final exam: Urinary and reproductive system

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Endothelial- Capsular Membrane

a micro-thin membrane where filtration occurs

when the blastomere enters the fallopian tube it is called

a morula

vas deferens

a tube about 18 in long connecting the epidiymis to the urethra

Erection

a unique example of a parasympathetic response (house keeping)

what should the pH be of Urine

acidic 4-6

what is the little structure on top of the head

acrosome

blood supply to and from the kidneys

afferent arteriole ----> glomerulus Glomerulus drained by the efferent arteriole---> PTC

reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct is controlled by what hormones

aldosterone (ALD) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

what does hyaluronidase do

allows sperm to penetrate the egg.

ammonia is a toxic waste produced in the liver when

amino acids break down

semen

an average ejaculation is between 2 1/2 and 5 mL

what would happen in the blood entered the central compartment

antibodies in the blood would attack and kill the type B cells, because they weren't there when the immune system was primed to recognize itself

If ADH is not present

because blood pressure and volume were either normal or high the principle cells are impermeable to water. water will remain in the renal tubule become part of urine which will be dilute and in a large volume.

where does reabsorption occur

between the renal tube and the blood

in about 4 days the morula is in the uterus and called

blastocyte

the first cell produces is called

blastomere

yolk sac is an early site of

blood formation

what is filtrate

blood minus formed elements and proteins

ADL (aldosterone) is produced in the

by the adrenal cortex

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is produced in the

by the hypothalamus

any abnormal levels of potassium can cause

cardiac arrhythmia/affects cardiac function

what is the function of the dartos muscle

causes scrotal wrinkling

how many chromosomes do secondary oocytes have

23 in each

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II produces

4 spermatids which all have 23 chromosomes

at the end of spermeogenisis you end up with

4 spermatozoon (sperm)

what is the normal pH of urine

4.6-8 (6 is average)

how many chromosomes do primary oocytes have

46

how many chromosomes does oogonia have

46

every mL of semen may contain between __ to ___ million sperm

50 - 150 million sperm

What is the pH of sperm?

7.2-7.7

what percent of filtrate will be reabsorbed and where does this occur

99% and it occurs through the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule

primordial cells undergo mitosis , forming..

oogonia

what are the 2 modifications of the distal convoluted and proximal collecting tubule

principle cells and intercalated cells

Spermatogenesis

process by which the semniferous tubules in the testes produce live sperm.

interstitial endocrinocytes of Leydig

produce testosterone - they are located outside the seminiferous tubules

Bartholin's glands

produce thick mucus for lubrication during intercourse

if fertilization occurs , the secondary oocyte

produces an ovum and you have a fertilized egg

what does the cowpers gland produce

produces some mucus that will lubricate during intercourse

what does the corpus luteum produce

progesterone and estrogen until that function is taken over by the placenta

what is the function of the cremaster muscle

raises and lowers the testesin response to temp changes

what are the 3 medulla structures

renal pyramids, minor calyx, major calyx

what is the function of the prostate gland

secretes alkaline fluid to help wake up and activate sperm

What are Skene's glands?

sides of the urethral opening produces mucus

what is the proximal convoluted tubule made up of

simple cuboidal cells for absorption with villi and microvilli

what should the pH be of blood

slightly alkaline 7.35-7.45

What is the renal sinus?

small cavity behind the hilus

its chief cation (positive ion) is always going to be

sodium

vestibule

space between the labia containing several parts

what is the purpose of the vasa recta

specialized in reabsorption

seminiferous tubules

sperm factories

spermatids undergo a process called

spermeogenisis

ejaculation

spinal reflex followed by rapid discharge that propel semen through the urethra

Type A spermatogonia

stay at the basement membrane and make more spermatogonia

fundus

superior part of the uterus (upper part)

where are the paratubular capillaries found

surrounding the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and upper collecting duct

which arteriole supplies the glomerulus

the afferent arteriole

what does the term Turbidity mean

the degree of cloudiness

which arteriole drains the glomerulus

the efferent arteriole

tunica albugenia

the inner connective tissue covering of the testis

ampulla

the middle part of the fallopian tube

What is secretion?

the movement of excess nutrients and waste from the blood and interstitial fluid back into the renal tubule.

a zygote

the new structure

tunica vaginalis

the outer connective tissue covering of the testis

infundibulum

the ovarian end of the fallopian tube

the final steps in turning spermatids to sperm

the process begins at puberty and ends at death

Skene's glands are homologous to

the prostate

what is the size of a walnut that surrounds the urethra

the prostate gland

labia majora is homologous to

the scrotum

isthmus

the uterine end of the fallopian tube

what does specific gravity stand for

the weight of a volume of urine compared to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water

what is the role of the sertoli or sustentacular cells

these cells separate the seminiferous tubules into 2 compartments

myometrium

thick, middle muscled layer, contracts during labor to push fetus out of the uterus

What is obligatory water reabsorption?

this is when water follows solutes. most of this occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.

what is the ureter and urinary bladder made up of

transitional epithelium, tissue that is aloud to stretch and go back to original shape.

