FINAL EXAM (NEW MATERIAL)

Know the benefits of breastfeeding.

Bone development Brain development Weight gain To build a strong immune system It's a quick process

What is the safest way to thaw a frozen turkey?

Bottom shelf

What are the two nutrients of greatest concern in adolescents?

Calcium and Iron

Are infant formula and breast milk exactly the same?

No. Breast milk is better than formula milk but both are benefitical for increase in weight and growth

Raw meats, poultry, and eggs are at risk for contamination with that foodborne pathogen? What about improperly canned goods? Ground beef?

Salmonella

WIC

Women Infant Children

Teratogen

an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo.

GRAS

generally recognized as safe; an FDA label for substances not known to be health hazards.

Bioaccumulation

(of a substance) become concentrated inside the bodies of living things.

Organic

(of food or farming methods) produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents.

What are the indications of an infant's readiness for solids?

-Birth-weight has doubled -Infant can sit with support & control head movement -Tracks movement of food -Infant is 4-6 months old

How are hunger and behavior related?

-Children's have food preferences -Child-size portions -Texture, color

The 4 antioxidant nutrients are:

1. Vitamin A. Vitamin A is found in three main forms: vitamin A1, vitamin A2 and vitamin A3. ... 2. Beta-carotene. Found in many foods that are orange in color, including sweet potatoes, carrots, cantaloupe, squash, apricots, pumpkin and mangos 3. Lutein 4. Lycopene

How are iron deficiency and short attention span related?

Brain is sensitive to low serum concentrations of iron

what are nutrients of concern for adolescents?

Calcium and Iron

What does malnutrition look like?

Low energy Frequent colds (decreased immunity) Dull hair, rough skin, brittle nails

Why does the AAP recommend limiting juice intake in children? How much juice is "allowed" for children up to age 6?

-Children ages 1-6 limit fruit juice to 4-6 ounces -Older children limit fruit juice to no more than 12 ounces

What weight gain do we recommend for a normal-weight pregnant woman over the course of her pregnancy? (Total)

-Increase in brease size is 2lbs -Increase in mother's fluid volume is 4lbs -Placenta is 1.5lbs -Increase in blood supply to the placenta is 4lbs -Amniotic Fluid is 2lbs -Infant at birth is 7lbs Increase in size of uterus and supporting muscles is -2lbs -Mother's fat stores is 7lbs

Know recommendations for managing nausea of pregnancy.

-Rise slowly when waking up -Keep crackers handy -Drink plenty of water -Drink carbonated beverages -Eat small frequent meals -Avoid foods with offensive odors -Chew gum or suck hard cadies

Delaney Clause

1. A clause of the Food Additive Amendment of the U.S. Federal law specifying that no substance that has been found to induce cancer in any animal may be incorporated into food. 2. a 1960 amendment to the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act regulating food additives. It prohibits the use of any food substance found to be carcinogenic in humans or animals. Food products not previously found to be carcinogenic were classified historically as "Generally Regarded As Safe," or GRAS. 3. Food, Drug & Cosmetics Act, prohibiting the use of food additives known to be carcinogenic in experimental animals. See Alar, Ames test, Food & Drug Administration, Risk assessment. 4. made by James Delaney, Congressman from New York] A clause in the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that bans any additive that causes cancer when it is consumed by animals or humans.

By how many kcal does the mother's energy requirement go up during the 2nd trimester? What about during the 3rd trimester?

2nd Trimester consumer 350 more kcalories 3d Trimester consumer 450 more kcalories

What is full term in pregnancy? (what range of weeks is considered normal for full-term?)

40 weeks is an average full term of being pregnant

What is the 5-2-1-0 "rule?"

5 or more fruits and vegetables 2 hours or less recreational screen time 1 hour or more of physical activity 0 sugary drinks, more water & low fat milk

How old is an infant when s/he develops the ability to swallow solid foods?

8 months

How often should a newborn eat each day?

