FINAL

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Does this sentence contain a gerund, or a gerundive? Catullus carmina scribebat puellam Lesbiam amandi causa.

gerund Puellam Lesbiam is in accusative as the direct object of the gerund, not illogically pulled into genitive with it.

Identify the form and use of bellandi in Line 11.

gerund, genitive

ad flammas anima producit anili

she brings forth the flames with an old woman's breath

fit

she is made

facit

she makes

Which of the following does NOT describe the charming, sophisticated life Catullus and his friends live in the city?

invenustus

The subject of fecit in Line 3 is

When Catullus's girl (Lesbia) refers to "pessimi poetae" she

is joking and is referring to Catullus.

tecum Lesbia nostra comparatur

is our Lesbia compared with you

decet

it is fitting

Decet means

it is proper

oportet

it is proper

In line 14 attingit is best translated

it touches

In Line 2, unum stands for the understood noun

iter

In line 23, what does nullum modify?

iter

In Line 1 what is the antecedent of quibus?

itinera

just as

meant as a joke at a drinking party

Domi is ________________case.

locative

inferior

lower

In lines 18-19 the Helvetians

made allies of the Boii

probare

make acceptable, recommend

maturare

make haste

Which word in poem 1 is an example of an independent use of the subjunctive?

maneat

What type of subjunctive clause is ne causam diceret in Line 6?

negative purpose clause

Which of the following terms did Catullus' successors apply to him and his poetry?

neoteric and doctus

In line 12 duodecim refers to

oppida

Give the 3 objects of incendunt from lines 12-13.

oppida, vicos, aedificia

If the following were turned into latin, what mood would be used for the verb "you were accustomed"? "If only you were accustomed to listen to poets!"

optative subjunctive (wish)

In line 8, what is the tense of mortuus est?

perfect

Primary sequence, action earlier than the main verb.

perfect

In Line 6, what is the tense and voice of eripuit?

perfect active

Give the tense and voice of dictum est in line 13.

perfect passive

Identify the tense and mood of consciverit in line 9.

perfect subjunctive

amatus sit

perfect subjunctive

amaverim

perfect subjunctive

amaverit

perfect subjunctive

letter group -eri-

perfect subjunctive

In line 18, what is the antecedent of qui?

Boios

What does it mean when you say that a Latin verb "takes the dative"?

It can't have a normal accusative direct object, and the thing that we translate as its direct object is in dative case.

arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis. par erat inferior versus; risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem. When Ovid writes, materia conveniete modis, he is reminding us that

Traditionally, some poetic meter indicates a serious topic, while other meter indicated more playful poetry.

Baucis and Philemon are rewarded for their kindness to strangers. What is the second thing they request?

To die together so neither has to bury the other.

The first word of poem 1 is

an interrogative pronoun

Baucis is

an old woman

lepos

charm

lepos, lepidis

charm

More than one answer is possible here. Catullus describes his book as:

charming and new

lepide

charmingly

In line 4 Gallos is

direct object of a verb

perago

disturb, kill

ten provincia narrat esse bellam

does your province say that you are pretty

Which of the following is not true?

domus is a 2nd declension noun

dubium

doubt

The second principal part of fio is______Give only this form. Do not include other principal parts.

fieri

In lines 27-28 Orgetorix gives Dumnorix

filiam

Which of the following are the perfect forms of semi-deponent verbs?

gavisus sum ausus sum

Talking about actual cause/effect in the present or past

general conditions

To whom does eos and the first eorum refer in Lines 11 and 12 ?

germanis

What is the antecedent of qui in Line 8?

germanis

singuli

single, separate

eripiere

snatch away, tear out

In line ne is best translated

so that . . .not

ne forte loquare

so that you won't by chance say

In Line 7 non nullis is translated

some

Identify the use of numero in ine 12

specification

aranea, -ae

spider web

in line 2, modo is

the adverb meaning "just now"

Parve, nec invideo,sine me, liber, ibis in urbem: ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo! vade, sed incultus, qualem decet exulis esse; infelix habitum temporis huius habe. These opening lines are addressed to

the book itself

Salve, nec minimo puella naso nec bello pede nec nigris ocellis nec longis digitis nec ore sicco nec sane nimis elegante lingua. Decoctoris amica Formiani, ten provincia narrat esse bellam? Tecum Lesbia nostra comparatur? O saeclum insapiens et infacetum! The girl mentioned in this poem is

the girlfriend of a spendthrift from Formiae

Choose the best partial parsing for fuere in line 2 of poem 49

third person plural, perfect active indicative.

esse

to be

posse

to be able

fieri

to be done or made

affero, afferre, attuli, allatus

to bring

muto, mutare

to change

ustulo, ustulare

to char, scorch

ceno, cenare

to dine

facere

to do or make

Nullus, solus, alius, alter, totus, ullus and some others have -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative. They are regular in the other cases.

true

ODI et amo. quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior. One characteristic of the poetry of the Poetae Novi is that it is intensely personal as illustrated in this poem.

