FInal Exam- PSY 211

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Which popular press headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? "Vacations are important for life sat., even after correcting for length of vacation." "Cuddling is an important factor in marital satisfaction for men." "Daughters are happier when their mothers are happy working outside the home." "Drinking coffee is associated with greater work productivity."

"Vacations are important for life sat., even after correcting for length of vacation."

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? Causal claim Association claim Frequency claim Anecdotal claim

Association claim

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms Psychotherapy to supplement the drug Comparison group that did not receive the drug Hypothesis

Comparison group that did not receive the drug

Which of the following is an association claim? "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time." "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners." "A majority of Americans like dogs."

"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered How many conditions/levels of the independent variable were in Dr. Lonsbary's study?

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? A pie chart A scatterplot A line graph A bar graph

A bar graph

When conducting an experiment, what is provided by the independent variable? Random assignment Proof of temporal precedence A comparison group You Answered Confirmation of internal validity

A comparison group

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? A difference in the height between the bars The number of bars in the graph The direction of the bars The number of observations that make each bar

A difference in the height between the bars

A Type I error is known as which of the following? A near miss A false negative A missed opportunity A false positive

A false positive

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A manipulated variable A variable's level A constant A measured variable

A measured variable

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. In Dr. Lonsbary's study, which of the following does NOT exist?

A placebo group

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT: A. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well B. He will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads C. He will likely need to read research related to enhancing his teaching D. He will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes

A. He will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well

Statistical significance depends on which of the following? A. Sample size and effect size B. Sample size and number of variables analyzed C. Number of outliers and direction of the association D. Direction of the association and strength of the association

A. Sample size and effect size

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? A. Selection effects B. Carryover effects C. Demand characteristics D. Random selection

A. Selection Effects

A. Spurious associations due to subgroups

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Dr. Oswald submits her study for publication in a scientific journal. If one of the peer reviewers is concerned about the external validity of her study, which of the following is the most important aspect of Dr. Oswald's study to consider? A. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants B. The number of significant findings C. The number of people in the sample D. The use of three measured variabl

A. The random sampling technique used to recruit the participants

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: A. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. B. They can affect the strength of an association. C. They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables. D. They can affect the direction of an association.

A. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes

Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? References Introduction Results Abstract

Abstract

Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, Abstract Abstract, References, Introduction, Results, Discussion Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, References

Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research? Undergoing a brain scan Applying a new therapy technique Writing an opinion article about a psychological study Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Administering an anxiety questionnaire

esearch that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as: Empirical research Translational research Applied research Basic research

Applied Research

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months Counted up all the times she was nice in the past Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Which of the following is true of multiple regression? A. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be statistically significant. B. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables. C. There is a limit to the number of predictors that can be included in a regression. D. They can control for all third variables, including those that are not measured

B. Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? A. Measuring at least four variables at one time B. Measuring the same variables at two points in time C. Measuring different age groups at two different times D. Manipulating a variable at two points in time

B. Measuring the same variables at two points in time

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs? A. Selection effects B. Practice effects C. Demand characteristics D. Design confounds

B. Practice effects

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology, like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object, is known as: Empirical research Applied research Basic research Translational research

Basic research

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her? Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings. Reading those magazines is just as good as reading the peer-reviewed journals. Peer-reviewed journals are much easier to read than magazines. Stop reading those articles because they are never accurate.

Be careful about reading those articles because they may not present accurate findings.

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)?

Because r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: The present-present bias and the confederate bias Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking

Being swayed by a good story and being persuaded by what comes easily to mind

An independent-groups design is also known as a ________.

Between-subjects design

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: Both are trying to inform their readers. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly.

Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles.

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research? An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction A. A sports psychologist who examines how mindset ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance B. A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure C. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD D. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction

C. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD

Which of the following is true of the relationship between effect size and statistical significance? A. Effect size and statistical significance are synonymous terms. B. Statistical significance alone is sufficient to indicate effect size. C. Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance. D. An association's effect size has no effect on statistical significance.

