Final Exam Review

Role exit

the process by which people disengage from important social roles

Wealth

the total amount of financial assets, minus any debts

Capitalism is an economic system in which

there's private ownership of property

Terms that are used to define family ties include: -kinship, social bond among common ancestors, marriage or adoption. -marriage, which is a legal relationship involving economic cooperation and child bearing. -extended family, which is composed of parents, children or other kin.

All of the above

To impress her friends, Laura wears an expensive designer dress to a party. A sociologist might say that Laura is engaging in

Conspicuous consumption

dramaturgical analysis

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance

Of the four discussed, which is considered the primary (and most important) agent of socialization?

Family

Which of the following statements is not true about religion?

Family has little to no influence on a person's religious affilitaion

Folkways & Mores

Folkways: rules for everyday, casual living. Mores: rules with great moral significance

which of the following statements about urbanization is not true?

Georg Simmel claimed that the blasé urbanites are so interested in each other's lives that there's little privacy or anonymity in cities

which of the following concepts was used by Ferdinand Tonnies to refer to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest, characteristic of large urban areas?

Gesellschaft

Which of the following statements is not true about education?

Historically, the poorest people in every society have been the most likely to go to school, so that they could learn what they needed to know to earn a living

which of the following statements is not true regarding the connection between poverty and health?

In the U.S. there's little difference in life expectancy between the richest and poorest communities

Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person's

economic class, degree of social status and amount of power

What does the "presentation of self" mean?

efforts to create impressions in the minds of others during social interactions

Jean Piget (cognitive development)

focuses on understanding socialization focuses on how people think and understand.

The Rwandan racial tension between the Hutu and the Tutsi existed for generations and finally erupted in a systematic killing of one group by the other. This is an example of _____

genocide

in the study of economics, ____ are defined as tangible commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items, while ____ are defined as intangible activities that benefit people

goods; services

According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has ______.

high social marginality

The "second shift" refers to

how caring for the home and children is considered "women's work" even if the woman works outside the home

which of the four is not a characteristic of secondary groups?

intimate personal interaction.

Ethnocentrism

judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.

formal organizations

large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently

one major reason that schooling is limited in India is that

many poor children must work for income.

which statement is true?

one person's in-group can be another person's out-group

which of the following concepts used by Emile Durkheim to describe the interconnectedness of rural or small town social life built on likeliness and the sharing of similar social patterns?

organic solidarity

which of the following statements about race is true?

over the past decades, an increasing number of people have been willing to define. themselves as multiracial

Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator" showed that

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of "legitimate" authority figures even when those orders go against their personal judgement

Erik Erikson's view of socialization states that

personality develops over the entire life course are defined the same way in all known societies

men and women differ

physically in some ways such as height and weight

A power-elite model of the U.S. political system suggests that

power is concentrated in the hands of a few, the rich.

Stigma

powerful and negative label that greatly change's a person's self concept and social identity

The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious circle means that

prejudice and discrimination produce social disadvantages that reinforce prejudice and discrimination

social stratification is the concept that refers to

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that

relies on culture to ensure survival

The U.S. could be categorized as a

representative democracy

which concept is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician?

role conflict

Turning metals into automobiles is work that falls within the

secondary sector

Thomas Theorem

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

If you were to put together the lesson they learned from the cases of Genie and Isabelle, you'd conclude that

social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality

Society shapes human health because

society's technology affects people's health, bad personal choices people make about their lives, a cultural ideal representing good health and high wealth

a group

sociological concept that refers to people who identify with one another, sometimes based on shared, common status such as "college student"

Which of the following statements is true?

sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society

The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that ________

some cultural elements change more quickly than others

Values

standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good and beautiful.

which of the following statements is true?

subcultures demonstrate cultural patterns that are set apart from a society's population

Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory links deviance to

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

which of the following statements about social mobility is true?

the concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy

social-conflict approach

the environmental racism thesis falls within this theoretical approach as it examines patterns that expose poor people to environmental hazards

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include

the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity

religiosity

the importance of religion in a person's life

Culture

the learned ways of thinking, acting and the material objects that together form on people's way of life

The concept offender refers to

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female

social-conflict approach

the theoretical approach in sociology draws attention to patterns of social inequality

structural functional approach

the theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

U.S. business organizations differ from those a century ago because

today's organizations use more competitive work teams.

in principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to ____

tradition

in which job category are the workers mostly women?

"Pink-Collar" jobs

which of the following statements is not true about deviance?

"primary deviance" refers to the most serious criminal offenses

Factors affecting population are:

-birth and death (fertility and mortality rates) -migration (movement of people)

Which of the following statements is true about U.S. families?