true

Ovid tell us that he tried to write serious verse in a serious meter, but he couldn't.

true

Ovid tells us that Cupid stole a foot or a metrical unit from the lines of the poem

true

iamb

u --

pyrrhic

u u

anapaest

u u --

The subject of capit (line 13) is

una pars (line 12)

What three words modify the understood noun partem? Separate each word by a comma.

unam, aliam, tertiam

subire

undergo, submit

infelix

unhappy

Speculating what would happen if something were different about the world

unreal conditions

In Line 2 what does difficile modify?

unum

This refers to the charming, sophisticated life Catullus and his friends live in the city.

urbanitas

The sophistication and manners and life-style of Catullus and his friends is referred to as

urbanitias

In lines 27-29, give a purpose clause.

ut...posset

purpose clause

ut/ne

Which is the correct way to express a thought like "He went to the store to buy milk" in Latin?

ut/ne followed by a subjunctive verb

result clause

ut/ut non and frequently a word meaning "so much" or similar

In classical Latin poetry, the sense of rhythm is achieved by...

variation between long and short syllables, according to strict rules of quantity

The setting of an epic poem is often described as

vast

velim

velimus

Which verb is the complementary infinitive placere (line 1, poem 93) directly dependent upon (i.e. which verb does it complement)?

velle

When Caesar conquered the country of Pontus, he said " ________, ________, ________"

veni vidi vici

incitare

rouse, excite

In line 1, itinera is best translated

routes

sacculus, -i

sack, wallet

Tristia, the title given to Ovid's collection, literally means

sad things

salvus

safe

sal

salt or wit

salsus, -a, -um

salty

dictio

saying, speaking

Choose the Latin word to correctly complete the sentence: cum Catullus carmina ___________, Caesar dictatorem Romae factum esse conatur. (While Catullus writes his poems, Caesar is attempting to become dictator of Rome.) NB: Catullus and Caesar weren't just contemporaries with no relationship. Catullus has poems about Caesar, and a lot of poems attacking one of Caesar's cronies who Catullus really hated.

scribat Present tense main verb (with the curveball of a deponent), and same time actions.

Give the 1st singular future perfect form of scribo, scibere, scripsi, scriptum

scripsero

Compose the 2nd person plural, future perfect passive indicative of scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum.

scripti eritis

In line 11 paratos modifies

In line 2 the phrase ex vinclis is translated

in chains

In line 3 vix qua . . . duerentur is

a relative clause of characteristic

In Line 1, quarum is

a relative pronoun

dono (the second word in poem 1) is

in the indicative mood

Pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses

past unreal

Which word is the subject of appellatus erat in Line 24?

pater

rescindere

tear back

In line 19, certiores facti sunt is best translated

they were informed

volunt

they wish

In line 17 sementes quam maximas facere means

they would plant as much food as possible

The future tense is best translated with this helping verb.

will

How many syllables would one hear in the following line of Catullus (remember the rules of elision)? quae sanctum Idalium Uriosque apertos

How many syllables would one hear in the following line of verse: arida modo pumice expolitum

How many syllables, when read as verse: quicum ludere, quem in sinu tenere

spondee

-- --

consedere duces et vulgi stante corona

-- -- | -- u u | -- // -- | -- -- | -- u u | -- --

Trochee

-- u

Which of the following patterns could not fit into a line of dactylic hexameter?

-- u --

cretic

-- u --

dactyl

-- u u

choriamb

-- u u --

pinea coniungens inflexae texta carinae

-- u u | -- -- | -- // -- | -- -- | -- u u | -- --

Praebuerat dictis Tritonia talibus aures

-- u u | -- -- | -- // -- | -- u u | -- u u | -- --

ipsa levi fecit volitantem flamine currum

-- u u | -- -- | -- // u u | -- -- | -- u u | -- --

diva quibus retinens in summis urbibus arces

-- u u | -- u u | -- // -- | -- -- | -- u u | -- --

in nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas

-- u u | -- u u | -- // -- | -- -- | -- u u | -- --

Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis

-- u u | -- u u | -- // -- | -- u u | -- u u | -- --

Which is the correct scansion for the following half-line of hexameter (note: the half line ends at the caesura): mille domos adiere

-- u u | -- u u | -- u

Count the syllables again (remember, this is not the number you find on the page, but the number that count for the meter). nam risu inepto res ineptior nulla est

How many syllables in the following when read as verse: (hint: there is definitely elision going on here!) tibi haec fuisse et esse cognitissima

1. How does Caesar attempt to set up an overview of Gaul for his Roman readers?

1. Caesar tries to paint a visual picture for the readers. Since Romans aren't with him, they can't see what he is trying to do for Rome. He tells of the different parts of Gaul that he must and plans to conquer for the empire (Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres). He further helps the readers by saying that there are three different groups in the area: the Belgians (incolunt Belgae), the Aquitani (alias Aquitani), and the Celts (tertiam...Celtae).

Give the numbers for CCXL and CLXXX in Line 14, Separate the numbers with a comma.

