Final - Homework questions

Bacteriophages, unlike animal viruses, often have special viral-specific enzymes carried in the capsid, which enter the host cell at the same time as the nucleic acid. true or false

false

In microbiology, growth usually refers to an increase in size of the bacteria.

false

Organisms are environmentally classified based on the range of growth conditions.

false

The approximate 8 hour process where certain bacterial species switch phases of their life cycle into a highly resistant dormant stage is called germination. true or false.

false

To look at the number of living cells in a sample you could choose a turbidity measurement or take a direct microscope count. true or false

false

Which organelle/s are thought to have evolved from an early prokaryote in Dr. Lynn Margulis's theory of endosymbiosis?(fill in all that apply)

chloroplasts, mitochondria

Bacterial cells that have been infected by a virus can release the newly replicated virions via budding or lysis. true or false

false

A _____________ infection continuously produces a low levels of viral particles over a long period of time.

chronic

A spherical shaped cell is a _____while a rod shaped cell is a _____ and either one could form pairs which are referred to as _____.

coccus, bacillus, diplo

Two different substrates (one true and one inhibitor) can bind to the same active site (only one at a time) on an enzyme. This interaction or control measure is best termed:

competitive inhibition

An enzyme, such as RNA polymerase, that is needed by the cell in large amounts and must usually be present would be called _______________.

constitutive

Oxygenic microbes such as_____ _____ oxygen gas.

cyanobacteria, produce

The bacterial ___________ is made up of long polymers of actin and contributes to cell shape

cytoskeleton

The amount of time required for a parent cell to create a daughter cell is called ____________

generation time

What two molecules must be available before glycolysis can occur?

glucose and ATP

Which is the correct order of steps in anaerobic respiration?

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

A bacterium is classified as being acid fast. What is true about it?

gram-positive structure with mycolic acid included in cell wall

Viruses are classified based on (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)

host infected, type of nucleic acid, viral shape

The protein projections on the surface of a virus that are involved in attachment to the host cell are called _____________.

spikes

Viruses that cause acute infection result in productive infections. true or false

true

Chemoheterotrophs _______________.

use preformed organic molecules as a carbon source AND as an energy source.

The summary equation describing aerobic respiration in bacteria: Glucose + ______ yields ________+ _____ + 38 ATP

6O2, 6 CO2, 6H2O

PRODUCTS of the KREBS cycle include (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)?

4CO2 6NADH

In bacterial cells, when glucose is completely oxidized by all the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration, how many ATP are generated?

38 ATP

What is the order of viral replication?

1.Attachment to the host cell 2.Penetration of the host cell 3.Synthesis of viral parts 4.Assembly of viral parts 5.Exit the host cell

How many ATP are created by the process of fermentation?

2

If a culture starts with 4,000 cells, after three generations how many cells will there be?

32,000

The optimal temperature for most human pathogens might be expected to range from ______________.

35-40°C.

Free energy is stored in the bonds of _____ whereas reducing power inside the cell is in the form of _____.

ATP, NADH

Extremophiles come mostly from the Domain ________.

Archaea

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that

Are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Which of the following is not a process in the scientific method?

Belief in a preconceived idea

The scientist/s that proposed that organisms be assigned to one of 3 domains is/are _________

Carl Woese and George Fox

The majority of ATP is formed in which phase of cellular respiration ?

Electron transport chain

Which of the following is a possible PRODUCT of fermentation?

Ethanol

Using a flow cytometer, a grad student, Lee Gionella, determines that at the time of sampling the cells are multiplying rapidly, are storing nutrients, and are highly active metabolically. What stage in the growth curve is being observed?

Exponential Phase

The majority of reducing power is produced in _______________.

Krebs cycle

Place in order the phases of a bacterial growth curve. Stationary phase, Lag phase, Death phase, Exponential phase

Lag, Exponential, Stationary, Death

The first aseptic technique was developed by ____ while ____developed the first early sterile techniques.

Lister, Cohn

Which of the following are substrates for the ETC (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY)?

O2 FADH2 NADH

Which two men were important in proving the Germ Theory of Disease?

Pasteur and Koch

_____ is a macromolecule containing alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid cross-linked by short peptides

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following organisms use organic nutrients for their carbon source

Photoheterotroph chemoheterotroph saprobe parasite

_____ are enzymes that break down proteins, while _____ are enzymes that break down fats.

Proteases, lipases

The function of bacterial endospores is __________.

Protection during harsh conditions

Which of the following is not a function of a prokaryote cell membrane?

Receptors and antigens

Enzymes act on _______ to generate ________.

Substrates, products

The enzyme responsible for detoxifying the oxygen free radicals resulting in the production of H2O2 is ________________.