C. Larger effect sizes are advantageous for statistical significance.

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims? A. The most important thing to consider is the size of the sample. B. Their accuracy can usually be determined. C. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique. D. Frequency claims cannot be interrogated

C. The chief concern is to evaluate the sampling technique.

Which of the following tells you that an association claim is being made? A. The statistic used to interpret the results B. The graph used to interpret the results C. The fact that the two variables are measured D. The validities that can be established

C. The fact that the two variables are measured

rder effects can be controlled by using which of the following techniques? Random assignment Increasing demand characteristics Design confounds Counterbalancing

Counterbalancing

According to the text, when researchers conduct longitudinal research, the type of correlation they are most interested in is which of the following? Autocorrelation Multivariate correlation Cross-lag correlation Cross-sectional correlation

Cross-lag correlation

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effects of childhood abuse on adult functioning. Which of the following scientific sources would NOT be an ideal source? A. A review journal article B. An empirical journal article C. A meta-analysis D. A chapter in an edited book

D. A chapter in an edited book

Which of the following is an example of basic research? A. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused B. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment C. An educational psychologist who examines how mindset ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance D. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

D. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Oswald draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction, based on her statistical analyses? a. The relationship is not statistically significant. B. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. C. The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. D. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%

D. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? A. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. B. The third variable must be a categorical variable. C. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association D. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.

D. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.

Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the following relate to this requirement EXCEPT: A. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs B. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important C. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style D. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

D.He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies

Articles that could be considered journalism: Do not require specialized education to read Are hard to access Are typically written by scientists Are typically written for scientists

Do not require specialized education to read

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design? Dr. Jonason's study in which he measured job satisfaction in a group of Chinese factory workers and in a group of American factory workers. Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes. Dr. Stabler's study in which he measured teenagers' experiences with bullying in sixth grade and their aggressive tendencies in 12th grade. Dr. Tutola's study in which he measured men's ability to judge distances and compared those to women's abilities in the same area.

Dr. Benson's study in which she measured people's spatial manipulation ability in August and measured their ability again in May after they had taken two semesters of art classes.

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) The "not sig." in Dr. Oswald's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: It is likely that the association between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is from a zero association population. Effect size could not be calculated. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friend

Effect size could not be calculated.

________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory. Theorizing Falsifiability Application Empiricism

Empiricism

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO? Google Scholar is not free to use. Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. Google Scholar does not allow you to sort for peer-reviewed articles. Google Scholar does not allow you to search particular fields.

Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

Stronger effect sizes allow for all of the following EXCEPT? You Answered Greater likelihood of finding a statistically significant relationship Greater construct validity Greater accuracy in predicting one variable as opposed to another Greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world

Greater construct validity

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is NOT true of Dr. Kline's study? He does not have a dependent variable. He did not manipulate an independent variable. He cannot make a causal statement. He is lacking a control group.

He does not have a dependent variable.

ou and your friends go to see a speaker on campus, Dr. Darian, an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk. His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

How reliable is the measure of daily stress?

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories? Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms. Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.

Hypotheses used to determine if a theory is accurate.

Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy (a song titled "Don't Worry, Be Happy"). Group B listened to a five-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Alone Again"). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for five minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to draw a card. Participants who drew a 1, 2, or 3 were assigned to Group A. Participants who drew a 4, 5, or 6, were assigned to Group B. Participants who drew a 7, 8, or 9, were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or five minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 words to remember. When five minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given three minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the following results in response to the number of words remembered. What type of design did Dr. Lonsbary use in her study?

Independent-groups design

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. havioral research requires the calculation of probability estimates. lusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true.

Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

An independent variable is one that: Has one level Is manipulated Is kept constant Is measured

Is manipulated

A dependent variable is one that: Is manipulated Is kept constant Is measured Has one level

Is measured

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask about the statistical validity of an association claim? Are there subgroups? What is the effect size? Is random assignment affecting the findings? Could outliers be affecting the relationship

Is random assignment affecting the findings?

Which of the following is a benefit to using a wiki to conduct psychological research? The page may not include a comprehensive list of references. The page may include incorrect information. The wiki's coverage of a topic is not always comprehensive. It can be corrected quickly.

It can be corrected quickly.

All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: It is less time-consuming for the participants Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions They require fewer participants

It is less time-consuming for the participants

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first? It is written by the journal's editor It appears in PsycINFO It is the shortest section It provides an overview of the article

It provides an overview of the article

Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources? It can be done on any computer. It searches research scientists' websites. It is free. It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects? Matched-groups designs Correlational designs Pretest/posttest designs Posttest-only designs

Matched-groups designs

If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following? Moderation Controlling variables Third variables Mediation

Mediation

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32. According to Cohen's benchmarks, the magnitude of this effect is: A. Moderate B. Multiply determined C. Large D. Categorical

Moderate

Moderator

What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable

Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people.

Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Dr. Uchida's finding that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women suggests which of the following? Emotional well-being is a mediating variable. Dr. Uchida's study was conducted unethically. Dr. Uchida's study was conducted incorrectly. Participant sex is a moderating variable.