240, 180

How many partitive genitive nouns (including substantive adjectives) are there in the following? poetae libellus lepidissimus omnium erat, quod poeta optimus erat, et unum duorum libellorum qui doctissimi erant illius aevi scripserat.

2. What important cultural facts does Caesar perceive? How could these impact his mission and intentions?

2. Caesar sees that the Belgians, Aquitani, and Celts all differ in their language, customs, and bills or laws they have, as seen in the second sentence (lingua, institutis, legibus...differunt). This makes it harder for him to conquer Gaul as there are such big differences. He cannot just use the same tactics for the entire area because of these distinct differences. These differences add to the difficulty he will have in conquering Gaul, therefore making him seem that much more brave and strong as a military and political figure.

3. What geographical boundaries does he mention? Explain how these could be helpful to Caesar or not?

3. He mentions several rivers such as the Garonne, the Marne, and the Seine (last sentence, line 3, Garumna flumen...Matrona et Sequana). These rivers serve as territorial boundaries and divides between the groups (last sentence, line 3, Gallos ab Aquita3. He mentions several rivers such as the Garonne, the Marne, and the Seine (last sentence, line 3, Garumna flumen...Matrona et Sequana). These rivers serve as territorial boundaries and divides between the groups (last sentence, line 3, Gallos ab Aquitanis...a Belgis...dividit). These rivers could help Caesar and his legions travel faster up and down the "partes", and could be used as a barrier or stalemate between the two during fighting. The river could allow Caesar to rest on one side while a Gallic group is on the other. However, it could also be an obstacle and hard for his troops to cross if he or his troops aren't used to them. The groups may be more acclimated to navigating the rivers and outmaneuver Caesar.

What are the most likely dates for Catullus' life?

87-55 BCE

What is a good context clue that you can use to tell whether a verb in a sentence is passive or deponent?

A deponent verb can have an accusative direct object Also, a real passive verb can have an ablative of agent, and is more likely to have an ablative of instrument than a deponent.

arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis. par erat inferior versus; risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem. Pedem at the end of line four refers to

A metrical foot

Which of the following best defines "brevis in longo"?

A short syllable occurring at the end of the line, treated as if it were the second long of the final spondee.

et tacitus secum, ne quis malus audiat, optet, sit mea lenito Caesare poena levis. 30 nos quoque, quisquis erit, ne sit miser ille, precamur, placatos miseris qui volet esse deos ; quaeque volet, rata sint, ablataque principis ira sedibus in patriis det mihi posse mori.

AND HAVING BEEN SILENCED THEMSELVES, WHO HEARS NO BAD, CHOOSES, MY PUNISHMENT CALMED BY A LIGHTENED CAESAR. WE TOO, WHATEVER WILL BE, THAT IS NOT MISERABLE, ARE ASKED, WHO WILL ASK THE GODS TO SOOTHE THE MISERY; WHATEVER HE WISHES, THEY HAVE THOUGHT: WITH THE EMPEROR'S ANGER HAVING BEEN REMOVED GIVE ME THE POWER TO DIE IN MY NATIVE COUNTRY/RESIDENCE. Ovid asks the Gods to have mercy on him and soothe the misery (placatos miseris qui volet esse deos) and to give him the right to die in his native country of residence (sedibus in patriis det mihi posse mori).

neve liturarum pudeat; qui viderit illas, de lacrimis factas sentiat esse meis. vade, liber, verbisque meis loca grata saluta: contingam certe quo licet illa pede.

AND NOT SHAME OF YOUR CORRECTIONS; THOSE WHO HAVE SEEN, WILL SENSE THEY WERE MADE FROM MY TEARS. YOU GO, BOOK, GREET BELOVED PLACES WITH MY WORDS: I WILL CERTAINLY TOUCH THEM WITH THE FOOT I CAN.

Identify the use of qua die in Line 12.

Ablative of Time When

What is the syntax of regno occupato in Line 32?

Ablative Absolute

In Line 7 identify the use of vado.

Ablative of Means

What is the case and use of lege in Line 20?

Ablative of Means

In Line 1 identify the use of domo.

Ablative of Place from Which

Phoebus

Apollo

Many kinds of Latin poetry, such as the poems of Catullus, love elegies, and odes, are short poems that would not have been published on their own. How were they arranged?

Artistically, but not in any kind of chronology The order of Latin poems doesn't vary from manuscript to manuscript and clearly has some significance. Think about this next chapter--you will be reading Poem Number One from a collection. Why is it first?

In poem 1, how does Catullus describe his own poetry?

As trifles or nonsense

parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri, sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon illā sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, Choose the answer that best express the meaning of these verses.

Baucis and Phileon are the same age and live in a small house. They have lived here together since they were young

Something quite unusual happens next. What do they see? What do they do? frondere Philemona Baucis, Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 715 iamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta "vale" que "o coniunx" dixere simul, simul abdita texit ora frutex:

Baucis saw Philemon put forth leaves, Old Philemon saw Baucis put forth leaves. Already the top is sprouting over the two both faces, while it was allowed, returned the words "goodbye" and "Oh spouse" they have said simultaneously, the shrub has covered them at the same time hiding their mouths They see each other start putting forth leaves and sprouting leaves. They say goodbye together as they are covered in the shrub intertwined together.

