Final Exam Microbiology 2420
A transfer RNA (tRNA) carries
RNA polymerase to the ribosome
. Organism A has 70 moles % G+C, and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?
The two organisms are unrelated
Organism A has 70 moles % G+C, and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?
The two organisms are unrelated
Which of the following statements about the members of the Kingdom Animalia is FALSE?
They undergo photosynthesis
Which of the following is not true about bacterial flagella?
They use cytoplasmic ATP as their primary energy source.
Which of the following statements is a reason for NOT classifying viruses in one of the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) rather than in a fourth separate domain?
Viruses are not composed of cells.
A restriction enzyme is
a protein that catalyzes the cutting of DNA at specific sequences
A restriction enzyme is
a segment of mRNA
A gene is best defined as
a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product
Which of the following microbial groups have peptidoglycan in the cell wall?
bacteria only
A virus that infects bacteria is called
bacteriophage
Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched?
bacteriostatic — kills vegetative bacterial cells
Gene silencing in RNA interference blocks an undesirable product by
binding siRNAs to mRNA transcripts, marking the mRNA for destruction.
After the primary stain has been added but before the decolorizer has been used, gram-positive organisms are stained ________ and gram-negative organisms are stained ________.
blue; blue
After the secondary stain has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________.
blue; pink
The major function(s) of the TCA cycle is(are)
both energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components
A culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms grow, and in which a yellow halo surrounds Staphylococcus aureus colonies, distinguishing S. aureus from other growing species, is best described as
both selective and differential medium
Which of the following is (are) used to define the field of microbiology?
both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size
The breakdown of larger, more complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones with the release and trapping of some energy contained within those molecules is called
catabolism
If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude that they
evolved from a common ancestor.
An operon turned ON in response to the presence of a substrate is called
inducible
One disadvantage of the direct microscopic count method of determining cell numbers is that:
it cannot differentiate between live and dead cells
Mycoplasmas differ from other bacteria in that they
lack a cell wall
Actinomycetes differ from fungi in that actinomycetes
lack a membrane-bounded nucleus
The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that
microorganisms cause disease.
Which of the following organelles evolved from a prokaryotic cell?
mitochondrion
The site on the DNA to which a repressor protein binds is the __________.
operator
Immersion oil is used with some microscope lenses because it has the same __________ as glass.
optical density and refractive index
Borrelia is classified as a spirochete because it
possesses an axial filament
If you were preparing nutrient agar at home and did not have an autoclave, what could you use to sterilize the nutrient agar?
pressure cooker at 121°C for 15 minutes
Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
procaryotes.
Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
prokaryotes
The processes of transcription and translation are coupled in
prokaryotic cells
Which of the following defines an inactive viral segment of nucleic acid inserted into a bacterial chromosome during a lysogenic cycle?
prophage
Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT
smog production
Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription?
tRNA
Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease?
tetanus
Which of the following is (are) considered the light reaction(s) of photosynthesis?
the production of ATP and NADPH
A transfer RNA (tRNA) carries
the proper amino acid to the ribosome
If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy?
the secondary structure of the protein
If regulatory molecules bind to specific enzymes somewhere besides at their active sites, which of the following is true?
the shape of the active sites are changedb. the substrates cannot bind to the enzymes
Biotechnology involves the
use of microorganisms to make antibiotics.
A culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms grow, and in which a yellow halo surrounds Staphylococcus aureus colonies, distinguishing S. aureus from other growing species, is best described as
. both a selective and differential medium.
The major function(s) of the TCA cycle is(are)
. both energy production and provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis of cell components.
A biochemical test, in the microbiology world, is used to determine
. capability of a microbe to perform a specific enzymatic activity.
High amounts of salt or sugar is often added to solution to preserve foods by creating a
. hypertonic environment.
In the Gram-staining procedure, the mordant is
. iodine.
Actinomycetes differ from fungi in that actinomycetes
. lack a membrane-bounded nucleus.
An advantage of cDNA over genomic DNA for cloning genes eukaryotes that are expressible in prokaryotes is that it
. lacks exons.
The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that
. microorganisms cause disease.
