FInal Exam- PSY 211

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Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? Causal claim Association claim Frequency claim Anecdotal claim

Association claim

Which of the following is an association claim? "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time." "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners." "A majority of Americans like dogs."

"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? A pie chart A scatterplot A line graph A bar graph

A bar graph

When conducting an experiment, what is provided by the independent variable? Random assignment Proof of temporal precedence A comparison group You Answered Confirmation of internal validity

A comparison group

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? A difference in the height between the bars The number of bars in the graph The direction of the bars The number of observations that make each bar

A difference in the height between the bars

A Type I error is known as which of the following? A near miss A false negative A missed opportunity A false positive

A false positive

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

Which of the following is true of multiple regression? A. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be statistically significant. B. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables. C. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be included in a regression. D. They can control for all third variables, including those that are not measured

B. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? A. Measuring at least four variables at one time B. Measuring the same variables at two points in time C. Measuring different age groups at two different times D. Manipulating a variable at two points in time

B. Measuring the same variables at two points in time

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? A. Selection effects B. Practice effects C. Demand characteristics D. Design confounds

B. Practice effects

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: Empirical research Applied research Basic research Translational research

Basic research

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings. Reading those magazines is just as good as reading the peer-reviewed journals. Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines. Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate.

Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings.

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Because r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: The present-present bias and the confederate bias Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking

Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

An independent-groups design is also known as a ________.

Between-subjects design

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: Both are trying to inform their readers. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly.

Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles.

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction A. A sports psychologist who examines how mindset ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance B. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure C. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD D. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction

C. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance? A. Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. B. Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. C. Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. D. An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance.

C. Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance.

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? A. The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. B. Their accuracy can usually be determined. C. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. D. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated

C. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made? A. The statistic used to interpret the results B. The graph used to interpret the results C. The fact that the two variables are measured D. The validities that can be established

C. The fact that the two variables are measured

rder effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques? Random assignment Increasing demand characteristics Design confounds Counterbalancing

Counterbalancing

According to the text, when researchers conduct longitudinal research, the type of correlation they are most interested in is which of the following? Autocorrelation Multivariate correlation Cross-lag correlation Cross-sectional correlation

Cross-lag correlation

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effects of childhood abuse on adult functioning. Which of the following scientific sources would NOT be an ideal source? A. A review journal article B. An empirical journal article C. A meta-analysis D. A chapter in an edited book

D. A chapter in an edited book

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.

Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate.

Psychological scientists may choose to publish their work in all of the following EXCEPT: Edited books Popular magazines Scientific journals Full-length books

Popular magazines

In a multiple regression design, ________ is to independent variable as ________ is to dependent variable

Predictor variable, criterion variable

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

a scatterplot

elderly people

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ________.

restriction of range

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? "Have you ever hit your relationship partner?" "When was the last time you texted a friend?" "How often do you eat lunch?" "Why did you choose to be a psychology major?"

"Have you ever hit your relationship partner?"

Which popular press headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? "Vacations are important for life sat., even after correcting for length of vacation." "Cuddling is an important factor in marital satisfaction for men." "Daughters are happier when their mothers are happy working outside the home." "Drinking coffee is associated with greater work productivity."

"Vacations are important for life sat., even after correcting for length of vacation."

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Imagine that Dr. Ewell calculates an ICC for his two raters. Which of the following would be the best value for Dr. Ewell to find? 0.89 0.02 -0.92 1.05

0.89

Which of the following is NOT possible? A measure is neither reliable nor valid. A measure is both valid and reliable. A measure is valid but not reliable A measure is reliable but not valid.

A measure is valid but not reliable

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A manipulated variable A variable's level A constant A measured variable

A measured variable

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. In Dr. Lonsbary's study, which of the following does NOT exist?

A placebo group

Todd is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? A qualitative variable A categorical variable An other-report measure A ratio scale of measurement

A ratio scale of measurement

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast). An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not.

