Final Exam Part 2

The antennae chlorophyll molecules are different from the reaction center chlorophyll because they transfer the energy they absorb whereas reaction center chlorophyll actually transfer an electron. True False

T

When carbohydrates are metabolized as cellular fuel, the C-H and C-C bonds of the carbohydrate are oxidized to C=O bonds of carbon dioxide. Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons, but carbon does not become positively charged in the process. Why, then, is this considered oxidation? Electrons in the C=O bonds are higher energy than the electrons in the C-H bonds. C=O bonds in CO2 are double bonds, and C-H bonds are single bonds. The shared electrons in C-O bonds spend less time close to the carbon nucleus than the shared electrons in C-H or C-C bonds. The phosphate groups of ATP are ionized and carbons donate those electrons.

The shared electrons in C-O bonds spend less time close to the carbon nucleus than the shared electrons in C-H or C-C bonds.

Antennae work with reaction centers by providing: energy transfer. electron transfer. fluorescence. H+ transfer. heat loss.

energy transfer.

Which one of the answer choices must be cleaved into monosaccharides before being transported into cells? Select all that apply. fructose maltose lactose sucrose

maltose lactose sucrose

Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the _________ Cytosol mitochondrial matrix Outer mitochondrial membrane inner thylakoid membran

mitochondrial matrix

What feature of double-stranded DNA makes it necessary to have a lagging strand during replication? The hydrogen bonding between bases The stacking of the bases The negative charge on the sugar-phosphate backbone the antiparallel orientation of the strands

the antiparallel orientation of the strands

In which stage of aerobic cellular respiration is the most energy transferred from chemical bonds in the fuel molecule to bonds in other molecules? the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA the electron-transport chain glycolysis the citric acid cycle

the citric acid cycle

Which of the following transformations would yield products with MORE entropy than the starting material? (CORRECTION- THIS SHOULD SAY LESS ENERGY the conversion of a polypeptide to amino acids the conversion of RNA to nucleotides the conversion of monosaccharides to starch the conversion of salt crystals to ions in an aqueous soluti

the conversion of monosaccharides to starch

Energy is required in order to add a nucleotide to the growing strand of DNA during replication. From where does that energy come? DNA polymerase primase the incoming nucleotide helicase DNA ligase

the incoming nucleotide

In plants and algae, which of the answer choices is a by-product of photosynthesis? carbohydrates C6H12O6 H+ O2 CO2

O2

_____ bind to the active site of an enzyme. Allosteric activators Allosteric inhibitors Substrates and some types of inhibitors Some types of activators

Substrates and some types of inhibitors

Which of the outcomes represents the expected genotypes of an F1 generation consisting of 16 individuals from a cross of a true-breeding black (BB) rabbit and a true-breeding white (bb) rabbit? 16 BB, 0 bb, 0 Bb 8 BB, 8 bb, 0 Bb 0 BB, 0 bb, 16 Bb 4 BB, 4 bb, 8 Bb

0 BB, 0 bb, 16 Bb

A true-breeding black rabbit is crossed with a true-breeding white rabbit to produce an F1 generation of 16 individuals. If the black color trait is dominant, which of the outcomes represents the expected phenotype of an F1 generation cross? 0 black rabbits, 16 white rabbits, 0 gray rabbits 5 black rabbits, 4 white rabbits, 7 gray rabbits 16 black rabbits, 0 white rabbits, 0 gray rabbits 9 black rabbits, 3 white rabbits, 3 gray rabbits, and 1 spotted rabbit 0 black rabbits, 0 white rabbits, 16 gray rabbits

16 black rabbits, 0 white rabbits, 0 gray rabbits

Imagine that the phenotype of pea pod color is determined by incomplete dominance where the combination of an allele for yellow seeds and an allele for green seeds yields blue seeds. Therefore, you would expect the F2 generation from an original cross of true-breeding green stock with true-breeding yellow stock to be: 100% blue. 67% blue, 33% yellow. 67% green, 33% yellow. 100% green. 25% yellow, 50% blue, 25% green.