The subject of spectant (line 16) is

Belgae (line 15)

The subject of sunt (line 8) is

Belgae (line 5)

Which Co-Consul did Caesar so overshadow that the consulship was called the consulship of Julius and Caesar?

Bibulus

Which Roman province did Catullus travel to?

Bithynia

The inhabitants point out the trees because the trunks have grown together. How does our narrator, Lelex come to know this story? ostendit adhuc Thyneius illic incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720 haec mihi non vani (neque erat, cur fallere vellent) narravere senes; equidem pendentia vidi serta super ramos ponensque recentia dixi

Bithynia residents still show the neighboring trunks from the two bodies there. Old people have truly told this (and not yet was, for what reason to wish to lie); Indeed I saw garlands hanging above branches just placing some I said Lelex knows this story from old men truthfully telling it.

at vos interea venite in ignem, pleni ruris et inficetiarum. annales Volusi, cacata carta.

But meanwhile you come into the fire Full of country lands (countryside) and crudities Annals of Volusius, defecated paper Aside from cacata carta, he says "pleni ruris et inficetiarum" which means that Volusius's writings are full of countryside and crudities. Full of countryside can also be taken as boring writings or plain writings. When he mentions crudities, Catullus is saying that Volusius's writings are crude, unrefined, rudimentary, or undeveloped. In that line Catullus essentially calls Volusius's annals boring, plain, crude, unrefined, and rudimentary, indicating that Volusius doesn't belong in Catullus's new-style poets group

In Line 19, to whom does eius refer?

Caesar

imperat Caesar ne milites Pompeiani interficiantur.

Caesar commands that the soldiers from Pompey's army not be killed. negative indirect command, primary sequence

In lines 16-19 Caesar discusses three essentials for the success of this undertaking.

Caesar discusses purchasing the greatest number of beasts of burden and wagons (iumentorum et carrorum...coemere), make their sowings as large/great as possible (sementes...maximas), and establish peace and friendship with the nearest states (cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare).

bellum civile gerendo Caesar dictator factus erat.

Caesar had been made dictator by waging civil war

Which of the following expressions conveys Catullus's message to Lesbia in this poem?

Carpe Diem!

Ille mi par esse deo videtur, ille, si fas est, superare divos, qui sedens adversus identidem te spectat et audit dulce ridentem, misero quod omnis eripit sensus mihi: nam simul te, Lesbia, aspexi, nihil est super mi vocis in ore, lingua sed torpet, tenuis sub artus flamma demanat, sonitu suopte tintinant aures, gemina teguntur lumina nocte. Otium, Catulle, tibi molestum est: otio exsultas nimiumque gestis: otium et reges prius et beatas perdidit urbes. This poem, Catullus 51, is an adaption of a poem by the Greek poet, Sappho. What is one reason Catullus may have chosen this poem?

Catullus and his friends liked all things Greek and like to use Greek words and references in their poems.

Vivamus mea Lesbia, atque amemus, rumoresque senum severiorum omnes unius aestimemus assis! soles occidere et redire possunt: nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, 5 nox est perpetua una dormienda. In lines two and three,

Catullus suggests that they (Catullus and Lesbia) shouldn't worry about what the old men say.

Choose the best translation: Cicero rem publicam servare conabatur eloquenter dicendo.

Cicero kept trying to protect the Republic by speaking eloquently. gerund acting as ablative of instrument

The author implicitly compares and contrasts Cicero's and Ovid's styles. What inference can you draw from the comparison?

Cicero's sentences were much longer than Ovid's on average "Cleverness" and "point" tend to come across better in shorter sentences, and "rolling" and "copiousness" are pretty close to being euphemisms for "longwindedness".

bellum civile Caesari gerendum est.

Civil war must be waged by Caesar

Which of these adjectives would the author think was appropriate for Ovid?

Clever/witty

Find the two vocative nouns in poem 1 and quote them here in Latin exactly from the poem.

Corneli Iuppiter

To whom does Catullus plan to give his book?

Cornelius Nepos

Do you think this is witty? It escapes you, foolish (man):

If we were translating the following English sentence into Latin, what construction would we use for the verbs? "Why was I to go to Seattle? Who was I to meet there?"

Deliberative subjunctive

What is the antecedent of qui in Line 26?

Diviciaci

In lines 26-27 we learn that the leader of the Aeduans is

Diviciacus

What is the use of Orgetorigem in Line 1.

Direct Object

The Amores are written in this meter.

Elegiac Couplet

The Amores are best described as

Entertaining stories of love and romance.

Cenabis bene, mi Fabulle, apud me paucis, si tibi di favent, diebus, si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnam cenam, non sine candida puella et vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis. Catullus asks Fabullus to bring all of the following except

Fabullus's money pouch

Which of the following phrases in English would need a partitive genitive in Latin?