A newborn should eat every 2-3 hours. Or feed 8-12 per day.

small for gestational age

A newborn, whether delivered preterm, term, or postterm, whose weight is less than that of 90% of newborns of the same gestational age at birth (below the 10th percentile) is considered small for gestational age.

Tolerance Level

A tolerance interval is a statistical interval within which, with some confidence level, a specified proportion of a sampled population falls.

Needs of which nutrients goes DOWN as we get older?

As we get older our metabolic rate groes down so we need to eat as much calories but we do need eat more foods with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, beans, fish, low-fat dairy products, and lean meat. However the body needs the same amount of protein, vitamins, and minerals

Know the healthy habits for children and eating!

Begin in the kitchen Make mealtime a priority Be a flexible gatekeeper Send positive food messages Connect food and feelings

What % of the RDA of foods must be met with school lunch? School breakfast?

Breakfast: 1/4 RDA Lunch: 1/3 RDA

Know about hormones in food production

But many animals raised for meat and dairy production are being given additional hormones, natural and synthetic, to speed up the growth process and increase milk production. The USDA and FDA have deemed many hormones safe, such as recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) which is used in meat and dairy production.

Know the division of feeding responsibility.

Choose and prepare the food. Provide regular meals and snacks. Make eating times pleasant.

FDA de minimus rule

De minimis is a Latin expression meaning "about minimal things", normally in the locutions de minimis non curat praetor ("The praetor does not concern himself with trifles") or de minimis non curat lex ("The law does not concern itself with trifles") a legal doctrine by which a court refuses to consider trifling matters.

Does water intake need go up or down? What is true about older people and drinking water / water metabolism?

Drinking a lot of water has benefits. ?? ??

During what trimester of pregnancy would drinking alcohol be the most detrimental?

During the first trimester, the fetus is most susceptible to damage from substances, like alcohol, drugs and certain medicines, and illnesses, like rubella.

True or False: grilled and charred meats may promote cancer development.

FALSE

How are pregnancy terms defined? (A.k.a. what is a "trimester?")

First Trimester is to about 13 weeks Second Trimester is to about 27 weeks Third Trimester to term end: about 37-42

What type of diet is associated with less inflammation of arthritis?

Foods such as: tomatoes. olive oil. green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and collards. nuts like almonds and walnuts. fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines.

How many more kcal are needed for lactation (per day)? How much should come from the diet (vs fat stores)?

For lactation 500 more calories is needed per day ???

What is a "successful pregnancy?"

Gainning extra weight and eating extra calories

What does "decreased motility in gut" mean?

Gastrointestinal

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is caused by a change in how your body responds to the hormone insulin. This hormone helps move glucose out of the blood and into the cells, so your body can use it for energy.

What are the 3 nutrients of main concern when weaning a child to solid foods?

Grapes Popcorn Peanut Butter

Appropriate for gestational age

Graphs are available showing the upper and lower normal limits for different gestational ages from the mid-20s through 42 weeks of gestation. An appropriate for gestational age full-term infant is heavier than 2500 grams (about 5.5 lbs.) and lighter than about 4000 grams (about 8.75 lbs.).

How does growth happen in children? Is it linear? What happens first?

Growth happen random growth spurt. Hunger and food intake increase. Body fat increase. Height gain and Body fat loss. Hunger and food intake decease. Sequence repeats at next growth spurt.

HACCP

HACCP is a management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of the finished product.

What is HACCP used for?

HACCP stands for - Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point that includes a series of procedures to control the process and sensitive points in the food chain, with the ultimate goal of consumer foods used in the state and in a way that is safe for his health.

What is likely to be true of the future for women who have gestational diabetes?

High Blood Glucose levels

What is the main benefit of breastfeeding over formula feeding? (It's not convenience)

IT'S QUICKER

Listeria Monocytogenes

Is an illness caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes that is acquired by eating contaminated food

Are food cravings during pregnancy a chemical need for a food or beverage?

It's a hormonal changes, not by a chemical need for any particular food or beverage

Should parents punish toddlers for refusing to try a new food?

NO

Do kids like their food groups to TOUCH each other?

