final exam: Urinary and reproductive system
Endothelial- Capsular Membrane
a micro-thin membrane where filtration occurs
when the blastomere enters the fallopian tube it is called
a morula
vas deferens
a tube about 18 in long connecting the epidiymis to the urethra
Erection
a unique example of a parasympathetic response (house keeping)
what should the pH be of Urine
acidic 4-6
what is the little structure on top of the head
acrosome
blood supply to and from the kidneys
afferent arteriole ----> glomerulus Glomerulus drained by the efferent arteriole---> PTC
reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct is controlled by what hormones
aldosterone (ALD) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
what does hyaluronidase do
allows sperm to penetrate the egg.
ammonia is a toxic waste produced in the liver when
amino acids break down
semen
an average ejaculation is between 2 1/2 and 5 mL
what would happen in the blood entered the central compartment
antibodies in the blood would attack and kill the type B cells, because they weren't there when the immune system was primed to recognize itself
If ADH is not present
because blood pressure and volume were either normal or high the principle cells are impermeable to water. water will remain in the renal tubule become part of urine which will be dilute and in a large volume.
where does reabsorption occur
between the renal tube and the blood
in about 4 days the morula is in the uterus and called
blastocyte
the first cell produces is called
blastomere
yolk sac is an early site of
blood formation
what is filtrate
blood minus formed elements and proteins
ADL (aldosterone) is produced in the
by the adrenal cortex
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is produced in the
by the hypothalamus
any abnormal levels of potassium can cause
cardiac arrhythmia/affects cardiac function
what is the function of the dartos muscle
causes scrotal wrinkling
how many chromosomes do secondary oocytes have
23 in each
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II produces
4 spermatids which all have 23 chromosomes
at the end of spermeogenisis you end up with
4 spermatozoon (sperm)
what is the normal pH of urine
4.6-8 (6 is average)
how many chromosomes do primary oocytes have
46
how many chromosomes does oogonia have
46
every mL of semen may contain between __ to ___ million sperm
50 - 150 million sperm
What is the pH of sperm?
7.2-7.7
what percent of filtrate will be reabsorbed and where does this occur
99% and it occurs through the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule
primordial cells undergo mitosis , forming..
oogonia
what are the 2 modifications of the distal convoluted and proximal collecting tubule
principle cells and intercalated cells
Spermatogenesis
process by which the semniferous tubules in the testes produce live sperm.
interstitial endocrinocytes of Leydig
produce testosterone - they are located outside the seminiferous tubules
Bartholin's glands
produce thick mucus for lubrication during intercourse
if fertilization occurs , the secondary oocyte
produces an ovum and you have a fertilized egg
what does the cowpers gland produce
produces some mucus that will lubricate during intercourse
what does the corpus luteum produce
progesterone and estrogen until that function is taken over by the placenta
what is the function of the cremaster muscle
raises and lowers the testesin response to temp changes
what are the 3 medulla structures
renal pyramids, minor calyx, major calyx
what is the function of the prostate gland
secretes alkaline fluid to help wake up and activate sperm
What are Skene's glands?
sides of the urethral opening produces mucus
what is the proximal convoluted tubule made up of
simple cuboidal cells for absorption with villi and microvilli
what should the pH be of blood
slightly alkaline 7.35-7.45
What is the renal sinus?
small cavity behind the hilus
its chief cation (positive ion) is always going to be
sodium
vestibule
space between the labia containing several parts
what is the purpose of the vasa recta
specialized in reabsorption
seminiferous tubules
sperm factories
spermatids undergo a process called
spermeogenisis
ejaculation
spinal reflex followed by rapid discharge that propel semen through the urethra
Type A spermatogonia
stay at the basement membrane and make more spermatogonia
fundus
superior part of the uterus (upper part)
where are the paratubular capillaries found
surrounding the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and upper collecting duct
which arteriole supplies the glomerulus
the afferent arteriole
what does the term Turbidity mean
the degree of cloudiness
which arteriole drains the glomerulus
the efferent arteriole
tunica albugenia
the inner connective tissue covering of the testis
ampulla
the middle part of the fallopian tube
What is secretion?
the movement of excess nutrients and waste from the blood and interstitial fluid back into the renal tubule.
a zygote
the new structure
tunica vaginalis
the outer connective tissue covering of the testis
infundibulum
the ovarian end of the fallopian tube
the final steps in turning spermatids to sperm
the process begins at puberty and ends at death
Skene's glands are homologous to
the prostate
what is the size of a walnut that surrounds the urethra
the prostate gland
labia majora is homologous to
the scrotum
isthmus
the uterine end of the fallopian tube
what does specific gravity stand for
the weight of a volume of urine compared to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water
what is the role of the sertoli or sustentacular cells
these cells separate the seminiferous tubules into 2 compartments
myometrium
thick, middle muscled layer, contracts during labor to push fetus out of the uterus
What is obligatory water reabsorption?
this is when water follows solutes. most of this occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.
what is the ureter and urinary bladder made up of
transitional epithelium, tissue that is aloud to stretch and go back to original shape.