Five of the teachers

Gallia

Gaul

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, alias Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

Gaul as a whole is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgians inhabit, another the Aquitani, third which in their own language are Celts, called Gauls in ours. All these differ in language, customs, and bills (laws) between themselves. The Garonne river divides Gaul from the Aquitani, and the Marne and Seine from the Belgians.

Galli

Gauls

In Line 8 to what does eo oppido refer?

Genava

In lines 15-16, we learn that Caear hurries to

Geneva

Which is NOT a valid way to tell gerunds apart from gerundives in the context of a sentence?

Gerundives are 1st/2nd declension but gerunds are 4th. Both gerunds and gerundives are 1st/2nd declension, though gerunds' endings are restricted because they are all neuter gender and have no nominatives or plurals. CAN TELL: no masculine or feminine gerunds no nominative gerunds gerundives are adjectives and so will be found in agreement with nouns

arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis. par erat inferior versus; risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem. As the Amores begins, Ovid tells us that he was preparing to do which of the following.

He was prepared to write about weapons and violent wars in meter appropriate for a serious topic.

His rebus adducti, et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti constituerunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare, iumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere,ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confirmare.

Having been led by these conditions, and influenced by the authority of Orgetorix, they have decided to pair the things which pertained to their departure, to purchase the greatest number of beasts of burden and wagons, to make their sowings as large as possible, so that an abundance of grain might be available on the way, to establish peace and friendship with the nearest states.

Nulli se dicit mulier mea nubere malle quam mihi, non si se Iuppiter ipse petat. dicit: sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti, in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua In poem 70, Catulllus reveals that

He cannot trust everything that Lesbia says Her words flow away like water in a stream.

How might we best describe Catullus' attitude to Caesar after reading poem 93?

He doesn't care for him.

What does Catullus hope will happen to his book?

He hopes it will last for more than one age.

Ovid was saddened and inspired to write the Tristia because

He was exiled from Rome.

sex mihi surgat opus numeris, in quinque residat: ferrea cum vestris bella valete modis! cingere litoreā flaventia tempora myrto, Musa per undenos emodulanda pedes! As the poem ends, Ovid says goodbye to was indicating that

He will not write about wars and serious topics as originally planned.

In poem 1, what is the explicit relation of Cornelius to Catullus?

He's the recipient of Catullus' little book

In lines 23-25, Caesar remembers that

Helvetians killed a Roman counsul and sent his army under the yoke

In Line 10, what is the subject of conantur?

Helvetii

Where is the main caesura to be expected in a line of dactylic hexameter?

Hepthemimeral - the seventh half-foot (after the long that starts the fourth foot) Between the two shorts of a dactyl in the third or fourth foot Penthemimeral - the fifth half-foot (after the long that starts the third foot) all of the above

"Vivamus dum vivimus." What's the mood of vivamus here?

Hortatory subjunctive

Odi et amo. Quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. Nescio. Sed fieri sentio et excrucior excrucior

I am tortured

Odi et amo. Quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. Nescio. Sed fieri sentio et excrucior nescio

I don't know

invideo

I envy

I go

Odi et amo. Quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. Nescio. Sed fieri sentio et excrucior odi

I hate

Odi et amo. Quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. Nescio. Sed fieri sentio et excrucior amo

I love

precor

I pray

parabam

I was preparing

Volo, velle means

I wish or want

In lines 4-5 we learn that rivers

Ille mi par esse deo videtur, ille, si fas est, superare divos, qui sedens adversus identidem te spectat et audit dulce ridentem, misero quod omnis eripit sensus mihi: nam simul te, Lesbia, aspexi, nihil est super mi vocis in ore, lingua sed torpet, tenuis sub artus flamma demanat, sonitu suopte tintinant aures, gemina teguntur lumina nocte. Otium, Catulle, tibi molestum est: otio exsultas nimiumque gestis: otium et reges prius et beatas perdidit urbes. This may be a description of the first time Catullus sees Lesbia. In the first stanza, Catullus is observing the man with whom Lesbia is talking. In the second stanza, he is observing Lesbia. In the third, he is describing his own reaction. Summarize what is happening in each of the three sections.

In the first stanza, Catullus says that the man Lesbia is talking with seems equal to a god and may even surpass the gods. The man looks at Lesbia and listens to her. In the second stanza, Lesbia's laugh essentially stops Catullus in his tracks, makes him breathless and entrances him. He is so fascinated with Lesbia that he has no feelings left and left speechless. In the third stanza, he cannot speak and is just paralyzed by Lesbia. He says that there's a fire through him and his limbs, his ears ring, and there is darkness over his eyes. In the fourth stanza, he talks on how leisure is trouble for Catullus and how it has ruined kings and prosperous cities before.

Iuppiter huc specie mortali cumque parente venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis. line 626-627 Atlantiades means grandson of Atlas. Mercury is the son of Jupiter and Maia, a daughter of Atlas. Positis is best translated put aside. Mercury couldn't appear as a mortal with his wings, could he? Select the answer that best translates these verses.