25% yellow, 50% blue, 25% green.

he product of the Calvin cycle is a triose-phosphate sugar that is either exported from the chloroplast or used to regenerate RUBP. How many times must each of the reactions in the Calvin cycle take place in order to complete the synthesis of one 3-carbon triose phosphate sugar molecule? 3 1 2 6

3

Which of the outcomes represents the expected genotypes of an F2 generation consisting of eight individuals from an initial cross of a true-breeding black (BB) rabbit and a true-breeding white (bb) rabbit? 8 progeny: 2 BB, 2 bb, 4 Bb 8 progeny: 4 BB, 4 bb, 0 Bb 8 progeny: 0 BB, 0 bb, 8 Bb 8 progeny: 8 BB, 0 bb, 0 Bb

8 progeny: 2 BB, 2 bb, 4 Bb

Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the mitochondrial membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this drug is to stop ATP synthesis because: the poison prevents electron transfer to O2. the poison prevents electron transfer from NADH to complex I. ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase. the poison prevents proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

ADP is a necessary substrate for the reactions catalyzed by ATP synthase.

What protein forms the contractile ring during cytokinesis in animal cells? kinesin actin DNA polymerase dynein

Actin

Which of the following is true of allosteric inhibitors of an enzyme? Allosteric inhibitors are structurally similar to the normal substrate of an enzyme. Allosteric inhibitors decrease enzyme activity. The effect of allosteric inhibitors can be reduced by adding more substrate. Allosteric inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme. Allosteric inhibitors increase the rate of enzyme activity.

Allosteric inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.

Which of the following molecules has the greatest potential energy? A. ATP B. NADH C. NAD+ D. FAD E. FADH2

B

After light excites the chlorophyll, PHOTOSYSTEM II replenishes its electron from _____, whereas PHOTOSYSTEM I gains its electron from_______. :A.O2, H2O B.H2O, PSII C.CO2, H2O D.O2, CO2

B.H2O, PSII

From where does the O2 , that is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, originally come from ? from the Calvin cycle from the breakdown of carbohydrates from the breakdown of H2O from the reduction of CO2

Breakdown of H2O

At the end of the citric acid cycle, which molecule(s) contains the energy held by the glucose molecule? A. ATP B. Acetyl CoA C. NADH and FADH2 D. A and C only E. All of the above

C

Which of the following does not occur in the Calvin Cycle? A. Oxidation of NADPH B. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP C. Reduction of O 2 to H 2 O D. Synthesis of triose phosphate E. Utilization of CO2

C. Reduction of O 2 to H 2 O

Each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle carries two of the carbon atoms from the original starting glucose molecule. These carbon atoms will ultimately leave the citric acid cycle as carbon atoms in: FADH2 ATP oxaloacetate NADH CO2

CO2

Which molecule has the LEAST potential energy? Glucose--carbohydrate (C6H12O6) Glycine—amino acid (C2H5NO2) Palmitic acid (fatty acid) CH3(CH2)16COOH CO2

CO2

Enzymes lower the free energy of a reaction True False

F

The enzyme responsible for proofreading a growing DNA strand and for replacing mismatched nucleotides is DNA polymerase. DNA ligase. helicase. topoisomerase II. DNA replicase

DNA polymerase.

Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is TRUE? A. RubisCO is the CO2 fixing enzyme for this process. B. The reactions occur in the chloroplast stroma C.The ATP and NADPH required are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis. D.This process is the primary source of reduced, carbon-containing compounds for nearly all living organisms. E. All of the above are true.

E

n Cellular respiration, the energy formed comes from: A. The complete oxidation of glucose. B. Reduction of O2. C. Substrate level phosphorylation. D. Oxidative phosphorylation. E. All of the above.

E

Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is TRUE? A.RubisCO is the CO2 fixing enzyme for this process. B. The reactions occur in the chloroplast stroma C. The ATP and NADPH required are produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis. D.This process is the primary source of reduced, carbon-containing compounds for all living organisms. E.All of the above are true.

E.All of the above are true.

Interphase is typically the shorter of the two stages of the cell cycle. false true

F

Meiosis is thought to have appeared early in evolution because most eukaryotes perform meiosis and the steps of meiosis are the same in all eukaryotes. true false

T

Which of the following is true about exergonic reactions? The products of these reactions have more free energy than the reactants. Energy is released from the reactants. There is a positive ΔG. None of the above are true.

Energy is released from the reactants.

