (Transcytosis not involving diffusion)
True or False?: The elbow is distal to the wrist.
False (distal means situated away from the center of the body or from the point of attachment, porximal is closer)
True of False?: The soft part of the nose and the supporting rings of the respiratory passages are composed of fibrocartilage.
False (hyaline cartilage)
True of False?: The parietal pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart.
False (it doesn't actually touch the heart)
True or False?: The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are in the dorsal cavity.
False (it's part of the cranial cavity)
True of False?: Muscle tissue conducts electrical impulses from one neuron to another and coordinates body activities.
False (nerve)
True of False?: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not.
False (rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes)
True of False?: Skeletal muscle lines hollow organs.
False (smooth muscle)
True of False?: Homeostasis is the body's maintenance of an unstable internal environment.
False (stable)
True of False?: The digestive system filters wastes from the blood.
False (the urinary system does that)
True of False?: Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system.
False (urinary/excretory)
__ compose dense connective tissue fibers.
Fibroblasts
__ joints are held together by collagen-rich dense connective tissue.
Fibrous
Describes the function(s) of the skeletal system.
It interacts with muscles, providing movement; it stores inorganic salts; it protects organs, especially in the head and thorax
Most of the terminology to name and describe body parts and their functions comes from
Latin and Greek
What increases the risk of developing osteoporosis?
Low intake of dietary calcium, lack of physical exercise, and family history of the condition
True of False?: Kicking a soccer ball is flexion of the leg at the knee joint as the foot draws back and then extension as it contacts the ball.
True
True of False?: Loss of cell cycle control can cause cancer.
True
True of False?: Macromolecules are built of atoms.
True
True of False?: Moving a part away from the midline is abduction.
True
True of False?: Osteoblasts become osteocytes.
True
True of False?: Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone-forming cells.
True
True of False?: The basic structure of the knee joint permits flexion and extension.
True
True of False?: The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities
True
True of False?: The elbow joint includes a hinge joint.
True
True of False?: The fibrous joints between the flat bones of the skull are sutures.
True
True of False?: The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis.
True
True of False?: The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat.
True
True of False?: The organ systems responsible for integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine systems.
True
True of False?: The pectoral girdle consists of two scapulae and two clavicles.
True
True of False?: The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation.
True
True of False?: The type of synovial joint in which only rotation my occur is a pivot joint.
True
True of False?: Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce.
True
True of False?: Usually epithelial tissues do not have blood vessels.
True
True or False?: A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit.
True
True or False?: ATP is necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.
True
True or False?: Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers from each other.
True
True or False?: The ears are lateral to the eyes.
True
In phagocytosis
a cell membrane engulfs solid particles
The acetabulum is
a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur
The arrector pili muscle is attached to
a hair follicle
Bones of a synovial joint are held together by
a joint capsule
Hypothermia is
a lowered body temperature
Gray hair is
a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs
A motor unit is
a motor neuron and the muscle fibers connected to it
A nail consists of
a nail bed and nail plate
A myogram is
a recording or the events of a twitch
In order to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, motor neurons release the neurotransmitter
actecholyine
Myofibrils are composed primarily of
actin and myosin
The functions of skin include
acting as a protective covering, housing sensory receptors, regulating body temperature
The movement of a limb toward the midline is
adduction
Metabolism is defined as
all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life
A selectively permeable membrane
allows some substances to pass through and exclude others
The differences amoung merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions are the
amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product
Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic
anaphase
The muscle that opposes a particular action is called the
antagonist
Milk and ear wax
are secreted from modified sweat glands
Joints are also called
articulations
A bone lengthens
as a result of increased activity within the epiphyseal plate
A bone thickens
as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum of the diaphysis
The capitulum and trochlea are located
at the distal end of the humerus
The sternum is part of the
axial skeleton
Apocrine sweat glands are most abundant on or in the
axilla
What do joints do?
bind bones, allow bones to grow, enable body parts to move
Osteoclasts are __, whereas osteocytes are __.
bone-dissolving cells; mature bone cells
Phalanges are
both finger and toe bones
Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called
bursae
Muscle tissue that is involuntary and has striations is found in __ muscle.
cardiac
Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. This tissue is most likely.
cardiac muscle
The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much
carotene
The bones of the wrist collectively from the
carpals
Vesicles are formed from
cell membrane
Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called
central canals, or Haversian canals
The atlas is one of the
cervical vertebrae
Connie recently celebrated her 45th birthday. She feels okay most of the day, but in the morning, for about a half hour after she gets our of bed, all of her joints feel stiff. This is due to
changes in collagen structure
Assimilation is
changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms
Cartilage tissue are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because
chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies
The heart is part of the __ system.