In the form of a mortal, Jupiter came here and, with his parent came, Mercury, the caduceus bearer, with his wings put aside.

quare aut hendecasyllabos trecentos exspecta, aut mihi linteum remitte, quod me non movet aestimatione, verum est mnemosynum mei sodalis. nam sudaria Saetaba ex Hiberis miserunt mihi muneri Fabullus et Veranius: haec amem necesse est ut Veraniolum meum et Fabullum. The napkin is valuable because

It is a symbol of the friendship Catullus has with Veranius and Fabullus

non certus est quo modo magnum incendium Romae Neronis tempore accendatur

It is unclear how the great fire of Rome in Nero's time was started. Quo modo (sometimes written as one word quomodo), though literally "in what way", frequently introduces an indirect question and works like English "how".

Why is it not normally possible to use a perfect or pluperfect subjunctive verb in a purpose or result clause?

It's illogical for a purpose or result to be earlier in time than the main clause

How would you explain the use of the infinitive "esse" in line 4 of poem 1? Pick the best answer.

It's infinitive used as the main verb within an indirect statement.

In the following English, if we were to translate it into Latin, what construction would we use for the verb? "Let them eat cake!"

Jussive Subjunctive

What is NOT a valid explanation for why "past tense" is never a correct answer to a Latin grammar question?

Latin doesn't meaningfully have the concept of "past v. present" like English does; all tenses are just relative to each other. "Relative tenses" are real Latin phenomena in some parts of the language, like subjunctives and participles, but Latin is perfectly capable of stating that an indicative verb is in the past!

Salve, nec minimo puella naso nec bello pede nec nigris ocellis nec longis digitis nec ore sicco nec sane nimis elegante lingua. In poem 43, Catullus compare a country girl to

Lesbia, his girlfriend

Let (those who) take care of the gods____________and those who worshiped the gods_______________________ "cura deum di sint, et, qui coluere, colantur."'

Let those who take care of the gods be gods and those who worshipped the gods be worshipped.

Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus, rumoresque senum severiorum omnes unius aestimemus assis! soles occidere et redire possunt: nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, nox est perpetua una dormienda. The best translation of the first line of this poem is

Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love

Choose the best translation of multae epistulae Ciceroni scribendae sunt.

Many letters must be written by Cicero. "Cicero must write many letters" is also generally considered a valid translation, though it is not literal because you have changed the passive structure of the sentence.

In Line 13 a.d. V Kal Apr. is in the month of

March

Who was the governor of the province Catullus served in?

Memmius

One of Ovid's most famous and important works is the

Metamorphoses

Ovid tell mythological stories of change in the __________________.

Metamorphoses

"Utinam pereat poeta pessimus!" Identify the mood of the verb pereat, and explain it.

Optative subjunctive (subjunctive of wish)

In lines 21-22 Orgetorix concerns himself with which one of these?

Orgetorix focuses on the third one, trying to form relations with the neighboring states (cum proximis civitatibus...amicitiam confirmare). He is chosen to be the ambassador to the other states (Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur).

nam, puto, sentirem, si quo temptarer amore - an subit et tecta callidus arte nocet? sic erit: haeserunt tenues in corde sagittae, et possessa ferus pectora versat Amor. Here Ovid compares Love to

NOT AN ARROW

There are an awful lot of picky and complicated terms for grammar in Latin. Where do they come from?

Native Latin speakers invented them to describe their own language, and they got pulled into English in translation-ese by scholars assuming everyone already knew some Latin.

In lines 7-9 to what lengths did the Helvetians have to proceed in order to attempt to bring Orgetorix to the court of justice?

Orgetorix gathered all of his people and family to come to support him while he pleads his case. Somehow they are able to rescue him as seen in line 6. In lines 7-9, it could be assumed that they were somewhat violent or at least threatening since the court had magistrates started getting their own men together from the country "multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus cogerent". They had to physically intimidate and challenge the state in an effort to bring Orgetorix justice.

How does Orgetorix go far beyond the simple establishment of friendly relations?

Once appointed ambassador, he convinces Casticus of the Sequani to "seize power" in his state, and also persuades Dumnorix of the Aedui to marry his (Orgetorix's) daughter as seen in lines 22-28 (In eo...in matrimonium dat). He also assures those states that he would get power and territory for them using his own resources because the Helvetii were the strongest of all three of them (lines 28-31).

nox est perpetua una dormienda. This is best translated

One eternal night must be slept

In lines 4-7, how powerful a man is Orgetorix shown to be and how does that aid him?

Orgetorix is shown to have a significant amount of power, wealth, influence, and authority to have about "milia decem" (ten thousand) of his "familiam" (family), "obaeratosque" (debtors), and "clientes" (clients) show up in support to hear him plead his case. This helps him because power can be seen in numbers and the sheer number of his supporters may intimidate and persuade the court to let him go. He later says that those are the reason he was able to be rescued from pleading his case line 6, "causam diceret se eripuit".