A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

Explain why we do not say that a single study proves a theory or that a single study disproves a theory. Be sure to include the following: weight of the evidence and research as probabilistic

A single study does not prove a theory because although a study today may find support for a theory, a study done tomorrow may not find support for that theory. A single study cannot disprove a theory because the single study may have been poorly conducted. Further, a disconfirming study may mean that the theory may need to be amended or altered, rather than completely dismissed. Rather than rely on just one study, we should look at the weight of the evidence to see what many different studies have found. This also lowers the risk of one study being an outlier (research is probabilistic).

Paul wakes up on Tuesday morning and none of the lights or the appliances in his apartment are working. What theory might explain why this is happening? What could Paul do to test your theory? How is this an example of the theory-data cycle in science

A theory as to why Pauls lights and appliances are not working in his apartment would be the transformer blew and there is a power outage in his entire apartment. To test my theory, Paul could observe other rooms in his building and ask his neighbors if they have power or not. This is an example of the theory-data cycle, because there is a theory that the power is out in Pauls apartment due to a transformer being blown, there are research questions that come from this theory are his neighbors appliances and lights working or not, there is a research design where Paul will ask his neighbors or observe the rooms around him to see if other members of the apartment have electricity or not, this leads to a hypothesis that since Pauls lights and appliances do not work, his neighbors appliances and lights must not work which leads to the data. If the data he collects does not support his theory that a transformer blew, he should redesign his study to have better research questions such as "did I pay my power bill" or revise his research design. If his theory is supported by the data, then he will be able to find a way to fix his power and understand why his appliances and lights do not work.

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: A. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well B. He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads C. He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching D. He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes

A. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

Statistical significance depends on which of the following? A. Sample size and effect size B. Sample size and number of variables analyzed C. Number of outliers and direction of the association D. Direction of the association and strength of the association

A. Sample size and effect size

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? A. Selection effects B. Carryover effects C. Demand characteristics D. Random selection

A. Selection Effects

A. Spurious associations due to subgroups

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald's study to consider? A. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants B. The number of significant findings C. The number of people in the sample D. The use of three measured variabl

A. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: A. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. B. They can affect the strength of an association. C. They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables. D. They can affect the direction of an association.

A. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes

Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? References Introduction Results Abstract

Abstract

Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract Abstract, References, Introduction, Results, Discussion Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References

Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? Undergoing a brain scan Applying a new therapy technique Writing an opinion article about a psychological study Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample. They are more complicated to do. They study every member of the population of interest. They have good internal validity too.

All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? A concrete construct A behavior that is directly observable Physical measurements (e.g., length) An abstract concept

An abstract concept

esearch that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: Empirical research Translational research Applied research Basic research

Applied Research

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months Counted up all the times she was nice in the past Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? Both result in nonrepresentative samples. Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied. Both result in representative samples. Both identify subgroups that need to studied.

Both identify subgroups that need to studied.

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? Both terms mean the same thing. Both have to be determined by a panel of experts. Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest. Both require the use of scatterplots.

Both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest.

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? Both are necessary for predictive validity. Both involve subjective judgments. Both are preferred by psychologists as measures of validity. Both involve judgments based on participants' opinions.

Both involve subjective judgments.

Although not all psychology majors become producers of research, they can still benefit from learning about how research is conducted. Name two benefits of learning how to become a producer of research.

By becoming a producer of research, you can share your findings with the rest of the world that can be beneficial for curing illnesses, increasing a person's happiness, and many other factors. Another reason why becoming a producer of research can be beneficial is while you may not be able to trust other people who produce research, you can trust yourself and will know the limitations and workings of your own study.

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following? Poor reliability Over sampling Self-selection Probability sampling

C. Self-selection

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms Psychotherapy to supplement the drug Comparison group that did not receive the drug Hypothesis

Comparison group that did not receive the drug

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor (also an expert in pathological gambling), who says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems. This provides evidence that Dr. Sheffield's measure has which of the following? Criterion validity Content validity Predictive validity Discriminant validity

Content validity

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to her coauthors to look at and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? Content validity Face validity Discriminant validity Concurrent validity

Content validity

Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? Simple random sample Cluster sample Systematic sample Convenience sample

Convenience sample

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. Discriminant validity Predictive validity Convergent validity Content validity

Convergent validity

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? Content validity Criterion validity Discriminant validity Face validity

Criterion validity

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results would make her happy? Cronbach's alpha = -0.03 Cronbach's alpha = 0.95 Cronbach's alpha = -0.98 Cronbach's alpha = 0.10

Cronbach's alpha = 0.95

Which of the following is an example of basic research? A. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused B. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment C. An educational psychologist who examines how mindset ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance D. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

D. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Oswald draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction, based on her statistical analyses? a. The relationship is not statistically significant. B. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. C. The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. D. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%

D. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? A. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. B. The third variable must be a categorical variable. C. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association D. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.

D. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: A. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs B. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important C. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style D. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

D.He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

Another word for discriminant validity is ________ validity. Divergent Asymmetrical Multiple Convergent

Divergent

Articles that could be considered journalism: Do not require specialized education to read Are hard to access Are typically written by scientists Are typically written for scientists

Do not require specialized education to read

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design? Dr. Jonason's study in which he measured job satisfaction in a group of Chinese factory workers and in a group of American factory workers. Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes. Dr. Stabler's study in which he measured teenagers' experiences with bullying in sixth grade and their aggressive tendencies in 12th grade. Dr. Tutola's study in which he measured men's ability to judge distances and compared those to women's abilities in the same area.

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes.

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) The "not sig." in Dr. Oswald's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. Effect size could not be calculated. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friend

Effect size could not be calculated.

________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. Theorizing Falsifiability Application Empiricism

Empiricism

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT:' A response set Acquiescence Fence sitting Yea-saying

Fence sitting

For the following three terms, create an operational definition for each: stress, personal space, and study skills.

For operational definitions, you need to say how the concept will be measured. For example: Stress is measured by how many stressors you check off on a list of stressful things. Personal space could be measured as how many inches is between your arm and the arm of the nearest person

Write two questions designed to measure liking for peanut butter and jelly sandwiches—one forced-choice and one open-ended.

Forced choice: do you like peanut butter and jelly sandwiches? a. yes, b. no, c. sometimes .Participants have to pick one of the three answers I give them. Open-ended: Explain to me why you do or do not like peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. The participant is given a prompt and can answer how they like

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? Google Scholar is not free to use. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. Google Scholar does not allow you to sort for peer-reviewed articles. Google Scholar does not allow you to search particular fields.

Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

Stronger effect sizes allow for all of the following EXCEPT? You Answered Greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship Greater construct validity Greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another Greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world

Greater construct validity

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is NOT true of Dr. Kline's study? He does not have a dependent variable. He did not manipulate an independent variable. He cannot make a causal statement. He is lacking a control group.

He does not have a dependent variable.

For his research methods class project, Hiro is studying the effect of pet ownership on stress levels. Although a lot of research has been done on dog and cat owners, not much is known about other pets, so Hiro decides to study hamster owners. Which of the following would demonstrate a purposive sampling technique? His participants are all the people who have purchased hamsters at his local pet store in the past year. He asks hamster owners to give him the names of other hamster owners. He is interested in hamster owners and not pet owners in general. He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants.

He recruits his hamster owners by e-mailing members of the National Hamster Owners Association and asking for participants.

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Which of the following could he do to address this concern (answer of previous question)? Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one

Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing

ou and your friends go to see a speaker on campus, Dr. Darian, an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk. His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques? Cluster sampling Convenience sampling Simple random sampling Stratified random sampling

Stratified random sampling

How reliable is the measure of daily stress?

When you are interrogating the external validity of a sample, which is the most important question to ask? How many people are in the population? How many people are in the sample? How were the participants measured? How was the sample collected?

How was the sample collected?

Dr. Katz is interested in studying self-esteem. He is especially curious as to whether people who have higher self-esteem say the words I and me more often than do those who have low self-esteem. He has decided to poll people and ask them how often they say these words during the day. Explain why you would advise him not to use this method and explain what alternative you would propose.

I would not advise Dr. Katz to use this method, because it would be very difficult, if not close to impossible that a person would be able to recall every single time a person used I and me. I and me could also be used without being related to self-esteem. For example, if I say I would like a sandwich, this does not relate to whether I have high or low self-esteem, It just means I am hungry. An alternative I would propose would be to create a survey with questions that are more detailed while regarding self-esteem and ask questions such as: I like my ideas better than the ideas of people around me- completely agree, somewhat agree, somewhat disagree, completely disagree. this is for self-esteem, how to measure other variable.