What is the glomerulus?

tuft of capillaries highly specialized for filtration

labia majora

two long skin folds, containing adipose and sweat glands

what can be poisonous if it goes back into the blood

uric acid and cretanine

most body fluid output is

urine

4 most important elements reabsorbed

water, sodium, potassium, chloride

what does the buffer system consist of

weak acids and weak bases

what does capacitates mean

when it reaches the egg, its acrosome bursts

what happens during reabsorption

when solutes and water move from the renal tubule back into the blood- things reabsorbed always reenter the blood through the paratubular capillaries or the vasa recta

Fertilization

when the genetic material from the sperm and the egg unite forming a single new structure

endometrium

where fertilized oocyte attaches and grows

ejaculatory duct

where sperm and seminal fluid mix to form semen

what is the Trigone

where the ureters enter the bladder and where the urethra exits

what do you find in the head of a sperm

you find its genetic material

what is the function of the glomerulus

filtration

what is the function of the golmerulus

filtration

what is the function of nephrons

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

ECF (extracellular fluid)

fluid outside cells

ICF (intracellular fluid)

fluid within cells

6 days after fertilization, the blastocyte is implanted in the uterine wall, it is now called

gastrula

what is the most permeable of all capillaries in our body

glomerulus capillaries

what is the function of the intercalated cells

help control the pH of urine by moving hydrogen ions back and forth

extracellular fluid tends to have a ______ protein content

high

Hypernatremia

high sodium in the blood

concentrated urine is

hyperosmotic to blood

dilute urien is

hypoosmotic to blood

spermatagonia

immature sperm cells that make direct contact with the basement membrane in the seminiferous tubules

renal capsule

inner layer - thin inner membrane that surrounds the entire kidney and it prevents the spend of infection to the kidney

primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I which produces

2 secondary spermatocytes, having 23 chromosomes each

what is the Ureter

2 tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder

spermatic cord

a mass of lymphatic tissue, blood vessels and nerves, each testis hangs from the spermatic cord.

oogonia undergo mitosis and become

primary oocytes

OOgenesis starts out with primitive eggs called

primordial cells

how much filtrate do we produce daily

180 L of filtrate daily therefore 178-179 liters will be reabsorbed back into the blood and 1-2 liters will become urine

how much filtrate is produced

180L a day, 125 mL a min

ovaries

2 almond shaped structures lateral to the uterus, held in place by 3 groups of ligaments

do capillaries have a extremely high or low pressure

extremely high pressure

what are the structures and organs of this system

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

how many nephrons are there

2 million- 1 million per kidney

10% of water reabsorption depends on hormones. the major hormone being ADH. This is called

facultative water reabsorption

what is the cowpers gland

2 pea- sized glands directly below the prostate that produces an alkaline mucus that will neutralize the urethra just before an ejaculation.

once puberty hits testosterone is released and 2 different cell types are produces which are

- Type A spermatogonia - Type B spermatogonia

what is the process of erection

- arteries dialate - erectile tissue of the penis fills with blood - veins compress to prevent blood from draining - penis becomes hard

what are 3 important buffer systems in the body

- carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system - phosphate buffer system - protein buffer system

What are the 2 important membranes?

- chorion - yolk sac

what happens during ejaculation

- detrussor muscle tightly contracts - crura muscle contracts - heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and perspiration increases

what is the function of the panpiniform plexus

- it cools blood down before it enters the testis - this cooling of blood is needed to keep sperm alive

Cortical type of nephron

- most nephrons are of this type

what are the electrolytes in the body

- sodium - potassium - chloride - calcium -phosphate - magnesium

where does secretion occur

-between the blood and the renal tubule. everything secreted will eventually be excreted in urine as waste.

major calyx

-collect urine from the minor calyx - dump the urine into the ureter

what are the characteristics of urine

-color - pH - turbidity - odor - specific gravity

.what are 2 groups of nephrons in the body

-cortical - juxtamedullary

minor calyx

-cup like structures that surround the renal papilla - collect urine from the renal pyramids -they dumb urine into the major calyx

what are the two muscle associated with the scrotum

-dartos - cremaster

what are the 3 reasons why filtration across the endothelial capsular membrane is so efficient

1. blood pressure in the glomerulus is very high for capillaries ( pressure causes filtration) 2. there are millions of capillaries that make up the glomerulus 3. even though the endothelial capsular membrane has 3 layers, it is micro- thin and extremely permeable to blood

what is the specific gravity of water

1.0

what is the specific gravity of urine

1.001- 1.030

AFF arteriole pressure should always maintain a pressure of

10

what is the rate of filtration

125 mL/min

what is the opening into the urethra controlled by

Detrussor Muscle

Graafian follicle is where you find the

Antrum- a fluid filled cavity

its chief anion ( negative ion) is always going to be

Chloride

chorion makes

HCG

the corpus luteum is maintained by what hormone

HCG ( human chorionic gonadatropin) which is sercreted by the chorion which is part of the placenta

What is episiotomy?