Which of the following elements is NOT correctly matched with its cellular function?
. oxygen — cell wall and endospore stabilizer
The outer membrane of Gram negative cells is more permeable than the plasma membrane because
. porin proteins establish holes in the outer membrane.
Borrelia is classified as a spirochete because it
. possesses an axial filament.
The process by which the base sequence of an RNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of a protein is called
. reverse transcription
The pentose phosphate pathway provides
ATP NADPH. four- and five-carbon sugars for amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis. All of these.
Which of the following statements about helminths is FALSE?
All are parasites.
Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE
All are unicellular
What is the purpose of bacterial endospores?
Allow the bacterium to survive extended periods of heat or dryness.
Yeast infections are caused by
Candida albicans
Yeast infections are caused by
Candida albicans.
Which of the following does not occur in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide is reduced
Use the dichotomous key in Table 10.2 to identify a gram-negative cell that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.
Citrobacter
Biotechnology involves the
-use of microorganisms to make antibiotics. - use of viruses to make vaccines. - use of E. coli to produce human growth hormones. -all of the above.
Which of the following is a limitation of the autoclave?
. It cannot be used with heat-labile materials.
Which of the following statements regarding fungi is FALSE?
. Most fungi are pathogenic for humans.
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called
. anabolism
A virus that infects bacteria is called
. bacteriophage
In Figure 14.2, when is the prevalence the highest?
February
Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?
Koch
Which of the following statements regarding the glycolysis pathway is FALSE
One molecule of ATP is expended.
Bacteria and Archaea are similar in which of the following?
considered prokaryotic cells
The pentose phosphate pathway provides
-ATP. -NADPH. -four- and five-carbon sugars for amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis. - All of these.
Certain proteins, known as regulatory proteins,
-Are influenced by small molecules. -Bind to specific DNA sites. - Regulate transcription. - All of the above.
Plasmids are important to the genetics of many bacteria. This is because
-they are inherited from one generation to the next. -they may carry genes that give their host a selective advantage. -they can render bacteria drug-resistant. -All of the above.
Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because
-they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of sporing organisms under conditions in which nonsporing organisms would not survive. -sporing organisms are often dangerous pathogens. -both a and b
Regarding Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is TRUE?
-The possibility of contamination was removed. - Nutrients were provided. - All preexisting microbes in the broth were killed with heat. -Air exchange was allowed. -All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following cannot be infected by viruses?
-algae - bacteria - animals - all of these can be infected by viruses
Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT
-antibiotic resistance. -climatic changes. -new strains of previously known agents. -ease of travel. -The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these.
Which of the following occurs with generalized transduction
-degradation of the host chromosome into randomly sized fragments - packaging of any DNA fragment of the appropriate size - transfer of any bacterial gene to the subsequent host - All of these occur with generalized transduction.
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease
-lifestyle - genetic background - climate - occupation - All of these are predisposing factors of disease.
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?
-lifestyle -genetic background -climate - occupation -All of these are predisposing factors of disease.
Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by
-mutation. -. conjugation. -. transduction. -. transformation. -. All of the answers are correct.
Viruses are classified based on which of the following?
-nucleic acid content. - presence or absence of an envelope. - structure of capsid. - all of the above.
Host specificity of a certain virus is determined by
-reproductive stage of the virus. - presence of surface spores. -receptors found on the host cell. -none of the above.
A biochemical test, in the microbiology world, is used to determine
-staining characteristics. - amino acid sequences of enzymes. -nucleic acid-base composition of DNA sequences. -capability of a microbe to perform a specific enzymatic activity. - All of the answers are correct
If regulatory molecules bind to specific enzymes somewhere besides at their active sites, which of the following is true?
-the shape of the active sites are changed - the substrates cannot bind to the enzymes - noncompetitive inhibition occurs - the reactions that the enzymes catalyze will slow or halt -all of the above are true
Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells?