32% of U.S. families with children under 18 only have one parent in the household

If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations, where would you travel?

Africa

Economic resolutions produce social changes such as: A- The Industrial Revolution creating new laws banning child labor and setting minimum wages B-The Information Revolution changing our economic focus from tangible products to ideas and from mechanical skills to literacy skills

Both A and B are true

Which of the following statements is true about demography?

Demography is the study of the size and composition of a society's population

Which of the following is an example of non-material culture?

Humor

Soloman Asch Study

Many people are willing to compromise their own judgement to avoid being seen as different

which of the following four statements is not true?

Migration has little to no effect on the study of population

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

None of. the above

Read the following statements. Which one is true?

Prostitution is widely regarded as a victimless crime

Gerhard Lenski focused on which of the following factors as having great power to shape a society?

Technology

Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?

Ten new employees in an office getting to know one another.

Which of the following statements is true about the economy?

The economy organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services

What does cultural transmission refer to?

The process of passing cultural patterns from one generation to another, primarily through language.

ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Monarchy

a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation

As a social institution, the economy -produces goods and services -guides the compensation of goods and services -distributes goods and services

all 3 responses are correct

Gender is learned through socialization -by the primary agent of socialization, family -by peers and in school -by media

all of the above

Which of the following statements about humor is true?

all of the above

Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today -are less prejudice than students were 50 years ago today -see less difference between minority categories than 50 years ago today -express greater prejudice towards Arabs than blacks

all responses are correct

Minority

any category of people who are set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged

While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.

attitude; action

Gender roles

attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex

role

behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status

a sociological discussion of health and medicine includes

behavioral issues such as cigarette smoking and STDs, cultural issues such as eating disorders and suicide, economic/class issues such as access to healthcare and communicable diseases

Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.

biological traits; cultural traits

Making use of sociological perspective encourages ______.

challenging commonly held beliefs

when considering socialization which statement is not true?

childhood and other stages of the life course are defined the same way in all known societies

in a total institution such as prison, staff members

closely supervise and control all the elements of daily life on inmates.

Auguste Comte

coined the term "sociology"

According to the _____ perspective, schooling in the U.S. transforms social privilege into personal merit

conflict

The Structural-Functional Theory

counts socialization, regulation of sexual activity and social placement as tasks of family.

Applying the sociological perspective we see that the high rate of obesity in the U.S. currently reflects

cultural forces that encourage people to eat large portions of unhealthy food

you'd be expressing a stereotype if you

described everyone in some category the same way

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

according to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

differences in power between various categories of people

The Wodaabe pastoral nomads of Niger demonstrate how

different cultures define gender in different ways

Politics is a social institution that's defined in terms of a society's

distribution of power, goals and decision making

the likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply

during the late teenage years

Which statement Is not true?

expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks

relative poverty is

found everywhere

According to Theodore Sizer, bureaucracy harms schooling by

imposing uniformity on culturally diverse schools, emphasizing test scores and other numerical ratings, expecting all students to progress at the same rate.

infant mortality in the U.S.

in the u.s. infant mortality is more than twice as high for children born in poverty

which of the statements about the agents of socialization is true?

members of a peer group share common interests, social position and usually have a similar age.

Which statement about classes is not true?

most upper class members are liberal

based on what you know about occupational prestige, you would assume that

occupational rankings are roughly the same in all high-income nations

criminal stats gathered by the FBI reflect

offenses known to the police

Mathusian Theory

population increases would eventually bring social chaos to the world.

in his effort to understand socialization, Mead placed his origin of the self in _____

social experience

Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with

understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society

The daily is the social institution that

unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another

in his structural-functional analysis, Talcott Parsons claimed that society responds to illness by

using the "sick role" to relieve ill people of many daily responsibilities and possible opportunities

two variables are said to display correlation if they

vary together

The concept of intergenerational social mobility refers to change in social position

when comparing children to their parents

In sociological research, reliability refers to

whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results

Symbolic Interaction approach

which theoretical approach claims that it's not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior

The beauty myth

women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance

Status

A social position that a person holds

Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

fostering social conflict

As a social institution that provides a basic human need, religion

involves beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred and profane in social life

Absolute poverty is

life threatening

In the U.S. in 2013, women earned ______ to every dollar earned by men

78 cents

Government

A formal organization that directs the political life of a society.

Ethnicity

a shared cultural heritage

achieved status

a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

Race

a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

which of the following statements is not true?

a status set refers to the roles people have over the course of their lifetimes.

social networks are typically

a web of weak ties made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well

which of the following statements about marriages is not true?

around the world, most marriages have been polygamous