What is the glomerulus?
tuft of capillaries highly specialized for filtration
labia majora
two long skin folds, containing adipose and sweat glands
what can be poisonous if it goes back into the blood
uric acid and cretanine
most body fluid output is
urine
4 most important elements reabsorbed
water, sodium, potassium, chloride
what does the buffer system consist of
weak acids and weak bases
what does capacitates mean
when it reaches the egg, its acrosome bursts
what happens during reabsorption
when solutes and water move from the renal tubule back into the blood- things reabsorbed always reenter the blood through the paratubular capillaries or the vasa recta
Fertilization
when the genetic material from the sperm and the egg unite forming a single new structure
endometrium
where fertilized oocyte attaches and grows
ejaculatory duct
where sperm and seminal fluid mix to form semen
what is the Trigone
where the ureters enter the bladder and where the urethra exits
what do you find in the head of a sperm
you find its genetic material
what is the function of the glomerulus
filtration
what is the function of the golmerulus
filtration
what is the function of nephrons
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
ECF (extracellular fluid)
fluid outside cells
ICF (intracellular fluid)
fluid within cells
6 days after fertilization, the blastocyte is implanted in the uterine wall, it is now called
gastrula
what is the most permeable of all capillaries in our body
glomerulus capillaries
what is the function of the intercalated cells
help control the pH of urine by moving hydrogen ions back and forth
extracellular fluid tends to have a ______ protein content
high
Hypernatremia
high sodium in the blood
concentrated urine is
hyperosmotic to blood
dilute urien is
hypoosmotic to blood
spermatagonia
immature sperm cells that make direct contact with the basement membrane in the seminiferous tubules
renal capsule
inner layer - thin inner membrane that surrounds the entire kidney and it prevents the spend of infection to the kidney
primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I which produces
2 secondary spermatocytes, having 23 chromosomes each
what is the Ureter
2 tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder
spermatic cord
a mass of lymphatic tissue, blood vessels and nerves, each testis hangs from the spermatic cord.
oogonia undergo mitosis and become
primary oocytes
OOgenesis starts out with primitive eggs called
primordial cells
how much filtrate do we produce daily
180 L of filtrate daily therefore 178-179 liters will be reabsorbed back into the blood and 1-2 liters will become urine
how much filtrate is produced
180L a day, 125 mL a min
ovaries
2 almond shaped structures lateral to the uterus, held in place by 3 groups of ligaments
do capillaries have a extremely high or low pressure
extremely high pressure
what are the structures and organs of this system
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
how many nephrons are there
2 million- 1 million per kidney
10% of water reabsorption depends on hormones. the major hormone being ADH. This is called
facultative water reabsorption
what is the cowpers gland
2 pea- sized glands directly below the prostate that produces an alkaline mucus that will neutralize the urethra just before an ejaculation.
once puberty hits testosterone is released and 2 different cell types are produces which are
- Type A spermatogonia - Type B spermatogonia
what is the process of erection
- arteries dialate - erectile tissue of the penis fills with blood - veins compress to prevent blood from draining - penis becomes hard
what are 3 important buffer systems in the body
- carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system - phosphate buffer system - protein buffer system
What are the 2 important membranes?
- chorion - yolk sac
what happens during ejaculation
- detrussor muscle tightly contracts - crura muscle contracts - heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and perspiration increases
what is the function of the panpiniform plexus
- it cools blood down before it enters the testis - this cooling of blood is needed to keep sperm alive
Cortical type of nephron
- most nephrons are of this type
what are the electrolytes in the body
- sodium - potassium - chloride - calcium -phosphate - magnesium
where does secretion occur
-between the blood and the renal tubule. everything secreted will eventually be excreted in urine as waste.
major calyx
-collect urine from the minor calyx - dump the urine into the ureter
what are the characteristics of urine
-color - pH - turbidity - odor - specific gravity
.what are 2 groups of nephrons in the body
-cortical - juxtamedullary
minor calyx
-cup like structures that surround the renal papilla - collect urine from the renal pyramids -they dumb urine into the major calyx
what are the two muscle associated with the scrotum
-dartos - cremaster
what are the 3 reasons why filtration across the endothelial capsular membrane is so efficient
1. blood pressure in the glomerulus is very high for capillaries ( pressure causes filtration) 2. there are millions of capillaries that make up the glomerulus 3. even though the endothelial capsular membrane has 3 layers, it is micro- thin and extremely permeable to blood
what is the specific gravity of water
1.0
what is the specific gravity of urine
1.001- 1.030
AFF arteriole pressure should always maintain a pressure of
10
what is the rate of filtration
125 mL/min
what is the opening into the urethra controlled by
Detrussor Muscle
Graafian follicle is where you find the
Antrum- a fluid filled cavity
its chief anion ( negative ion) is always going to be
Chloride
chorion makes
HCG
the corpus luteum is maintained by what hormone
HCG ( human chorionic gonadatropin) which is sercreted by the chorion which is part of the placenta
What is episiotomy?
