Final Exam MC Questions

When being diagnosed with an illness or disease, everyone's coping mechanisms vary and sometimes quite extremely. Choosing from the answers below, which one most extremely impacts the reaction? A. Obesity B. School/Studies C. Immediate family and friends D. Work

C. Immediate family and friends

Socialization via rites of passage: A. Occurs at the beginning of the life cycle B. Occurs at the end of the life cycle C. Occurs at most stages of the life cycle D. Does not occur in the life cycle

C. Occurs at most stages of the life cycle

Americans value more _______ while Japanese value more ______ A. Platonic love; romantic love B. Romantic love; friendships C. Friendships; platonic love D. Romantic love; platonic love

B. Romantic love; friendships

What adult attachment style tends to have low intimacy in their relationships? A. Secure B. Low avoidance and anxiety C. High avoidance D. High anxiety

C. High avoidance

Language development is similar across cultures as all infants are born with the ability to produce the same range of sounds, at about what age do infants enter the one-word utterances stage of language development? A. 12 months B. 5-6 months C. 18 months D. 24 months

A. 12 months

What characterizes the anxious-avoidant attachment style? A. Protests separation from parent, smiles when parent is present B. Infants stay calm when their mother leaves, accept the stranger, and ignore/avoid their mother when she returns C. Infant is uncertain whether parent will protect/provide safety in stressful circumstance D. Infant has no consistent way of dealing with the stress

B. Infants stay calm when their mother leaves, accept the stranger, and ignore/avoid their mother when she returns

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model refers to the attitudes of a culture? A. Chronosystem B. Macrosystem C. the individual D. Mesosystem

B. Macrosystem

One of the most exhaustive studies on gender stereotypes was done by: A. Williams and Best B. Almond and Elklund C. Corgan and Iha D. Curtis and Hook

A. Williams and Best

In what stage of Erikson's Life Stages do we experience intimacy versus isolation? A. early and middle adulthood B. childhood C. adolescence D. late adulthood

A. early and middle adulthood

What did Noam Chomsky propose in regard to Language Acquisition? A. Parents using child-directed speech aid in the development of the child's ability to speak and understand language. B. Children learn language by associating words with meanings. C. People are born with the biological ability to acquire language. D. Language is acquired through a process of imitation of the people around them.

C. People are born with the biological ability to acquire language.

In Hindu culture, when the husband dies some women will choose to partake in a sacre practice called? A. Lahira B. Menarche C. Sati D. Koro

C. Sati

The primary microsystem of adolescents is: A. peers B. school C. family D. siblings

C. family

All the following are descriptions of a universalist perspective except: A. Cross-culturally different beliefs emerge b/c of exposure to different aspects of the world/different teachings vs. different cognitive processes B. Higher order processes of reasoning are based on the formal rules of logic (a proposition cannot be both true and false) C. Everyone has the same basic cognitive processes D. Reasoning is not separate from what is reasoned about

D. Reasoning is not separate from what is reasoned about

What is a culture-bound syndrome? A. Ability to diagnose and treat and illness only through the beliefs and traditions of a culture B. Symptoms that influence the wellbeing and ill health of an individual C. The psychological experience and the social expression of a disease in a culture D. Recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category

D. Recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category

Which of the following is not a stage in Rites of Passage rituals? A. Separation B. Degradation C. Acceptance D. Reinforcement

D. Reinforcement

What psychological disease is commonly found in Korean culture? A. Susto B. Koro C. Taijin-kyofu-sho syndrome D. Shin-byung

D. Shin-byung

If a couple in an intercultural marriage adjusts to the other's culture by incorporating elements of both cultures at the same time, this strategy is referred to as: A. Alternative Adjustment B. One-Way Adjustment C. Creative Adjustment D. Simultaneous Adjustment

D. Simultaneous Adjustment

What is the difference between an independent and an interdependent self-construct? A. An independent self-construct focuses on internal abilities while an interdependent self-construct focuses on relationships and social responsibilities. B. An interdependent self-construct focuses on internal abilities while an independent self-construct focuses on relationships and social responsibilities. C. An independent self-construct is only used by individuals that are a part of an individualistic culture whereas an interdependent self-construct is only used by individuals in a collectivist culture. D. An interdependent self-construct is only used by individuals that are a part of an individualistic culture whereas an independent self-construct is only used by individuals in a collectivist culture.

A. An independent self-construct focuses on internal abilities while an interdependent self-construct focuses on relationships and social responsibilities.