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? Reliability and validity are the same concept. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?

Independent-groups design

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. havioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. lusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true.

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? Construct reliability Test-retest reliability Internal reliability Interrater reliability

Internal reliability

An independent variable is one that: Has one level Is manipulated Is kept constant Is measured

Is manipulated

A dependent variable is one that: Is manipulated Is kept constant Is measured Has one level

Is measured

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim? Are there subgroups? What is the effect size? Is random assignment affecting the findings? Could outliers be affecting the relationship

Is random assignment affecting the findings?

Which of the following is a benefit to using a wiki to conduct psychological research? The page may not include a comprehensive list of references. The page may include incorrect information. The wiki's coverage of a topic is not always comprehensive. It can be corrected quickly.

It can be corrected quickly.

In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks her participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? It is a leading question. It has a double negative. It is a double-barreled question. It is a forced-choice question.

It is a double-barreled question.

All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: It is less time-consuming for the participants Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions They require fewer participants

It is less time-consuming for the participants

Which of the following is true of interrater reliability? If interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid. It is measured with an ICC. It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained.

It is measured with an ICC.

Which of the following is true of probability sampling? It should be used when external validity is not the goal of the study. It is the best way to obtain a representative sample. It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling. It is the same as random assignment.

It is the best way to obtain a representative sample.

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first? It is written by the journal's editor It appears in PsycINFO It is the shortest section It provides an overview of the article

It provides an overview of the article

Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? It can be done on any computer. It searches research scientists' websites. It is free. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

Margin of error

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: Test-retest paradigm Known-groups paradigm Prediction paradigm Group evaluation paradigm

Known-groups paradigm

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? Matched-groups designs Correlational designs Pretest/posttest designs Posttest-only designs

Matched-groups designs

If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following? Moderation Controlling variables Third variables Mediation

Mediation

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is: A. Moderate B. Multiply determined C. Large D. Categorical

Moderate

Moderator

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable

Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.

Dr. Oishi is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward math and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 middle schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 1,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? Snowball sample Cluster sample Multistage sample Systematic sample

Multistage sample

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? Blood pressure measurements A brain scan made using an fMRI Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream Number of panic attacks a patient reports

Number of panic attacks a patient reports

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Self-report operationalization Observer effects Observer bias A masked study design

Observer bias

Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Dr. Uchida's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following? Emotional well-being is a mediating variable. Dr. Uchida's study was conducted unethically. Dr. Uchida's study was conducted incorrectly. Participant sex is a moderating variable.

Participant sex is a moderating variable.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32. This number gives you information about which of the following? Statistical validity and external validity Statistical significance and effect size Strength and direction of the relationship

Strength and direction of the relationship

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Why would most psychologists have no problem with the ethics of Dr. Ewell's study? His research topic is interesting. Observing children is the only way to collect data about this topic. People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private. Research with children is generally not risky.

People in a public park do not expect their behavior to be private.

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? Combine the two questions into a single question. Give the survey questions to different groups of people. Both b and c control for question order effects. Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. Two of these options control for order effects equally well Combine the two questions into a single question. Give the survey questions to different groups of people.

Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: Cherry-picking evidence Availability heuristic Asking biased questions Present/present bias

Present/present bias

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________. Answers Research Data Questions

Questions

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: Reactivity Faking good Observer bias Interrater reliability

Reactivity

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. If all the students in Dr. Kramer's two classes complete the survey, then Dr. Kramer has done which of the following? Enhanced sampling bias Relied on a census Decreased the external validity of his study Collected too much data

Relied on a census

Observer bias relates mainly to ________ whereas observer effects stem from ________. Outcomes; expectations Validity; reliability Faking good; faking bad Researchers; participants

Researchers; participants

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? The study has been replicated. Science is based on empiricism. Science is probabilistic. The study did not properly define cell phone use.

Science is probabilistic.

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? There are no differences between scientific journals and popular magazines. Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology. Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not. Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly

Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Imagine that you are trying to measure people's stress. Provide an example of measuring stress using a self-report measure, a physiological measure, and a behavioral measure.