In line 1, Ea res refers to

Orgetorix's plan

arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis. par erat inferior versus; risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem. par erat inferior versus indicates

Originally, the lines of the poem were equal in respect to the metrical pattern.

Which of the following authors wrote during the "Augustan" period (i.e. during the reign of Augustus)?

Ovid Though he was quite a bit younger than most of the Augustan writers.

me miserum! certas habuit puer ille sagittas. 25 uror, et in vacuo pectore regnat Amor. From Ovid's reaction in line 25, we know that

Ovid has been struck by Cupid's arrow.

Ovidius puellam iterum rogabat num cras eum conveniret.

Ovid kept asking his girlfriend whether she would meet him tomorrow. indirect question

Choose the best translation: Ovidius carmina scribebat ad Romam redeundam.

Ovid kept writing poems in order to return to Rome. Ad frequently expresses some idea of purpose, not just position in space, in literary Latin.

Ovidius carmen nomine Metamorphoseon tam pulchrum scripsit ut per saecula multi id legerent.

Ovid wrote a poem called the Metamorphoses that was so beautiful that many people through the ages have read it.

In the following English, if we were to translate it into Latin, what kind of genitive would we use for the noun "students"? "The cleverest of the students earned the highest grade."

Partitive Genitive

Which of these descriptions would the author of the article think was true of the poems of Catullus and his friends?

Personal and self-expressive

What does Catullus say he has done to prepare his book for sharing with his friends?

Polished the edges of the scroll flat with dry pumice

MARRVCINE Asini, manu sinistra non belle uteris: in ioco atque vino tollis lintea neglegentiorum. hoc salsum esse putas? fugit te, inepte: quamvis sordida res et invenusta est. non credis mihi? crede Pollioni fratri, qui tua furta vel talento mutari velit: est enim leporum differtus puer ac facetiarum. Which brother does Catullus like? Which brother has urbanitias?

Pollio

Quintia formosa est multis. mihi candida, longa, recta est: haec ego sic singula confiteor. totum illud formosa nego: nam nulla venustas, nulla in tam magno est corpore mica salis. Lesbia formosa est, quae cum pulcerrima tota est, tum omnibus una omnis surripuit Veneres. Although Quintia is beautiful to some, she lacks a very important quality. What is it? Why is this significant to Catullus as a Poetae Novi?

Quintia has attractive features but "nam nulla venustas" which means "for no beauty/charm/elegance". Catullus says that she has so many beautiful qualities but has no charm or elegance because Lesbia stole all of that from all other women. Poetae Novi poetry has shorter, "finely crafted", and has more puns and allusions. This is significant because he wrote about his love life and showed the Roman life while being witty. This was a topic that was personal to him while being concise and to the point. Epic poems were longer and much more detailed.

Rhenus

Rhine River

Rhodanus

Rhone River

What social conditions led to the earliest preserved Latin literature being strongly based on Greek models?

Romans used educated Greek slaves to teach their children

aut mihi linteum remitte This is best translated

Send my napkin back to me

Pick the best translation for the following: Sit disertissima, sit doctissima virgnum omnium; ne libellos lepidissimos ei dones!

She may be the most eloquent and educated of all maidens; don't give her the most charming books!

Which is a valid way to think about how to make the future perfect tense (in active voice)?

Start with the perfect stem, then add future forms of sum as if they were endings

quare aut hendecasyllabos trecentos 10 exspecta, aut mihi linteum remitte, quod me non movet aestimatione, verum est mnemosynum mei sodalis. nam sudaria Saetaba ex Hiberis miserunt mihi muneri Fabullus 15 et Veranius: haec amem necesse est ut Veraniolum meum et Fabullum. If the napkin isn't returned, what does Catullus threaten?

That Catullus will write a nasty poem about the thief

What does Ovid tell us about Lesbia

That Lesbia wasn't her real name

What does the historian Suetonius (writing in the 2nd century CE) tell us about Catullus

That he reconciled with Caesar despite hurting his reputation

What do we mean when we say that a syllable is anceps?

That position in the line can be filled with a long or a short syllable

The 'boyfriend' is from Formiae and therefore is a country boy who is looked down upon by Catullus and his city-friends.

senatus nesciat quid Catilina facere audeat

The Senate does not know what Catiline is prepared to do The most common English equivalent of audeo is "to dare", but "The Senate does not know what Catiline dares to do" is not natural English.

In line 3 of poem 49, post is

The adverb "afterwards"

dominus ancillae imperat ut multum cibum coquat

The master commands that the servant to cook a lot of food.

What's the best translation for the phrase "unus italorum" from poem 1?

The only one of the Italians

Which of the following best defines the idea of metrical caesura?

The place in the line where, in the process of composition, two half-lines are joined together at a word-break

servus domino rogavit quam togam nunc gerere vellet

The slave asked the master which toga he would like to wear now!

Lelex is

The storyteller

femina timuit ne suum amatorem pater interficeret

The woman feared that (her) father would kill her lover.