Incision of the perineum during childbirth

what is the kidneys location

Retroperitoneal- behind the peritoneum on the posterior body wall slightly above the waist.

what is the lower triangular region called in the urinary bladder

Trigone

what is the bowmans capsule

a double walled cup that collects filtrate from the glomerulus, it has 2 layers: visceral, parietal

what are the sertoli or sustentacular cell

a group of tight junctions, forming a blood teste barrier (BTB) preventing blood from entering the central compartment

during this process extra cytoplasm is removed and

a head, body, and tail form

panpiniform plexus

a large network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery

what are paratubular capillaries (PTC)

a low pressure capillary bed that is specialized for reabsorption

what is the vasa recta

a low pressure capillary bed that surrounds the loop of henle

epididymis

a lump like structure on the top of each teste where sperm ripens and becomes movable

what is the function of sodium in the body

a major regulator of water balance

what role does aldosterone play in reabsorption

causes sodium ions to be reabsorbed. when sodium moves, water follows. This causes blood pressure to ride slightly because water is moving back to the blood. it is a minor factor in producing concentrated urine.

what is the main site for cancer in females

cervix

what is the normal color of urine

clear to dark amber

what is the bowmans capsule only function

collect filtrate

what is the major function of chloride

combines with hydrogen in the stomach forming hydrochloric acid (HCl), so it controls the pH of gastric juice

what does the acrosome contain

contains hydrolytic enzymes

juxtamedullary nephrons function

control and determine urine concentration while still carrying out basic nephron function

what is the major function of the urinary system

control the volume and the composition of blood producing urine as a byproduct of this function

what role does the phosphate buffer system play

controls the pH of urine, filtrate and cytoplasm

what is the function of the ADH hormone (associated with the principle cells)

controls water movement across the principle cells

the follicle then collapses , a temporary endocrine gland called the

corpus luteum

When does ovulation occur?

day 14 of the cycle

ovulation

day 14 of the cycle, rising estrogen levels cause the graafian follicle to release its secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube

perineum

diamond shaped region between the thighs and the buttocks

how does spermatogonia divide

divide by mitosis, making more spermatogonia

most body fluid intake comes from

drinking fluids

why does Hyponatremia occur

due to severe vomiting, diarrhea and perspiration

where does blood have to cross filtration

endothelial capsular membrane

the acrosome realseases ....

enzymes which allows it to penetrate

the substance used in a renal clearance test is a protein polysaccharide called

insulin

what is the end result of filtration in the nephron

is the production of Filtrate

what is the importance of magnesium in the body

it activates all of the enzymes needed for carbohydrates and protein metabolism.

why is phosphate the most important intracellular fluid anion

it forms the backbone of DNA and RNA

the primary oocyte starts through meiosis 1 however..

it gets stuck in prophase until puberty

what role does the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system play

it is most critical in controlling blood pH

what happens when ADH is present in the blood

its target is principle cells. it functions by inserting large water channels into the principle cells increasing the amount of water reabsorbed into the blood. This produces a small volume of concentrated urine.

what occurs in the fallopian tubes

its the place where fertilization occurs

what classifies the male as infertile

less than 20 million per milliliter

Hyponatremia

low sodium in the blood

why is calcium the most abundant ion in our body

mainly because it is found in all bones

what role does Antidiuretic hormone play in reabsorption

major factor in producing concentrated urine. it is released by the pituitary gland whenever there is a drop of blood pressure or volume.

sperm has a mid-piece of the body which contains

metabolic structures such as organelles

what are nephrons known for

microscopic filtration unit of the kidney

what is urination called

micturition

adipose capsule

middle layer- thick and fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma

Type B spermatogonia

move into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and they produce primary spermatocytes each having 46 chromosomes

what is the function of the flagella like tail on sperm

movement

Where does filtration occur?

occurs between the Glomerulus and the bowmans capsule

In the Proximal convoluted tubule where does 90% of all absorption occurs from the tubule to the blood

occurs in through the walls of the PCT

what is the scrotum

pouch of skin that holds the testes

Cervix

opening into the vagina (opening)

renal fascia

outer layer, anchors kidney

cortex

outer region of the kidney

if fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte and oval body becomes

parts of the menses

the chief anion is

phosphate

what is the major function of the Loop of Henle

plays a role in determining urine concentration

the chief cation is

potassium (k+)


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