circulatory or cardiovascular
A muscle fiber exposed to a series of stimuli of increasing frequency combines individual twitches (summation) which results in
complete sustained contraction
DNA molecules are in the nucleus
complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers
Epidermis is __, whereas dermis is __.
composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes
A(n) __ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.
compound
Adipose tissue is a form of
connective tissue
A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it
consists of cells with much extracellular material
The primary characteristics of muscle tissues is their ability to
contract
Cardiac muscle...
contracts as a syncytium, excited itself, is only in the heart
Compared to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly
A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by
convection
When ATP levels are low, the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate is that
creatine phosphate supplies energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate
The cytoplasm consists of organelles suspended in
cytosol
In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps deep down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the
epidermis
Shafts of hair are composed of
dead epidermal cells
The enzyme acetylecholinesterase causes acetylecholine to
decompose
The dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of
dense regular connective tissue
One mechanism in the skin that prevents cells from becoming loose and separating is the presence of junctions called
desmosomes
The process by which food substances are chemically changed into simpler forms that can be absorbed is called
digestion
Reddened skin reflects
dilated blood vessels with more blood entering the dermis
The function of the nucleus is to
direct the activities of the cell
Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is
dorsiflexion
Bone cells and muscles cells differ in structure and function because
each expresses a different subset of genes
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lines with a thin cellular layer called
endosteum
Accessory structures of the skin originate from the
epidermis
The most abundant cells in dense connective tissue are
fibroblasts
In the inherited disease ichthyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the
epidermis
The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the __ region.
epigastric
The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the
epimysium
It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the
epiphyseal plate
The tissue that cover all body surfaces is
epithelial tissue
A basement membrane anchors
epithelial tissue to connective tissue
The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of
fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels
The intervertebral discs are formed of
fibrocartilage
Sweat cools the body by
evaporation
The removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions is
excretion
Straightening the leg at the knee is a type of movement called
extension
Sebaceous glands secrete
fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum
Skin wrinkles with age because
fat is lost from subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks
A suture is an example of a(n)
fibrous joint
A yoga move in which a foot is grasped and the lower limb brought upwards so the foot touches the buttock is an example of
flexion
The membranous soft spots of a newborn's skull are called
fontanels
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the
foot
The __ is the large opening in the occipital bone through which the brain and spinal cord join.
formen magnum
The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is
glandular epithelium
A __ is a joint formed where a bony socket meets a cone-shaped bony process.
gomphosis
A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a
gomphosis
Extracellular matrix consists of
ground substance and protein fibers
Secretion of excess __ hormone causes giantism.
growth
Pituitary dwarfism results from a decreased secretion of __, which as a result decreases the rate of cell division of __.
growth hormone; cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate
An isotonic solution
has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution
Functions of muscles include:
heartbeat, muscle tone, moving bones
Blood cell formation is called
hematopoiesis
Glands that release entire cells filled with secretory products are called __ glands.
holocrine
The chemicals endocrine glands secrete are called
hormones
Cartilagenous joints are connected by
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires
hydrostatic pressure
Cells lose water when placed in a __ solution.
hypertonic
Osteoblasts are
immature bone cells that give rise to osteocytes
The main function of cristae is to
increase the surface area for chemical reactions
The __ at the ends of cardiac muscle cells help to join cells.
intercalated discs
The structures that connect cardiac muscle cells are
intercalated discs
Chromosomes duplicate during
interphase
Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order:
interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation
Corns are
keratinized conical masses on toes
You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely
keratinized epidermal cells
Greg trips over a toy and experiences a sharp pain. His physician diagnosis a torn meniscus. Greg has injured his
knee joint
The largest and most complex synovial joint is the
knee joint
Muscle fatigue is most likely due to an accumulation of
lactic acid
In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds is called the
latent period
Bones and muscles function as mechanical devices called
levers
Joint capsules may be reinforced by bundles of strong, tough collagenous fibers called
ligaments
A joint capsule is reinforced by
ligaments binding articular ends of bones together
A parietal layer of a serous membrane __, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane __.
lines cavities; covers organs
The major components of the cell membrane are
lipids and proteins
Wrinkled and sagging skin results from
loss of subcutaneous fat and less elastin and collagen
Which of the vertebrae support the most weight?
lumbar
A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college, and must rest for three months, then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscle size in his lower limbs decreases during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle protein are
lysosomes
A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the
maxillary bone
Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens the skin by stimulating synthesis of
melanin
Threshold stimulus is the
minimum strength of stimulation required to contract a muscle fiber
A __ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.