-the use of DNA for the storage of genetic information - the presence of ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins - the presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm - all of the above
The total number of viable microorganisms remains constant in stationary phase because :
-there is a balance between cell division and cell death - there is a cessation of cell division even though the cells may remain metabolically active - either a or b
The total number of viable microorganisms remains constant in stationary phase because
-there is a balance between cell division and cell death -there is a cessation of cell division even though the cells may remain metabolically active either a or b
You want to determine whether a person has a certain mutant gene. The process involves using restriction enzymes and a heat-stable DNA polymerase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium to amplify many copies of the gene. This process is
. site-directed mutagenesis.
Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?
. the length of time needed for a cell to divide
At 4:00 p.m. a closed flask is inoculated with 1,000 cells. The lag phase lasts 1 hour. At 9:00 p.m. the culture enters stationary phase with a population of 65 million cells. The number of generations that have occurred is
16
In Table 10.1, which features are found in nearly all eukarya?
2, 3, 5 Nucleus, plasma membrane, Mitochondrion
How many nucleotide bases are found in the code for each amino acid?
3
In Table 10.1, which feature(s) is (are) found only in prokaryotes?
4, 6 peptidoglycan, fimbriae
What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens?
450x
A 30X objective and a 20X ocular produce a total magnification of
600X.
At 4:00 p.m. a closed flask is inoculated with 10,000 cells. The lag phase lasts 1 hour. At 9:00 p.m. the culture enters stationary phase with a population of 65 million cells. At what time is the population half maximal?
7:00 p.m
You have a small gene that you wish replicated by PCR. After 3 replication cycles, how many double-stranded DNA molecules do you have?
8
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship
The etiologic agent of the disease in Situation 14.1 is
Coxiella burnetii
An enzyme that unwinds DNA strands so that each strand can be replicated is
DNA Helicase
Which of the following makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template?
DNA Polymerase
If cells are grown in media containing amino acids labeled with radioactive nitrogen (15N), most of the radioactivity will be found in the cells'
DNA and proteins
In Figure 9.2, the enzyme in step 1 is
DNA ligase
Credit for the first vaccine for the prevention of human disease is generally given to
Edward Jenner for the prevention of small pox.
Credit for the first vaccine for the prevention of human disease is generally given to:
Edward Jenner for the prevention of small pox.
Which of the following is the best definition of oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons are passed through a series of carriers to an organic compound.
Which one of the following bacteria does NOT belong with the others?
Escherichia
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Fungal spores are highly resistant to heat and chemical agents
You have isolated a prokaryotic cell. The first step in identification is a(n)
Gram stain
Which of the following is a virus with a narrow host range, infecting human liver cells only?
Hepatitis B
Bacteria accomplish chemotaxis by
Making long, uninterrupted runs when conditions are good.
What is the outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?
Members absorb dissolved organic matter
Which of the following statements regarding fungi is FALSE?
Most fungi are pathogenic for humans.
Which of the following statements regarding protozoa is FALSE
Nearly all protozoa cause disease
Which of the following statements regarding protozoa is FALSE
Nearly all protozoa cause disease.
Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system?
Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains
Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system?
Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains.
You want to determine whether a person has a certain mutant gene. The process involves using restriction enzymes and a heat-stable DNA polymerase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium to amplify many copies of the gene. This process is
PCR
Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
In bacterial cells, ribosomes are packed into the cytoplasmic matrix and also loosely attached to the plasma membrane. What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to
T. aquaticus DNA.
Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE
The patient was infected before hospitalization.
Microorganisms that grow best at temperatures between 45oC and 70oC are called
Thermophiles
All of the following are characteristic of algae EXCEPT which ONE of the following?
They are currently classified as plants.
Which of the following is not true about capsules and slime layers?
They are required for bacteria to grow normally in culture.
Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is FALSE?
They are sensitive to penicillin.
Which of the following statements about archaea is FALSE?
They evolved before bacteria
You have isolated a bacterium that grows in a medium containing only inorganic nutrients. Ammonia is oxidized to a nitrate ion. This bacterium is
a chemoautotroph.
