Final Exam Review
Role exit
the process by which people disengage from important social roles
Wealth
the total amount of financial assets, minus any debts
Capitalism is an economic system in which
there's private ownership of property
Terms that are used to define family ties include: -kinship, social bond among common ancestors, marriage or adoption. -marriage, which is a legal relationship involving economic cooperation and child bearing. -extended family, which is composed of parents, children or other kin.
All of the above
To impress her friends, Laura wears an expensive designer dress to a party. A sociologist might say that Laura is engaging in
Conspicuous consumption
dramaturgical analysis
Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
Of the four discussed, which is considered the primary (and most important) agent of socialization?
Family
Which of the following statements is not true about religion?
Family has little to no influence on a person's religious affilitaion
Folkways & Mores
Folkways: rules for everyday, casual living. Mores: rules with great moral significance
which of the following statements about urbanization is not true?
Georg Simmel claimed that the blasé urbanites are so interested in each other's lives that there's little privacy or anonymity in cities
which of the following concepts was used by Ferdinand Tonnies to refer to a type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self-interest, characteristic of large urban areas?
Gesellschaft
Which of the following statements is not true about education?
Historically, the poorest people in every society have been the most likely to go to school, so that they could learn what they needed to know to earn a living
which of the following statements is not true regarding the connection between poverty and health?
In the U.S. there's little difference in life expectancy between the richest and poorest communities
Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person's
economic class, degree of social status and amount of power
What does the "presentation of self" mean?
efforts to create impressions in the minds of others during social interactions
Jean Piget (cognitive development)
focuses on understanding socialization focuses on how people think and understand.
The Rwandan racial tension between the Hutu and the Tutsi existed for generations and finally erupted in a systematic killing of one group by the other. This is an example of _____
genocide
in the study of economics, ____ are defined as tangible commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items, while ____ are defined as intangible activities that benefit people
goods; services
According to Emile Durkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has ______.
high social marginality
The "second shift" refers to
how caring for the home and children is considered "women's work" even if the woman works outside the home
which of the four is not a characteristic of secondary groups?
intimate personal interaction.
Ethnocentrism
judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.
formal organizations
large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently
one major reason that schooling is limited in India is that
many poor children must work for income.
which statement is true?
one person's in-group can be another person's out-group
which of the following concepts used by Emile Durkheim to describe the interconnectedness of rural or small town social life built on likeliness and the sharing of similar social patterns?
organic solidarity
which of the following statements about race is true?
over the past decades, an increasing number of people have been willing to define. themselves as multiracial
Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator" showed that
people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of "legitimate" authority figures even when those orders go against their personal judgement
Erik Erikson's view of socialization states that
personality develops over the entire life course are defined the same way in all known societies
men and women differ
physically in some ways such as height and weight
A power-elite model of the U.S. political system suggests that
power is concentrated in the hands of a few, the rich.
Stigma
powerful and negative label that greatly change's a person's self concept and social identity
The idea that prejudice and discrimination form a vicious circle means that
prejudice and discrimination produce social disadvantages that reinforce prejudice and discrimination
social stratification is the concept that refers to
ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
refers to a violation of norms enacted into law
Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
relies on culture to ensure survival
The U.S. could be categorized as a
representative democracy
which concept is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician?
role conflict
Turning metals into automobiles is work that falls within the
secondary sector
Thomas Theorem
situations defined as real are real in their consequences
If you were to put together the lesson they learned from the cases of Genie and Isabelle, you'd conclude that
social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality
Society shapes human health because
society's technology affects people's health, bad personal choices people make about their lives, a cultural ideal representing good health and high wealth
a group
sociological concept that refers to people who identify with one another, sometimes based on shared, common status such as "college student"
Which of the following statements is true?
sociology is defined as the systematic study of human society
The concept "cultural lag" refers to the fact that ________
some cultural elements change more quickly than others
Values
standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good and beautiful.
which of the following statements is true?
subcultures demonstrate cultural patterns that are set apart from a society's population
Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory links deviance to
the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior
which of the following statements about social mobility is true?
the concept of social mobility refers to changes in people's positions in the social hierarchy
social-conflict approach
the environmental racism thesis falls within this theoretical approach as it examines patterns that expose poor people to environmental hazards
According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include
the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity
religiosity
the importance of religion in a person's life
Culture
the learned ways of thinking, acting and the material objects that together form on people's way of life
The concept offender refers to
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female
social-conflict approach
the theoretical approach in sociology draws attention to patterns of social inequality
structural functional approach
the theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
U.S. business organizations differ from those a century ago because
today's organizations use more competitive work teams.
in principle, bureaucratic organizations pay little attention to ____
tradition
in which job category are the workers mostly women?
"Pink-Collar" jobs
which of the following statements is not true about deviance?
"primary deviance" refers to the most serious criminal offenses
Factors affecting population are:
-birth and death (fertility and mortality rates) -migration (movement of people)
Which of the following statements is true about U.S. families?