Participant sex is a moderating variable.

Psychological scientists may choose to publish their work in all of the following EXCEPT: Edited books Popular magazines Scientific journals Full-length books

Popular magazines

In a multiple regression design, ________ is to independent variable as ________ is to dependent variable

Predictor variable, criterion variable

Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. Two of these options control for order effects equally well Combine the two questions into a single question. Give the survey questions to different groups of people.

Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions.

James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: Cherry-picking evidence Availability heuristic Asking biased questions Present/present bias

Present/present bias

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to ________. Answers Research Data Questions

Questions

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? The study has been replicated. Science is based on empiricism. Science is probabilistic. The study did not properly define cell phone use.

Science is probabilistic.

Which of the following is true of the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines? There are no differences between scientific journals and popular magazines. Scientific journals are published on specific topics; popular magazines are not published on specific topics like psychology. Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not. Scientific journals are published quarterly; popular magazines are published monthly

Scientific journal articles are peer-reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Dr. Uchida is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being goes through another variable, that of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by the 2011 tsunami in Japan to report on how their well-being was affected by the tsunami, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Uchida finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Uchida's hypothesis?

Social support

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?" Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing

Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32. This number gives you information about which of the following? Statistical validity and external validity Statistical significance and effect size Strength and direction of the relationship

Strength and direction of the relationship

Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims? Neither strong positive nor strong negative correlations Strong positive correlations AND strong negative correlations Strong positive correlations Strong negative correlations

Strong positive correlations AND strong negative correlations

Javier wants his lab partner to tell him if he thinks the article he found for their project is appropriate. Rather than have him read the article, which two parts of the paper could Javier have his lab partner read to get a summary of the article? The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion The last paragraph of the introduction and the results section The abstract and the Method section The abstract and the first paragraph of the introduction

The abstract and the first paragraph of the discussion

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .32 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following?

The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? The emotional or neutral word list The length of the distractor task The number of words on the list The number of words remembered

The emotional or neutral word list

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? The number of words remembered The length of the distractor task The emotional or neutral word list The number of words on the list

The emotional or neutral word list

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article? The name of an article that researched a similar topic An explanation of the statistical tests used An idea for a future study A list of the measures used in the study

The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? Its cost The number of references The number of pages The number of authors

The number of references

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? The participants The journalist The peer reviewer The researcher

The researcher

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? The sex of the role model The number of researchers The sex of the participants The effort on math problems

The sex of the participants

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? The study's internal validity The study's construct validity The study's external validity The study's statistical validity

The study's construct validity

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? The study's statistical validity The study's construct validity The study's external validity The study's internal validity

The study's external validity

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? The theory may need to be amended. The theory is completely wrong. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly.

The theory may need to be amended.

When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

The way the sample was selected from the population

Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below are her findings. < Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 ( p = .01) < Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. < Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 ( p = .04) Dr. Oswald creates a scatterplot of the relationship between the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. In doing so, she realizes there are three scores that seem to be very extreme and are nowhere near the other points on the scatterplot. Specifically, it appears that three people report very high levels of daily stress and very low levels of life satisfaction. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. These scores may have strengthened the correlation between these two variables. B. These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size. C. These scores may be considered outliers. D. These scores are more likely to have an effect because they are extreme on both variables

These scores are more likely to have an effect because of the large sample size.

Which of the following is true of moderators? They can inform external validity. They help establish a cause and effect relationship. They weaken statistical significance. They decrease effect size.

They can inform external validity.

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs? Correct Answer They can only control for third variables that are measured. They can only control for third variables that are measured They cannot establish covariance. They are more expensive to conduct. They take longer to conduct.

They can only control for third variables that are measured

Which of the following is NOT a reason to be skeptical of an authority? They based their opinions on their intuition. They cherry-picked the evidence they presented. They have conducted scientific research on the topic. They based their opinions on their own experience.

They have conducted scientific research on the topic.

Which of the following is NOT true of control variables? They help establish internal validity. They are essential in experimental designs. They are kept the same for all participants. They help define the control group.

They help define the control group.

Research studies are superior to personal experience because: An authority is involved They use confederates They include at least one comparison group They avoid constants

They include at least one comparison group

All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research EXCEPT: To have their results reviewed by other psychologists To get money from the journals where their work appears To share interesting findings To provide evidence for a theory

To get money from the journals where their work appears

When examining an association in which one variable is categorical and one is quantitative, which of the following is NOT likely to be used?

a scatterplot

elderly people

If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ________.

FInal Exam- PSY 211

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