Which of the following is a fomite?
a hypodermic needle
Which of the following is a product of DNA replication?
a new strand of DNA
During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever ≥ 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. Situation 14.1 is an example of
a zoonosis
Which of the following must occur prior to the others in infecting a cell?
absorption
Synthesis of an enzyme coded by a repressible gene is stopped by the
accumulation of product that the enzyme catalyzes the production of
In the TCA cycle, two carbons in the form of __________ are added to oxaloacetate at the start of the cycle.
acetyl-CoA
A nosocomial infection is
acquired during the course of hospitalization
A nosocomial infection is
acquired during the course of hospitalization.
Which of the following form conidiospores?
actinomycetes and related organisms
The energy required to bring the substrates of a reaction together in the correct way to reach the transition state is called
activation energy.
By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration?
active transport
Nutrients can be concentrated from dilute sources by
active transport and group translocation.
The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy is called
active transport.
Which of the following is not a pyrimidine
adenine
Which of the following is not a complementary base pair usually found in DNA molecules?
adenine- uracil
A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasite?
adult
Which step in the Gram stain is the critical step that allows differentiation of gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells?
alcohol-acetone
Which of the following cannot be infected by viruses?
animals
Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota
are present for a relatively short time.
Fimbriae
attach bacteria to various surfaces.
Fimbriae:
attach bacteria to various surfaces.
Organisms that can use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal source of carbon are
autotrophs
A nucleic acid hybridization experiment produced the following results Which figure shows the most closely related organisms?
b
The microbiological term describing a rod shaped bacterial cell is
bacillus
Which of the following organelles evolved from a prokaryotic cell?
cell wall
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
centrosome - brings food into cells
Thiobacillus oxidizes inorganic sulfur compounds and reduces CO2. This bacterium is a
chemoautotroph
Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids, and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called
chemotaxis
Which of the following could be part of a eukaryotic organism, but never a prokaryote?
cilia
A piece of DNA that is self-replicating and is used to carry desired genes into new cells is called a(n)
clone
A population of cells that are genetically identical and may be carrying a desired plasmid is called a(n)
clone
The most commonly encountered bacteria are roughly spherical. The microbiological term describing this shape is
coccus
In Figure 8.3, if compound C reacts with the allosteric site of enzyme A, this would exemplify
competitive inhibition.
Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called __________ media
complex
A culture medium consisting of agar, peptone, and beef heart, which are substances in which the amount of ingredients are unspecified, is a
complex medium
In Figure 10.1, species "c." is most closely related to which of the following
d
Enzymes catalyze a reaction by
decreasing the amount of activation energy needed to drive the reaction
Which of the following is an advantage of the standard plate count?
determines the number of viable cells
In mid-December, a woman with insulin-dependent diabetes who had been on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her right hand. She was placed on penicillin. By the end of January, the ulcer had not healed, and she was referred to a plastic surgeon. On January 30, a swab of the wound was cultured at 35°C on blood agar. On the same day, a smear was made for Gram staining. The Gram stain showed large (10 µm) cells. Brownish, waxy colonies grew on the blood agar. Slide cultures set up on February 1 and incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia. The most likely cause of the infection is a
dimorphic fungus.
Which of the following is the most effective control for malaria?
eliminate Anopheles mosquitoes
An unfavorable reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed is __________.
endergonic
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is also known as
endotoxin.
Which of the following is not found in all viruses?
envelope
The graph in Figure 14.3 shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n)
epidemic level.
The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called
epidemiology.
Which of the following chemical agents is used for sterilization?
ethylene oxide
Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
eukaryotes
Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
eukaryotes.
At this point in time, scientists believe the vast majority of the domain Bacteria have been discovered.
false
Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects.
false
The highest level in the current taxonomic hierarchy is "Kingdom."
false
Which of the following methods is used to preserve food by slowing the metabolic processes of foodborne microbes?
freezing
Ringworm is caused by a(n)
fungus
Which of the following could be used to sterilize plastic Petri plates in a plastic wrapper?
gamma radiation
Which nitrogenous base would only be found in RNA
uracil
A clone is
genetically identical cells derived from a single cell
In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the
genus.
The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the
germ theory
The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the
germ theory.
Gram positive cells
have multiple layers of peptidoglycan that help retain the crystal violet stain.