NO!!!

Is dessert a good reward for behavior?

NO. NEVER BRIBE YOUR KID(S)

Do older people get enough calcium?

No and they should becasue Calcium help to maintain bone strength and keep bones healthy

Are breastfed infants at greater risk of hospitalization than formula-fed infants?

No breastfed infants are less at risk of hospitalization than formula-fed infants because they build an immune system aka their own antibodies from their mother's own produce milk.

Do mother's and baby's blood MIX during pregnancy?

No, The mother's blood runs alongside the placenta, and the nutrients needed by the baby are absorbed and transferred to him/her because a membrane separates baby's blood and mother's blood.

Which nutrients (2) do dietitians recommend supplementing during pregnancy? Which of these is the most difficult to meet with diet? Why?

Pregnant women need more iron

Which 2 nutrients are needed for a pregnant woman because they are involved in cell synthesis (aka proliferation)?

Pregnant women need to consumer more iron, folate, calcium, vitamin D, or protein

Why do children need breakfast?

School attendance School performance Overall development

Why is it best to use glass or ceramic containers when heating food in a microwave?

So you don't blow up the microwave

Why should infants avoid honey?

The have spores in the honey that babies can properly digest because they haven't develop the right enzymes to break them down yet

Which hormone stimulates milk production? Which one stimulates milk release?

The hormone prolactin stimulates breast milk production. Prolactin is released from the anterior pituitary gland and the production of prolactin is stimulated by dopamine, oxytocin and thyroid releasing hormone.

What is meant by the term "gatekeeper?" Who plays this role in the home?

The term gatekeeper is an attendant at a gate who is employed to control who goes through it. or a person or thing that controls access to something

When are low-risk mothers screened for gestational diabetes?

This screening is done around the 24-28 week of being pregnant

UHT

Ultra Heat Treated: (of milk) treated at a very high temperature to retard spoilage

How much juice is recommended daily for a child under the age of 6? Over the age of 6?

Under the age of 6 kids get less than 1 cup. Over the age of 6 kids get more than 1 cup

How long was Michael Jordan breastfed for?

Until he was 4

What is "viability?"

Viablitly is the ability to work successfully.

Why do we feed infants one food at a time?

We feed infants one food at a time to determine if they will get an allergic reaction from that food

What are the nutrition-related physiological changes associated with aging?

When a person does not get enough protein, vitamins and minerals ???

Know about calcium in pregnancy.

Women ages 19-50 need 1,000 milligrams per day before, during, and after their pregnancy. Women ages 18 and younger need 1,300 milligrams per day before, during, and after their pregnancy.

During what period of time should a woman take folate supplements in order to prevent birth defects?

Women who are trying to get pregnant should 400 micrograms of folic several months before trying to concieve and then continue taking it for the first three months

What kinds of mothers should bottle feed? (Think about diseases or conditions in which a mother's milk might not be appropriate for the baby.)

Women who consume to much alcohol ????

Do we recommend limiting fat and cholesterol for children under the age of 2?

Yes. Limiting fat and cholesterol for children under the age of 22 will help them make better/ healthier food choices

preeclampsia

a condition in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, sometimes with fluid retention and proteinuria.

Oxytocin

a hormone released by the pituitarya hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts. gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.

Prolactin

a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production after childbirth.

Bovine Growth Hormone

a natural hormone in cattle that helps regulate growth and milk production and that may be produced artificially and given to dairy cattle to increase the yield of milk.Also called bovine somatotropin.

Critical Period

a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.

Residue

a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.

Pesticides

a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.

pica

a unit of type size and line length equal to 12 points (about 1/6 inch or 4.2 mm). ???

Total Diet Study

is an ongoing FDA program that monitors levels of about 800 contaminants and nutrients in the average U.S. diet; the number varies slightly from year to year

tidal volume

is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied.

What is the recommended protein intake per kilo for an older adult? Does energy intake go up or down?

protein RDAs recommended consuming 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight

Irradiation

the process or fact of irradiating or being irradiated.