Superoxide dismutase

__________ relies on energy and a membrane protein to transport material across a membrane while _____ relies on a membrane protein and a concentration gradient.

active transport, facilitated diffusion

Coliforms ___________. a. Ferment lactose b. Are used as indicators of fecal contamination c. Are an informal grouping of enterics Include E. Coli d. all of the above

all of the above

Resurgence of old diseases (when a disease that was once thought to be defeated starts increasing in frequency) can be contributed to (FILL IN ALL THAT APPLY)

an increase unvaccinated individuals, increased travel

The methanogens _________________.

are part of the domain Archaea AND oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane.

Cyanobacteria ________________.

are prokaryotes.

An anabolic process will result in ____________.

attaching smaller units to create bigger pieces

Tail fibers on bacteriophages are associated with ______________.

attachment

Organisms that use CO2 as their source of carbon are called _______________.

autotrophs

Which does not refer to the shape of a virus?

bacillus

The diverse group of large single celled microbes that are all photosynthetic are ______________.

bacteria

A __________ is a virus that specifically infects bacterial cells.

bacteriophage

Negatively charged cellular structures can be stained using _______during ___________ procedures.

basic dyes, positive staining

Bacteria multiply through the process of __________________.

binary fission

A multicellular association resulting in capsule forming bacteria would be referred to as a/an ____________.

biofilm

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes have many differences and many similarities. Which of the following is a similarity?

both have a cell membrane

All of the following pertain to glycolysis except:

degrades glucose to CO2 and H2O

The cell _______ is composed of the plasma membrane, the cell wall and sometimes the outer membrane.

envelope

The viral envelope closely resembles the ___________.

eukaryotic cytoplasmicmembrane

After new animal virions are assembled they exit host cells via exocytosis or budding off.

false

All animal viruses enter host cells through the process of endocytosis. true or false

false

All bacterial appendages provide the cells with a means of true motility. true or false.

false

All eukaryotic cells are microbes and only some prokaryotic cells are microbes. true or false.

false

An anaerobic organism (obligate, aerotolerant, or facultative) cannot respire due to the inability to use oxygen, they therefor use fermentation as their only choice. true or false

false

Archaea also have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls. true or false.

false

An enzyme must have copper added to it before the enzyme becomes functional. What function does the copper have?

it is a cofactor

The prefix photo- indicates that an organism will make use of ______ for energy purposes.

light

The idea of spontaneous generation postulated that _____________.

living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material.

A bacteriophage that replicates inside the host cell and then lyses its host during its release is a _____________.

lytic phage

If an organism grows best at 26°C and pH 2, the organism is a:

mesophile and acidophile

An organism whole ideal growth condition would be a ph of 7 would be best classified as a/an

neutrophile

A/an ____________ requires O2 for growth while a/an _____________ does not require O2 but prefers it.

obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe

The most likely place for an exoenzyme to participate in a bacterial chemical reaction is: ___________.

outside the cell

The optimum pH for growth of most species of bacteria is ______.

pH 7

The cytoplasmic membrane is composed mainly of __________ and the unique component of the outer membrane is ____________.

phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide.

Circular dsDNA found in some bacterial cells that is nonessential and found outside the chromosome would be considered __________.

plasmid

Viruses with _____ sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with _____ sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message.

positive, negative

Infectious misfolded proteins are called _____ while disease causing agents made of only a piece of RNA are called _____.

prions, viroids

Viral capsids are composed of __________.

protein

Capsules, a type of glycocalyx, are able to help a bacterium survive and to cause disease better. Which of the following is also a benefit to having a glycocalyx?

provides a store of nutrients and prevents drying out

A halophile _______________

requires salt

______ is the complete oxidation of glucose whereas _________ is the incomplete oxidation of glucose.

respiration, fermentation

Granules __________________.

store inorganic nutrients for the cell to use at a later time.

The temperature where the metabolism is functioning at its best is the ________.

temperature optimum

The cells walls of gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls are used to differentiate these types of bacteria. The main difference is that G+ cell walls are_____ and G- cell walls are _____.

thick, thin

A hypothesis must be tested many times before it can be considered a theory. True or false.

true

A single bacterial cell may multiply to form a visible colony. true or false

true

After bacteria divide the daughter cells are genetically identical. true or false.

true

All viruses must separate the nucleic acid from the capsid before replication. true or false

true

Bacteriophage often make pathogens more dangerous to humans by providing genes for toxins. true or false

true

The host range of a virus depends on the presence of host receptor molecules.

true

The host range of a virus depends on the presence of matching host receptor molecules. true or false

true

The ribosome is an enzyme based structure responsible for translation.

true

The structure of plant, animal, and bacterial viruses are each, fundamentally, very different from one another. true or false

true