During a chemical reaction, atoms of hydrogen can be transformed into carbon atoms by the addition of protons to the nucleus. true false

False

In Mendel's experiments, his parental pea plants are referred to as the F1 generation, and their progeny are referred to as the P1 generation. false true

False

Spontaneous mutations that occur in somatic cells will be transmitted to offspring. false true

False

A human cell with a total of 23 chromosomes is: polyploid. aneuploid. diploid. haploid.

Haploid

Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because: It links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle. It is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation. It eliminates pyruvate from the cell. It transfers large numbers of electrons to electron carriers It generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.

It links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.

If the concept of blending inheritance were true, would variation increase or decrease over time? It would stay the same It would increase It would decrease.

It would decrease.

Which one of the following represents the reduced forms of the two major electron carriers for respiration? NAD+ and FAD NAD+ and FADH2 NADH and FAD NADH and FADH2

NADH and FADH2

Which one of the statements best represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? Photosynthesis reverses the biochemical pathways of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration occurs only in animals, and photosynthesis occurs only in plants. Cellular respiration stores energy in organic molecules, whereas photosynthesis releases it. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, whereas cellular respiration releases it. Photosynthesis occurs only during the day, and cellular respiration occurs only at night.

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, whereas cellular respiration releases it.

The Calvin cycle includes 15 enzymes, most of which are involved in: starch synthesis. reduction. RuBP carboxylation. ATP synthesis. RuBP regeneration.

RuBP regeneration.

The ability to perceive a bitter taste from certain chemicals, including PTC, has been linked to certain alleles. Which of the answer choices would provide an explanation for the fact that almost all nonhuman primates have the "taster" phenotype, whereas the human population has a significant percentage of "nontaster" phenotypes? The advantage to being able to taste bitter compounds would keep you from eating poisonous compounds, an advantage no longer as strongly selected for in the human population. Because humans disliked the ability to taste bitter compounds, the mutation happened. The only foods that were available for nonhuman primates were not bitter, so the phenotype of tasting bitter compounds was not selected against. The advantage to not being able to taste bitter compounds means that humans are more likely to eat vegetables and hence live longer than nonhuman primates

The advantage to being able to taste bitter compounds would keep you from eating poisonous compounds, an advantage no longer as strongly selected for in the human population.

Paramecium is a single-cell eukaryotic organism that can reproduce by mitotic cell division. Prior to the M phase of the cell cycle, which of the events must occur? Sister chromatids must be separated. The cell must first be fertilized. The nucleus must divide. The nuclear envelope must disintegrate. The cell must replicate its chromosomes.

The cell must replicate its chromosomes.

Why are telomeres a necessary component of linear chromosomes? None of the answer options is correct. They direct where DNA synthesis will begin. They fix mistakes that are made during DNA replication. They maintain the length of a chromosome because DNA is shortened every time it is replicated. They direct where DNA synthesis will end.

They maintain the length of a chromosome because DNA is shortened every time it is replicated.

A nucleotide substitution typically has less severe consequences than a nucleotide insertion or deletion. false true

True

DNA replication of small circular molecules usually starts at a single origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally, that is, with two replication forks proceeding in opposite directions from the origin of replication. The time required for replication would be longer if replication of such a molecule were unidirectional rather than bidirectional. true false

True

Insertion of one nucleotide into a gene can lead to a frameshift mutation. true false

True

Plant cells have BOTH chloroplasts AND mitochondria. True False

True

In what ways would you characterize the process of fermentation? Select all that apply. a useful process in the production of alcohol a useful process for organisms that were present when there was very little atmospheric oxygen a very useful way of deriving energy without oxygen, as the amount of ATP generated in fermentation made is high a useful process in the production of cheese and yogurt a useful process for making glucose a limited way of deriving energy without oxygen, as the amount of ATP generated in fermentation is low

a limited way of deriving energy without oxygen, as the amount of ATP generated in fermentation is low a useful process in the production of cheese and yogurt useful process for organisms that were present when there was very little atmospheric oxygen a useful process in the production of alcohol

Electrons removed from H2O molecules are transported through the photosystems and photosynthetic electron transport chain and are ultimately used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. At what point do the electrons have the greatest amount of potential energy? just after being removed from the H2O molecule when they are transferred to the cytochrome complex of the electron transport chain after capturing photon energy in the reaction center of photosystem I when they are associated with NADPH after capturing photon energy in the reaction center of photosystem II

after capturing photon energy in the reaction center of photosystem I

What is an example of potential energy? light a moving muscle wind an electrochemical gradient heat

an electrochemical gradient

Phenotypes: are always expressed in the same way. only result from gene transcription. can be subject to environmental conditions. always result solely from the actions of a single gene. None of the other answer options is correct.

can be subject to environmental conditions

During what step in meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate? anaphase I metaphase II prophase II anaphase II

anaphase I

Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used: in the glycolysis pathway. as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain. in photosynthesis. in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A. in the citric acid cycle.

as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.