Self-report- on a scale from 1-10, how stressed would you rate yourself? You ask the question and they tell you. Physiological measure- hook the person up to a machine that measures their heart-rate. put them in certain situations and watch their level of heart rate lower or rise. Look at biological factors Behavioral measure- observe the person and see if they look to be experiencing stress. For example, you could watch someone during a test. If they have calm posture and look to be content, you can assume they are not stressed. If they look frantic, are shaking, or showing other signs of stress, they are most likely stressed.

A sample is always ________ a population. Smaller than More interesting than More scientific than More expensive to measure than

Smaller than

Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Uchida's hypothesis?

Social support

Faking good is also known as: Acquiescence Fence sitting Socially desirable responding A response set

Socially desirable responding

Explain why socially desirable responding happens. Name one way to decrease the likelihood of its occurrence.

Socially desirable responding happens when people do not want to go against the "right" idea of something. They do not want their opinion to contradict what other people may think and someone may chose a socially desirable response to seem more politically correct or to refrain from judgement. One way to decrease the likelihood of this occurrence would be to inform participants at least once that there is no right or wrong answer to a question and that they will not be judged.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?" Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing

Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others

Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims? Neither strong positive nor strong negative correlations Strong positive correlations AND strong negative correlations Strong positive correlations Strong negative correlations

Strong positive correlations AND strong negative correlations

Which of the following does NOT result in a biased sample? Purposive sample Systematic sample Snowball sample Convenience sample

Systematic sample

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? Interrater reliability Test-retest reliability Construct reliability Internal reliability

Test-retest reliability

Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion The last paragraph of the introduction and the results section The abstract and the Method section The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction

The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample Frequency claims cannot be interrogated. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. Their accuracy can usually be determined.

The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

Stout, Dasgupta, and colleagues wanted to find out why women's outstanding performance on science and math tests in high school and college correlates so weakly with their eventual interest in pursuing careers in those fields. In high school and college, girls increasingly earn math and science grades equal to or better than the grades of their male peers. But when it comes to choosing a career, more men than women decide to pursue math or science careers. The psychologists asked female students studying biology, chemistry, and engineering to take a very tough math test. All the students were greeted by a senior math major who wore a T-shirt displaying Einstein's E = mc2 equation. For some volunteers, the math major was male. For others, the math major was female. This tiny tweak made a difference: Women attempted more questions on the tough math test (comprising 10 questions) when they were greeted by a female math major rather than a male math major. In the study described above, consider the measured variable. Provide both a conceptual definition and an operational definition for it

The conceptual definition is math effort, attraction to math, or math attempt. (Generally, the study was attempting to look at how female students approach math.) The operational definition is the number of math problems the students attempted to solve.

Which of the following is true? People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior People are better able to remember vivid memories. The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.

The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following?

The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? The emotional or neutral word list The length of the distractor task The number of words on the list The number of words remembered

The emotional or neutral word list

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? The number of words remembered The length of the distractor task The emotional or neutral word list The number of words on the list

The emotional or neutral word list

Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the last year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. If Dr. Cyril increased his sample size to 1,000, which of the following would happen? External validity would become less important. The true estimate would increase. Statistical validity would become negatively affected. The margin of error would become smaller.

The margin of error would become smaller

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? The name of an article that researched a similar topic An explanation of the statistical tests used An idea for a future study A list of the measures used in the study

The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? Its cost The number of references The number of pages The number of authors

The number of references

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is a constant in Dr. Kang's study? The length of the distractor task The number of words remembered The emotional or neutral word list The number of words on the list

The number of words on the list

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? The participants The journalist The peer reviewer The researcher

The researcher

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? The sex of the role model The number of researchers The sex of the participants The effort on math problems

The sex of the participants

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

Which of the following is true of moderators? They can inform external validity. They help establish a cause and effect relationship. They weaken statistical significance. They decrease effect size.

They can inform external validity.

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? The study's internal validity The study's construct validity The study's external validity The study's statistical validity

The study's construct validity

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? The study's statistical validity The study's construct validity The study's external validity The study's internal validity

The study's external validity

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? The theory may need to be amended. The theory is completely wrong. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly.

The theory may need to be amended.