Erikson's Theory on Psychosocial Development is composed of eight stages that go through the whole duration of an individual's life. During the first four stages, the infant or child goes through learning positive and negative solutions to their problems. Which of the answers below are the most accurate examples of this? A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Loyalty versus betrayal C. Love versus hate D. Objection versus refusal

A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Code frame switching refers to: A. Bilinguals accessing different cultural systems in their minds when speaking their respective languages B. Immigrant bilinguals tend to affiliate themselves with values and beliefs of culture associated with language currently speaking C. The dual self that emerges depending on which language a person is responding to D. The new memories that emerge with a switch to the mother tongue in therapy

A. Bilinguals accessing different cultural systems in their minds when speaking their respective languages

Maria and Joseph were recently married. Maria is from Ecuador and Joseph is from Ireland. They grew up in different cultural contexts, traditions, and perspectives. When deciding how to integrate these customs into their new life, they decide they want to handle finances in the way Joseph was accustomed to and practice the parenting style Maria is accustomed. This is an example of which intercultural marriage adjustment? A. Compromise/Mixing B. Alternative Adjustment C. Creative Adjustment D. Simultaneous Adjustment

A. Compromise/Mixing

In cross-cultural research, what is a multifaceted construct that reflects the integrity of the research? A. Equivalence B. Methodology C. Construct validity D. Acquiescence

A. Equivalence

Which stage of Piaget has been found that is not achieved in some societies? A. Formal operational B. Sensorimotor C. Concrete Operational D. Preoperational

A. Formal operational

What does the relativist perspective of psychological disorders state? A. Human beings develop ideas, establish behavioral norms, and learn emotional responses according to a set of cultural prescriptions. B. Human beings, despite cultural differences, share a great number of similar features, including attitudes, values, and behavioral responses. C. Symptoms of mental disorders are observable in practically all cultures. D. Symptoms of mental disorders differ greatly across cultures.

A. Human beings develop ideas, establish behavioral norms, and learn emotional responses according to a set of cultural prescriptions.

Universally, Bronfenbrenner's ecological model is effective in almost all cultures. For a young adolescent within an individualistic culture, which system would they would be most influenced by? A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Exosystem D. Chronosystem

A. Microsystem

Are the proportions of each attachment style the same across cultures? A. No, in western cultures anxious-avoidant is more dominant while anxious-resistant is more dominant in non-western cultures B. No, western cultures have the highest securely attached percentage while non-western cultures have the highest percentage in anxious-avoidant C. Yes, anxious-avoidant and anxious-resistant percentages were the same across most cultures D. Yes, all cultures have high levels of secure attachment

A. No, in western cultures anxious-avoidant is more dominant while anxious-resistant is more dominant in non-western cultures

Children's developmental niche consists of: A. Physical and social settings of daily life, psychology of caretakers, customs of child care B. Social setting of caretakers, psychology of environment, customs of daily life C. Ecological Setting, Psychology of peer group members, Developmental expectations D. Psychology of peer group members, Physical and social settings of daily life, Social setting of caretakers

A. Physical and social settings of daily life, psychology of caretakers, customs of child care

Whose theory states that learning is an active process of construction rather than passive assimilation of information/rote memorization? A. Piaget B. Vygotsky C. Kohlberg D. Erikson

A. Piaget

If a person were to enlist in the military, which of the following types of socialization would be expected to occur? A. Resocialization B. Primary Socialization C. Guided Socialization D. Anticipatory Socialization

A. Resocialization

What is the most common attachment style across cultures? A. Secure B. Anxious-avoidant C. Anxious-resistant D. Disorganized

A. Secure

What characterizes the emic perspective? A. The belief that cultures are unique and must be studied on their own terms B. Compare psychological phenomena across cultures to find out what could be universal in human behavior C. adapting or emulating the values, beliefs, customs, of a foreign culture to study it D. Cultures can be organized along several value dimensions

A. The belief that cultures are unique and must be studied on their own terms

What is linguistic relativism? A. The idea that language influences thought and perception. B. The idea that language determines thought and perception. C. The biological capacity to learn a language. D. The ability to use more than one language in everyday life.