Incision of the perineum during childbirth
what is the kidneys location
Retroperitoneal- behind the peritoneum on the posterior body wall slightly above the waist.
what is the lower triangular region called in the urinary bladder
Trigone
what is the bowmans capsule
a double walled cup that collects filtrate from the glomerulus, it has 2 layers: visceral, parietal
what are the sertoli or sustentacular cell
a group of tight junctions, forming a blood teste barrier (BTB) preventing blood from entering the central compartment
during this process extra cytoplasm is removed and
a head, body, and tail form
panpiniform plexus
a large network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery
what are paratubular capillaries (PTC)
a low pressure capillary bed that is specialized for reabsorption
what is the vasa recta
a low pressure capillary bed that surrounds the loop of henle
epididymis
a lump like structure on the top of each teste where sperm ripens and becomes movable
what is the function of sodium in the body
a major regulator of water balance
what role does aldosterone play in reabsorption
causes sodium ions to be reabsorbed. when sodium moves, water follows. This causes blood pressure to ride slightly because water is moving back to the blood. it is a minor factor in producing concentrated urine.
what is the main site for cancer in females
cervix
what is the normal color of urine
clear to dark amber
what is the bowmans capsule only function
collect filtrate
what is the major function of chloride
combines with hydrogen in the stomach forming hydrochloric acid (HCl), so it controls the pH of gastric juice
what does the acrosome contain
contains hydrolytic enzymes
juxtamedullary nephrons function
control and determine urine concentration while still carrying out basic nephron function
what is the major function of the urinary system
control the volume and the composition of blood producing urine as a byproduct of this function
what role does the phosphate buffer system play
controls the pH of urine, filtrate and cytoplasm
what is the function of the ADH hormone (associated with the principle cells)
controls water movement across the principle cells
the follicle then collapses , a temporary endocrine gland called the
corpus luteum
When does ovulation occur?
day 14 of the cycle
ovulation
day 14 of the cycle, rising estrogen levels cause the graafian follicle to release its secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube
perineum
diamond shaped region between the thighs and the buttocks
how does spermatogonia divide
divide by mitosis, making more spermatogonia
most body fluid intake comes from
drinking fluids
why does Hyponatremia occur
due to severe vomiting, diarrhea and perspiration
where does blood have to cross filtration
endothelial capsular membrane
the acrosome realseases ....
enzymes which allows it to penetrate
the substance used in a renal clearance test is a protein polysaccharide called
insulin
what is the end result of filtration in the nephron
is the production of Filtrate
what is the importance of magnesium in the body
it activates all of the enzymes needed for carbohydrates and protein metabolism.
why is phosphate the most important intracellular fluid anion
it forms the backbone of DNA and RNA
the primary oocyte starts through meiosis 1 however..
it gets stuck in prophase until puberty
what role does the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system play
it is most critical in controlling blood pH
what happens when ADH is present in the blood
its target is principle cells. it functions by inserting large water channels into the principle cells increasing the amount of water reabsorbed into the blood. This produces a small volume of concentrated urine.
what occurs in the fallopian tubes
its the place where fertilization occurs
what classifies the male as infertile
less than 20 million per milliliter
Hyponatremia
low sodium in the blood
why is calcium the most abundant ion in our body
mainly because it is found in all bones
what role does Antidiuretic hormone play in reabsorption
major factor in producing concentrated urine. it is released by the pituitary gland whenever there is a drop of blood pressure or volume.
sperm has a mid-piece of the body which contains
metabolic structures such as organelles
what are nephrons known for
microscopic filtration unit of the kidney
what is urination called
micturition
adipose capsule
middle layer- thick and fatty layer that protects the kidney from trauma
Type B spermatogonia
move into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and they produce primary spermatocytes each having 46 chromosomes
what is the function of the flagella like tail on sperm
movement
Where does filtration occur?
occurs between the Glomerulus and the bowmans capsule
In the Proximal convoluted tubule where does 90% of all absorption occurs from the tubule to the blood
occurs in through the walls of the PCT
what is the scrotum
pouch of skin that holds the testes
Cervix
opening into the vagina (opening)
renal fascia
outer layer, anchors kidney
cortex
outer region of the kidney
if fertilization does not occur, the secondary oocyte and oval body becomes
parts of the menses
the chief anion is
phosphate
what is the major function of the Loop of Henle
plays a role in determining urine concentration
the chief cation is
potassium (k+)