mucous
The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is
mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified
An example of a partial but sustained contraction is
muscle tone
The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate
muscles and glands in the dermis
During muscle contraction ATP supplied energy for
myofilament movement
The pigment responsible for the reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is
myoglobin
Binding sites on the surface of actin allow the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of
myosin
Melanocytes transfer melanin granules to
nearby keratinocytes
Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires
negative feedback mechanisms
The tough, fibrous vascular tissue that encloses a lone bone is the
periosteum
The rhythmic, wavelike motion produced by smooth muscles in tubular visceral organs is called
peristalsis
Anatomy and physiology are difficult to separate because
physiological functions depend on anatomical structures
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n)
physiologist
__ is a type of vesicle transport that could be described as "cellular drinking."
pinocytosis
Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a(n)
plantar flexion
Athletes usually experience muscle fatigue less quickly than nonathlets because they
produce less lactic acid
A partly specialized cell that is the daughter of a stem cell is a __ cell.
progenitor
Apoptosis is also known as
programmed cell death
Moving a part backward is called
retraction
In a child, a vitamin D deficiency results in __, whereas in an adult the same deficiency results in __.
rickets; osteomalacia
An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a __ section.
sagittal
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the
sarcomere organization
Muscle fibers are basically a collection of
sarcomeres
Acne is a disorder of the
sebaceous glands
A synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid
Epithelial tissue function is
secretion, absorption, and protection
The defining characteristic of a stem cell is
self-renewal
The coracohumeral ligament is associated with the
shoulder joint
The process by which a cell receives and responds to incoming messages is called __ transduction.
signal
A(n) __ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part.
simple
The inner linings of most organs of the digestive system are composed of
simple columnar epithelial
The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is
simple squamous epithelium
Blood cells are produced in the organs of the __ system.
skeletal
Striations but not intercalated discs are seen in __ muscle tissue.
skeletal
Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are
skeletal muscle cells only
"Cutaneous membrane" refers to
skin
Cutaneous membrane is synonymous with
skin
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing
skin cancer
An autograft covers an injured area of skin with
skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body
The human integumentary system includes
skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands
In a cell, lipids are synthesized in the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The type of muscle cell that lacks transverse tubules, has a single nucleus, and is under involuntary control is
smooth muscle
Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect
smooth muscle contraction
Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are
smooth muscle fibers
The type of muscle tissue in blood vessels is
smooth muscle tissue
Involuntary muscles tissues are
smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue
As a person ages, the skin typically becomes
spotted with patches of pigment
The xiphoid process is part of the
sternum
Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the
stomach and intestine
The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the
stratum basale
In areas of the skin where epidermis is thin, the ___ may be absent.
stratum lucidum
The combining of a series of twitches to produce a more forceful contraction is called
summation
The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is
superficial
A burn affecting only the epidermis is a
superficial partial-thickness burn
The thoracic cavity lies __ the abdominopelvic cavity.
superior to
In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the
surface area of the burn
The two pubic bones are connected at a joint called the pubic
symphysis
The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies is a
symphysis that is amphiarthrotic
The functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is a:
synapse
Types of fibrous joints include
syndesmosis, suture, and gomphosis joints
A shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue that forms the inner layer of the joint capsule is the __ membrane.
synovial
Most joints of the skeletal system are
synovial
The structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are
telomeres
Homeostasis is the
tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment
The zygomatic bone is located in
the axial skeleton
If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,
the cell will swell and may eventually burst
Classifying joints as synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, or diarthrotic represents.
the degree of movement possible at the joint
If a person typically has 24 ribs, what is the explanation behind 7 pairs of true ribs, 5 pairs of false ribs and 2 pairs of floating ribs.
the floating ribs are types of false ribs
Oxygen debt in muscles may develop because of
the inability of respiratory and circulatory systems to supply enough oxygen to skeletal muscles when used strenuously for a minute or two
Skeletal muscles help maintain body temperature in that
the more active they are, the more heat is released
The first event in muscle fiber contraction is that
the muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules
The three major parts of a cell are
the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because
the number of sweat glands diminishes
Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that fingerprints were obtained from the back of a watch. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, so as not to be a match for the fingerpads on the watch. Thy are wrong because
the prints arise from friction ridges of the dermis, which are not destroyed
The functional unit of muscle contraction is
the sarcomere
The appendicular skeleton includes
the upper and lower limbs
When a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse
there is a reduction in capillary networks, the size of actin and myosin filaments decreases, the muscle gets smaller
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,
they die
Exercise __ and __ bones.
thickens; strengthens
Which part of the vertebral column contains the most bones?
thoracic
The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is
transitional
A cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is termed
transverse (up/down; saggital is left and right, coronol is down the middle from the top)
The two types of genes that, when abnormal, cause cancer are
tumor suppressors and oncogenes
An organ consists of
two or more tissues grouped together that function together
The membrane on the surface of a lung is called the
visceral pleura
Skin cells play an important role in producing
vitamin D
The most abundant substance in the human body is
water
Osmosis is the movement of
water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside,
water will leave the cell by osmosis