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? The time spent solving a math problem The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle)

The time spent solving a math problem

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

The way the sample was selected from the population

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Dr. Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. B. These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. C. These scores may be considered outliers. D. These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables

These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size.

Why are techniques like cluster and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling? They all measure every member of the population of interest. They all rely on large samples. They all use lists of all population members They all contain elements of random selection.

They all contain elements of random selection.

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs? Correct Answer They can only control for third variables that are measured. They can only control for third variables that are measured They cannot establish covariance. They are more expensive to conduct. They take longer to conduct.

They can only control for third variables that are measured

Which of the following is NOT a reason to be skeptical of an authority? They based their opinions on their intuition. They cherry-picked the evidence they presented. They have conducted scientific research on the topic. They based their opinions on their own experience.

They have conducted scientific research on the topic.

Which of the following is NOT true of control variables? They help establish internal validity. They are essential in experimental designs. They are kept the same for all participants. They help define the control group.

They help define the control group.

Research studies are superior to personal experience because: An authority is involved They use confederates They include at least one comparison group They avoid constants

They include at least one comparison group

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. Dr. Kramer plans to give his survey only to his Psychology and Law students because he sees them on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays and he can spare the class time (unlike in his Introduction to Neuroscience class, which only meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays). Which of the following is true? This will lead to a biased sample because the Psychology and Law students have a lot of time to complete the survey. This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience. This will lead to a biased sample because of self-selection. The will lead to a sample that is representative of both of his classes.

This will lead to a biased sample because the type of students who take Psychology and Law may be different from the type of students who take Introduction to Neuroscience.

All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research EXCEPT: To have their results reviewed by other psychologists To get money from the journals where their work appears To share interesting findings To provide evidence for a theory

To get money from the journals where their work appears

Dr. Li is interested in creating a measurement of religiosity. According to the dictionary, religiosity is "the quality of being religious; piety; devoutness." He creates a measure comprising 10 statements. People respond to each statement using the following scale (1 = strongly disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Some of the statements are below. Statement 1: "I believe in a religion." Statement 2: "Part of who I am stems from my religious beliefs." Statement 3: "I believe that religion is unnecessary." Name two types of reliability that apply to Dr. Li's measure and how each one could be established, given the above scenario.

Two types of reliability that apply to Dr. Li's measure are internal reliability and test-retest. We would test internal reliability (but score #3 as reverse) because participants should be answering in the same way. The participants should answer about the same no matter how the question is phrased. Test-retest reliability should be used to make sure answers are consistent. We would give this survey again after an amount of time (e.g., two months) to see if answers are still about the same. Religiosity is a variable that shouldn't change drastically over a short amount of time.

Dr. Fletcher is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when she conducts her survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? Providing a "no opinion" option Using reverse-worded questions Using scales with an even number of response options Using a Likert-type response scale

Using scales with an even number of response options

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's ________. Operational definition Validity Reliability Convenience

Validity

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? The number of glasses of soda consumed in a day The frequency of buying coffee drinks Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study

Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Which of the following is true of a nonrepresentative sample in a research claim? You should automatically accept the claim. You should automatically disregard the claim. You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring. You should ask whether more participants are necessary.

You should ask whether it is relevant to what the researchers are measuring.

Consider two variables: income and relationship satisfaction. Name and describe the three types of associations using these two variables

income and relationship satisfaction. People who make more money are less satisfied with their relationships since they are working more and spend less time with their partner. this is a negative association since income is up and satisfaction with their relationship is going down. the variables are moving away from each other people who make more money have more satisfication in their relationships since they are less worried =. positive association since both variables are going up. variables are helping each other. peoples income is not related to their satisfaction in their relationships- zero association since they are not related

Name and describe the three types of claims, including how someone can distinguish between them.

the three types of claims are frequency claims, causal claims, and association claims. Frequency claims only have one measured variable and an example of this would be 1/34 high school students commit suicide (not an actual statistic). association claims are when there are at least two measured variables in a study, and this needs a greater since of external validity, or can be generalized. causal claims have one measured variable and one manipulated variable. These are not as common as other claims and focus more on the internal validity of the study, or if there are confounds/alternative explanations. The language for these claims usually imply causation more than other types of claims.

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