Which of the following results in lethal damage to nucleic acids?
heat, radiation, and some chemicals
Three weeks after a river rafting trip, three family members experienced symptoms of coughing, fever, and chest pain. During the rafting trip, the family had consumed crayfish that they caught along the river banks. An examination of the patients' sputum revealed helminth eggs, and serum samples were positive for antibodies to Paragonimus. All of the family members recovered following treatment with praziquantel. In the Paragonimus life cycle,
humans are the definitive host and crayfish are the intermediate host.
When a microorganism is placed in a(n) __________ solution, water will enter into the cell and cause it to burst unless something is done to prevent this
hypotonic
In the malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the ________ host, while mosquitoes are the ________ host as well as the vector
intermediate; definitive
In the malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the ________ host, while mosquitoes are the ________ host as well as the vector.
intermediate; definitive
Transformation
involves DNA fragments from lysed cells.
Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission
involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission.
Ethylene oxide
is a sterilizing agent
An advantage of cDNA over genomic DNA for cloning genes eukaryotes that are expressible in prokaryotes is that it
lacks introns
In aerobic conditions, it takes __________ sugar to produce the same amount of ATP when compared to anaerobic conditions.
less
Focal infections initially start out as
local infections
Elements that are required in relatively large amounts by microorganisms are called
macronutrients.
A commensal bacterium
may also be an opportunistic pathogen.
Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of DNA vectors used in gene cloning procedures?
may replicate in several species
Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions?
membrane filtration
Which of the following is NOT a direct method to measure microbial growth
metabolic activity
Genetic change in bacteria can be brought about by
mutation
Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a
nosocomial infection.
Which nitrogenous base would only be found in RNA?
uracil
Which of the following does NOT achieve sterilization?
pasteurization
Which of the following could be part of a eukaryotic organism, but never a prokaryote?
plasma membrane.
Self-replicating DNA vectors used to transmit a gene into an organism can include
plasmids and viruses both a and b
Escherichia coli belongs to the
proteobacteria
The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on
rRNA sequences.
Host specificity of a certain virus is determined by
receptors found on the host cell
The process in which RNA polymerase produces a segment of nucleic acids from the DNA template is called
redundant mutation
In microscopy, the term resolution
refers to the ability to distinguish fine structure and detail in a specimen
Which of the following tends to be more complex in a parasitic helminth than in free-living helminths
reproductive system
Which of the following tends to be more complex in a parasitic helminth than in free-living helminths?
reproductive system
Which of the following defines an inactive viral segment of nucleic acid inserted into a bacterial chromosome during a lysogenic cycle?
retro virus
What enzyme is required to make cDNA from the mRNA?
reverse transcriptase
When a DNA molecule is replicated, the daughter molecules contain one strand of parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA; this is called __________ replication
semiconservative
Bacteria that are shaped like rigid helices are
spirilla.
Bacteria that are shaped like flexible helices are
spirochetes
Competitive inhibition can be overcome by adding excess
substrate
For the inducible lac operon to be turned on, the
substrate (lactose) must be absent
For the inducible lac operon to be turned on, the
substrate must be present and bind the repressor protein
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, when coupled with the exergonic enzymatic breakdown of a high-energy molecule, is called __________ phosphorylation
substrate-level
Competitive inhibition can be overcome by adding excess
substrate.
Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?
the length of time needed for a cell to divide
Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
the presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm
Microorganisms that grow best at temperatures between 45oC and 70oC are called:
thermophiles
The process in which RNA polymerase produces a segment of nucleic acids from the DNA template is called
transcription
The majority of bacterial species on Earth have not been successfully cultivated.
true
If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment?
using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
You have isolated a bacterium that grows in a medium containing an organic substrate and nitrate in the absence of oxygen. The nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas. You can be sure that this bacterium is
using anaerobic respiration
Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?
van Leeuwenhoek
A piece of DNA that is self-replicating and is used to carry desired genes into new cells is called a(n)
vector
A population of cells that are genetically identical and may be carrying a desired plasmid is called a(n)
vector
The smallest genome would most likely be found in a
virus
Self-replicating DNA vectors used to transmit a gene into an organism can include
viruses.