Why does meiosis result in more genetic variation than can be explained by mutation alone? Select all that apply. because of crossing over between homologs during prophase I because of the random alignment of maternal and paternal homologs during metaphase of meiosis I because not all the DNA gets replicated during S phase because of the segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase of meiosis II

because of crossing over between homologs during prophase I because of the random alignment of maternal and paternal homologs during metaphase of meiosis I

An organism that carries out cellular respiration in its mitochondria: could be a cell from a terrestrial (land) plant. None of these choices is correct. could be any kind of cell. could be a prokaryotic cell from the domain Archaea. could be a bacterium

could be a cell from a terrestrial (land) plant.

Which of the events could produce new combinations of alleles of genes along a chromosome if crossing over happened during prophase I of meiosis? either kind of crossing over could produce new combinations of alleles crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes crossing over between sister chromatids

crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

Synthesis of a protein is an example of a chemical reaction that is: exergonic and catabolic. endergonic and catabolic. endergonic and anabolic. exergonic and anabolic. explosive.

endergonic and anabolic.

Of the molecules, which has the greatest chemical potential energy? alanine water glucose carbon dioxide sodium chloride

glucose

The pH in the stroma of the chloroplast should be _____ compared with the thylakoid lumen, due to the _____ concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen. lower; higher higher; lower higher; higher lower; lower

higher; higher

A recessive trait is expressed when the genotype is: homozygous or heterozygous. heterozygous only. homozygous only

homozygous only

A testcross involves crossing with a(n) _____ individual and is used to determine the _____ of the tested parent. homozygous dominant; phenotype F2 offspring; parental genotype homozygous recessive; genotype homozygous recessive; phenotype homozygous dominant; genotype

homozygous recessive; genotype

Organic molecules store _____ energy in their _____ bonds. kinetic; hydrogen kinetic; ionic potential; ionic potential; covalent kinetic; covalent

potential; covalent

During the action of ATP synthase, the _____ energy of the proton gradient is transformed into _____ energy of the F1subunit, and this is converted into _____ energy of chemical bonds in ATP. kinetic; potential; potential potential; potential; kinetic potential; kinetic; potential potential; kinetic; kinetic kinetic; kinetic; potential

potential; kinetic; potential

The ATP generated by the photosynthetic electron transport chain is used in the _____ phase(s) of the Calvin cycle. carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration carboxylation and regeneration carboxylation and reduction carboxylation reduction and regeneration

reduction and regeneration

What are the functions of an enzyme? Select all that apply. to allow a reaction to be reversible to increase the rate of a specific reaction to lower the activation energy for the reaction to alter the ΔG of a specific reaction to alter the equilibrium of a specific reaction

to increase the rate of a specific reaction to lower the activation energy for the reaction

Why was it important for Mendel to remove the anthers from pea plants in his experiments when crossing two different true-breeding pea plants? to make sure self-fertilization would occur to protect the pea plants from environmental pollen to prevent self-fertilization to stimulate the pea plants to ovulate

to prevent self-fertilization

DNA polymerase requires both a template and a free 3' end to elongate a nucleotide chain. true false

true

Which of the examples are considered catabolism? Select all that apply. Fat cells growing bigger during times of ample nutrition Use of fat (triglyceride) stores as a cellular energy source Synthesis of new DNA copies prior to cell division Hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer) during physical activity A person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet

use of fat (triglyceride) stores as a cellular energy source hydrolysis of glycogen (a glucose polymer) during physical activity a person losing weight on a calorie restriction diet

The term "dominant allele" is shorthand for an allele: that always produces a nonfunctional product. with epistasis that alters the expected F2 ratio of 9:3:3:1. whose presence results in a dominant trait. that always produces a functional p

whose presence results in a dominant trait.