32% of U.S. families with children under 18 only have one parent in the household
If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations, where would you travel?
Africa
Economic resolutions produce social changes such as: A- The Industrial Revolution creating new laws banning child labor and setting minimum wages B-The Information Revolution changing our economic focus from tangible products to ideas and from mechanical skills to literacy skills
Both A and B are true
Which of the following statements is true about demography?
Demography is the study of the size and composition of a society's population
Which of the following is an example of non-material culture?
Humor
Soloman Asch Study
Many people are willing to compromise their own judgement to avoid being seen as different
which of the following four statements is not true?
Migration has little to no effect on the study of population
Which of the following statements about gender is true?
None of. the above
Read the following statements. Which one is true?
Prostitution is widely regarded as a victimless crime
Gerhard Lenski focused on which of the following factors as having great power to shape a society?
Technology
Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?
Ten new employees in an office getting to know one another.
Which of the following statements is true about the economy?
The economy organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services
What does cultural transmission refer to?
The process of passing cultural patterns from one generation to another, primarily through language.
ecology
The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment
Monarchy
a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
As a social institution, the economy -produces goods and services -guides the compensation of goods and services -distributes goods and services
all 3 responses are correct
Gender is learned through socialization -by the primary agent of socialization, family -by peers and in school -by media
all of the above
Which of the following statements about humor is true?
all of the above
Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today -are less prejudice than students were 50 years ago today -see less difference between minority categories than 50 years ago today -express greater prejudice towards Arabs than blacks
all responses are correct
Minority
any category of people who are set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged
While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.
attitude; action
Gender roles
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
role
behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status
a sociological discussion of health and medicine includes
behavioral issues such as cigarette smoking and STDs, cultural issues such as eating disorders and suicide, economic/class issues such as access to healthcare and communicable diseases
Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.
biological traits; cultural traits
Making use of sociological perspective encourages ______.
challenging commonly held beliefs
when considering socialization which statement is not true?
childhood and other stages of the life course are defined the same way in all known societies
in a total institution such as prison, staff members
closely supervise and control all the elements of daily life on inmates.
Auguste Comte
coined the term "sociology"
According to the _____ perspective, schooling in the U.S. transforms social privilege into personal merit
conflict
The Structural-Functional Theory
counts socialization, regulation of sexual activity and social placement as tasks of family.
Applying the sociological perspective we see that the high rate of obesity in the U.S. currently reflects
cultural forces that encourage people to eat large portions of unhealthy food
you'd be expressing a stereotype if you
described everyone in some category the same way
The basic idea behind labeling theory is that
deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do
according to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on
differences in power between various categories of people
The Wodaabe pastoral nomads of Niger demonstrate how
different cultures define gender in different ways
Politics is a social institution that's defined in terms of a society's
distribution of power, goals and decision making
the likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply
during the late teenage years
Which statement Is not true?
expressive leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks
relative poverty is
found everywhere
According to Theodore Sizer, bureaucracy harms schooling by
imposing uniformity on culturally diverse schools, emphasizing test scores and other numerical ratings, expecting all students to progress at the same rate.
infant mortality in the U.S.
in the u.s. infant mortality is more than twice as high for children born in poverty
which of the statements about the agents of socialization is true?
members of a peer group share common interests, social position and usually have a similar age.
Which statement about classes is not true?
most upper class members are liberal
based on what you know about occupational prestige, you would assume that
occupational rankings are roughly the same in all high-income nations
criminal stats gathered by the FBI reflect
offenses known to the police
Mathusian Theory
population increases would eventually bring social chaos to the world.
in his effort to understand socialization, Mead placed his origin of the self in _____
social experience
Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with
understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society
The daily is the social institution that
unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another
in his structural-functional analysis, Talcott Parsons claimed that society responds to illness by
using the "sick role" to relieve ill people of many daily responsibilities and possible opportunities
two variables are said to display correlation if they
vary together
The concept of intergenerational social mobility refers to change in social position
when comparing children to their parents
In sociological research, reliability refers to
whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results
Symbolic Interaction approach
which theoretical approach claims that it's not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior
The beauty myth
women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance
Status
A social position that a person holds
Durkheim pointed to three functions of religion for society. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
fostering social conflict
As a social institution that provides a basic human need, religion
involves beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred and profane in social life
Absolute poverty is
life threatening
In the U.S. in 2013, women earned ______ to every dollar earned by men
78 cents
Government
A formal organization that directs the political life of a society.
Ethnicity
a shared cultural heritage
achieved status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
Race
a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
which of the following statements is not true?
a status set refers to the roles people have over the course of their lifetimes.
social networks are typically
a web of weak ties made up of people we "know of" rather than those we know well
which of the following statements about marriages is not true?
around the world, most marriages have been polygamous