A. The idea that language influences thought and perception.

Which of the following theories provided a framework to understand major development and social changes that a person experiences across their lifespan? A. Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development B. Erickson's Psychosocial Theory C. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development D. Super and Harkness' Developmental Niche

B. Erickson's Psychosocial Theory

What is anticipatory socialization? A. The process by which non-group members adopt the values, attitudes, and social behaviors of groups they want to join in order to facilitate competent interactions B. The process whereby a person is taught new attitudes, values, and behavioral norms that help smoothen the transition when moving from one social role to another C. The lifelong process by which we learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society that are affected by culture in order to function as a productive member of society D. The process that occurs within a highly structured setting, with a designated instructor who teaches a variety of topics using textbooks and assignments to gauge learning

A. The process by which non-group members adopt the values, attitudes, and social behaviors of groups they want to join in order to facilitate competent interactions

How does globalization influence the development of social identity? A. The world is more culturally diverse, causing adolescents to have an added multicultural identity. B. Culture is so deeply rooted in social identity that a more culturally diverse world does not influence development in adolescents. C. The globalization of values, beliefs and practices makes it easier for researchers to study the development of social identity in adolescents because there are more similarities between people, no matter what culture they belong to.

A. The world is more culturally diverse, causing adolescents to have an added multicultural identity.

What is the difference between a disease and an illness behavior? A. A disease is a psychological experience and the social expression of disease, illness behavior is a biological process B. A disease is a biological process, illness behavior is a psychological experience and the social expression of disease C. A disease is chronic and illness behavior is temporary D. A disease requires medication and illness behavior requires therapy

B. A disease is a biological process, illness behavior is a psychological experience and the social expression of disease

Which of the following statements applies to Anticipatory Socialization? A. It happens before the age of five and is carried out by immediate family. B. A person adopts attitudes of a group they want to join to increase chances of acceptance into that group. C. A person learns new customs and social norms after moving to a new country as a form of adaptation. D. It is considered a bidirectional approach in which children actively participate in their own socialization.

B. A person adopts attitudes of a group they want to join to increase chances of acceptance into that group.

In the strange situation experiment, infants who stay calm when their mother leaves, accept the stranger, and ignore and avoid their mother when she returns may be classified as having which of the following attachment styles? A. Anxious-resistant B. Anxious-avoidant C. Secure attachment D. Disorganized

B. Anxious-avoidant

Universalists.... A. Usually study phenomena within a single cultural group B. Believe that cultures can be compared C. Believe that psychological processes are culture specific D. Reject comparisons across cultures

B. Believe that cultures can be compared

4. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral development: Interpersonal concordance, being good is whatever pleases others. The child adopts a conformist attitude to morality. Right and wrong are determined by majority. Which stage does this comes under? A. Post-Conventional B. Conventional C. Pre-conventional D. Operational

B. Conventional

How does gender and the treatment of men and women differ across cultures? A. Gender is a universal concept which distinguishes between the male and the female, and how their biological differences cause social/cultural differences as well. B. Depending on cultural values, men and women generally have distinct roles in society (women= caregiver, man= worker of the family), but as the world advances, gender roles are changing and becoming more interchangeable. C. In feminine societies, females have more freedom to do what they want, whereas masculine societies are male dominated, causing more oppression of females.

B. Depending on cultural values, men and women generally have distinct roles in society (women= caregiver, man= worker of the family), but as the world advances, gender roles are changing and becoming more interchangeable.

The symptoms of the culture specific illness "nervios" that occurs among children in South America are: A. Hyperactivity, mood swings, insomnia B. Depression, anger, melancholy C. Fear, anger, loss of appetite D. Sleep Paralysis, angst, sadness

B. Depression, anger, melancholy

Corsaro and Eder (1990) refer to the expanding, complex and multifaceted relationships of children as: A. Social Relationships B. Peer Culture C. Peer Ecosystem D. Social Participation

B. Peer Culture

Kyle is 22 years old and is attempting to learn Italian after exclusively speaking English all his life. After a year of intense learning, he feels quite proficient and decides to travel to Italy for 2 weeks and only speak Italian while there. During his time, he understands and can respond but finds difficulty responding quickly because he translates what he wants to say from English to Italian before answering. Kyle is an example of what type of bilingual? A. Compound B. Subordinate C. Coordinate D. Passive

B. Subordinate

What is cross-cultural psychology? A. Describing and explaining cultures shared beliefs, values, attitudes, behaviors, symbols, and ways of thinking characteristic B. The comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology C. The similarities and differences in developmental processes and behaviors between cultures D. Evaluating people from different cultures based on the standards of one's own culture

B. The comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology

Distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach to studying culture, and the focus of each: A. The emic approach compares two distinct cultures, while the etic focuses on one culture. B. The emic approach focuses on a single culture by studying it from within the culture, while the etic approach compares several different cultures from outside the 'system' using a universal view. C. The emic approach uses an ethnocentric view while studying other cultures, the etic approach studies a culture with a universal view.

B. The emic approach focuses on a single culture by studying it from within the culture, while the etic approach compares several different cultures from outside the 'system' using a universal view.

How would self-efficacy be described? A. The perception of oneself as a person with desires, preferences, attributes, and abilities B. The general sense of one's ability to master tasks and to direct one's behavior toward a goal C. An individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth D. Actions, behaviors or decisions of every person are motivated by self-interest

B. The general sense of one's ability to master tasks and to direct one's behavior toward a goal

The term "senescence" may be defined as: A. Pre-mature aging caused by poor health B. The process of biological changes associated with normal aging C. A disease which occurs during later adulthood D. The phenomenon in which a younger person feels older than they truly are

B. The process of biological changes associated with normal aging

The term "ethnocentrism" refers to which of the following? A. The inability to differentiate between the self and other B. The tendency to evaluate individuals and groups from different cultures according to the standards of one's own culture C. The tendency to be concerned chiefly with one's own personal profit. D. The practice or principle of giving priority to the self over the group.

B. The tendency to evaluate individuals and groups from different cultures according to the standards of one's own culture

The practice of co-sleeping was usual in the USA until about: A. shortly after the beginning of the 21st century B. shortly after the beginning of the 20th century C. around 1980 D. around 1960

B. shortly after the beginning of the 20th century

According to Super and Harkness, which of the following is not a component of the Developmental Niche? A. The psychology of the child's caretaker. B. A child's physical and social settings C. A child's interactions with their Exosystem. D. Customs of child care and child-rearing.

C. A child's interactions with their Exosystem.

Regarding socialization, which term correctly defines the situation when a non-group member of a certain society adopts the values, attitudes, and social behaviors of a different culture/group they wish to join? A. Primary Socialization B. Resocialization C. Anticipatory Socialization D. Assimilation

C. Anticipatory Socialization

Which of the following statements describes an Anxious-Avoidant Attachment style? A. No consistent way of dealing with stress. B. Uncertainty whether parent will protect child in stressful situations. C. Belief that the caregiver will not protect or provide for the child. D. Belief that the caregiver with provide and protect the child.

C. Belief that the caregiver will not protect or provide for the child.

Ashley's family has taken in an exchange student. She continuously judges this students' actions. For example, this student will take a nap after school, and Ashley believes that it would be better for her to go to work like the rest of the 17 year old's in the U.S. This is an example of: A. Universalist B. Relativist C. Ethnocentrism D. Generalizability

C. Ethnocentrism

Maya decided to study abroad for a semester in Madrid. Coming from the United States, she discovered so many differences and realized it might be more difficult trying to grow accustom to Spanish culture. While on the phone with her mom, she complained "Mom, I can't believe they don't eat dinner until 10 pm! That's just not normal in the States!" Maya's statement is an example of which of the following: A. Stereotyping B. Acculturation C. Ethnocentrism D. Assimilation

C. Ethnocentrism

When interpreting cross-cultural differences in the adult work environment, which of Hofstede's five cultural dimensions best describes cultures that value interpersonal contact, gender equality, and group decision making in the work-place? A. Cultures with low power distance B. Individualistic societies C. Feminine cultures D. High uncertainty avoidance cultures

C. Feminine cultures

A boy growing up in a polygynous society is likely to: A. Be used to the idea of women having multiple reproductive partners. B. Feel comfortable with more varied and less rigid gender roles. C. Have a feeling of competition and aggression toward other boys. D. Not be used to spend time alone because of the collectivistic nature of the society.

C. Have a feeling of competition and aggression toward other boys.

Based on Ainsworth's (1982) Attachment styles, which attachment style applies to the following passage the most? Ben's parents tell him that when he was an infant he often cried when he was separated from his parents and when he was reunited with his parents he would ignore them for a while but after time would return to them A. Securely attached B. Disoriented or disorganized C. Insecure: Anxious Avoidant D. Insecure: Anxious Resistant

C. Insecure: Anxious Avoidant

Which of these cultures views the self as consisting of two parts? A. China B. India C. Japan D. United States

C. Japan

A person that is a coordinate bilingual would refer to? A. Learning a second language early B. Filtering a second language through native language C. Learning a second language later in life separately D. Mental representation of both languages are fused

C. Learning a second language later in life separately

In Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory, what is an example of the exosystem? A. Laws and customs of one's culture B. Neighborhood playground C. Mass Media D. Family and Friends

C. Mass Media

Family and Preschool is part of what nested system? A. Mesosystem B. Macrosystem C. Microsystem D. Exosystem

C. Microsystem

Which is correct order of the 5 Environmental Systems in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory? A. Macrosystem, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Chronosystem, Exosystem B. Mesosystem, Macrosystem, Microsystem, Chronosystem, Exosystem C. Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem D. Microsystem, Macrosystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Chronosystem

C. Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

A common abnormality associated with fetal alcohol syndrome is: A. An unusually large head B. Enhanced cognitive function C. Neurological impairments D. Increased risk of addiction in the future

C. Neurological impairments

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which of the following is NOT part of a child's mesosystem? A. School B. Daycare C. School Board D. Family

C. School Board

In the process of a child's cognitive development scaffolding is frequently practiced. What is it? A. Matching child's demands with requirements of his/her culture B. Integrate various elements in the child's culturally structured environment C. Temporary support that allows learners to complete tasks they are unable to complete independently D. process of interpreting new experiences/information by incorporating them into existing schemes

C. Temporary support that allows learners to complete tasks they are unable to complete independently

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model of Human Development, which of the five "nested systems" refers to the social settings that impact a child's cognitive development, although the child is not directly involved in such environments. (an example of an environment: a parent's workplace). A. The Microsystem B. The Mesosystem C. The Exosystem D. The Macrosystem E. The Chronosystem

C. The Exosystem

Steve recently immigrated to Spain from Japan. After five years in Spain, Steve has grown to frequently practice Spanish customs while disregarding most of his Japanese customs to fit in. Steve is an example of what type of method of adapting to a new culture? A. Acculturation B. Ethnocentrism C. Accommodation D. Assimilation

D. Assimilation

The act or process of obtaining knowledge, including perceiving, recognizing, reasoning, and judging is the definition of what? A. Language B. Scaffolding C. Adaptive logic D. Cognition

D. Cognition

In the Dialectical Thinking theory, what does the Principle of Contradiction explain? A. Everything is interconnected and in constant change so nothing exists on its own. B. Reality is a process and it is dynamic rather than static. C. To really understand something, you have to look at how it relates to everything else. D. Constant change results in opposites that complete each other to form a whole.

D. Constant change results in opposites that complete each other to form a whole.

Which of these is not a principle of dialectical thinking? A. Change B. Contradiction C. Holism D. Culture

D. Culture

When a parent fails to provide basic security and protection, a child is likely to develop which type of attachment? A. Secure B. Anxious-resistant C. Anxious-avoidant D. Disorganized

D. Disorganized

If someone were to believe that change is constant, thus movement in a particular direction signals a coming change, then they are more likely to be from? A. Northern cultures B. Southern cultures C. Western cultures D. Eastern cultures

D. Eastern cultures

According to studies, which of the following is NOT a factor that is shown to increase attraction in potential romantic partners? A. Similarity B. Physical attractiveness C. Economic status D. Emotionality

D. Emotionality

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, which system most influences and individual, assuming they were born into a collectivistic culture, once he/she enters into the adolescent stage in life? A. Mesosystem B. Macrosystem C. Microsystem D. Exosystem

D. Exosystem

In terms of long-term relationships, what is pathecism? A. Relationship between homosexual partners of different ages and social statuses B. When one woman is married to several men C. When one man is married to several women D. Homosexual partners of similar age who commit themselves to a long-term partnership

D. Homosexual partners of similar age who commit themselves to a long-term partnership

The heritability quotient in twins is: A. 50% B. Very low C. 40-60% D. Moderately high

D. Moderately high

Self-Concept is defined by which of the following statements? A. Perception of one's abilities to direct behavior towards goal completion. B. Perception of one's self-worth or personal value. C. Perception of one's reliance on themselves rather than others. D. Perception of oneself as an individual with specific characteristics and behavioral patterns.

D. Perception of oneself as an individual with specific characteristics and behavioral patterns.

An individual that is learning another language must progress through certain processes of developmental learning. Which is the most effective strategy of learning for a child developing language skills in one or more languages? A. Classical conditioning B. Social learning theory C. Cognitive Information Processing D. Scaffolding

D. Scaffolding

Taijin-kyofu-sho syndrome is described as excessive fear and anxiety of behaving in ways that will offend other people. This syndrome can result in social withdrawal and avoidance. Which of the following groups is most likely to suffering from this syndrome? A. Middle-aged Japanese men. B. Young Chinese men. C. Indian women. D. Young Japanese men.

D. Young Japanese men.