In poem 49, Catullus describes himself as

The worst poet of all.

sunt tibi magna, puer, nimiumque potentia regna; 13 cur opus adfectas, ambitiose, novum? The best (most literal) translation of line 13 is

There are for you (you have), boy, great and excessively powerful kingdoms.

mille domos adiere locum requiemque petentes, mille domos clausere serae; tamen una recepit, adiere is best translated

They approached

Baucis and Philemon are rewarded for their kindness to strangers. What is one thing they request?

They become priests in the temple.

In Line 9, how did they believe he had escaped that justice?

They believe he committed suicide. This is seen in line 9 "quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit" with the Helvetians thinking that he inflicted death to himself.

What two considerations influenced the Helvetians to leave everything they had ever known?

They were led and influenced by Orgetorix's authority and reputation. He was able to easily persuade the citizens to expand outward by saying that they (the Helvetians) are enclosed by the nature of the place everywhere (quod undique locī nātūrā Helvētiī continentur), by the widest and deepest Rhine river (flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo) to the Jura mountains (monte Iura altissimo) to the Lake of Lemmanus (lacu Lemanno) in lines 5-10. While also being well known and eager for war (homines bellandi cupidi...pro gloria belli), they also felt their boundaries are too narrow for their proportion of people (Pro multitudine autem hominum...angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur).

Cui dono lepidum novum libellum arida modo pumice expolitum? Corneli, tibi: namque tu solebas meas esse aliquid putare nugas iam tum, cum ausus es unus Italorum 5 omne aevum tribus explicare cartis doctis, Iuppiter, et laboriosis. quare habe tibi quidquid hoc libelli qualecumque; quod, patrona virgo plus uno maneat perenne saeclo. 10 When Catullus uses words like nugas in line 4 and libelli in line 8 to describe his work, he wants us to know that

This new book of his is not a traditional epic poem.

At the time Ovid was writing the Tristia, he was living in

Tomis This city is on the Black Sea in Romania today.

consenuere is best translated "they grew old".

True, it is the shorted form of consenuerunt.

What is the best description of how you form a subjunctive verb in the perfect passive system?

Use a subjunctive form of sum instead of indicative as your helping verb

The rhythm of Latin poetry is constituted by

Variation between long and short syllables, as determined by rules of quantity

Caesar claimed to be a descendant of _________________________.

Venus

What did E.T. Merrill say about our knowledge of Catullus' life?

We can know him as we can know few other historical authors

What was Catullus' brother's name?

We do not know

quod tu cum olfacies, deos rogabis, totum ut te faciant, Fabulle, nasum. Which is the best translation of this section?

When you will smell this (perfume) you will ask the gods to make you, Fabullus, all nose.

In line 5, what does quod mean?

because

siquis, ut in populo, nostri non inmemor illi, siquis, qui, quid agam, forte requirat, erit: vivere me DICES, salvum tamen esse NEGABIS; id quoque, quod vivam, munus habere dei. What is the subject of both dices and negabis?

You is the subject. It refers to the book itself and by extension the reader also.

Pick the best translation for "hoc fortis facias"

You would do this if you were brave

In line 15 paratiores is

a comparative adjective

In line 15 trium mensum is

a genitive of measure

In line 15 subeunda is

a gerundive

In line 7 ad effeminandos animos is

a gerundive phrase

nec te purpureo velent vaccinia fuco— non est conveniens luctibus ille color— nec titulus minio, nec cedro charta notetur, candida nec nigra cornua fronte geras. Here Ovid describes what his book will NOT have. Which of these doesn't he mention?

a gold cover

a pseudonym for Catullus's girlfriend

In line 27, ut introduces

a purpose clause

In line 18 quae . . . pertinet is

a relative clause

The ablative of description is usually

a noun and an adjective

In line 5 omnium is

a partitive genitive

sed contra accipies meros amores seu quid suavius elegantiusve est: nam unguentum dabo, quod meae puellae donarunt Veneres Cupidinesque, What does Catullus offer Fabullus?

a perfume that smells like love and comes from Venus and Cupid

In line 1 of poem 49, Romuli is

a possessive genitive

In line 2 qui introduces

a relative clause

a thief who has taken a memento that is important to Catullus

exul

an exile

What case is saeclo in line 10 of poem 1?

ablative

Identify the construction of die constituta in Line 3

ablative absolute

What is the use of spe sublata in line 14?

ablative absolute

Salve, nec MINIMO puella NASO nec bello pede nec nigris ocellis nec longis digitis nec ore sicco nec sane nimis elegante lingua. Decoctoris amica Formiani, ten provincia narrat esse bellam? Tecum Lesbia nostra comparatur? O saeclum insapiens et infacetum! Minimo naso is this grammatical construction.

ablative of description

What is the case and usage of Aquitanis in Line 4?

ablative of separation

Give the case and usage for the word lingua in line 2

ablative of specification

Identify the case and use of natura in Line 6.

ablative, means

In line 1, Helvetios is

accusative object of preposition

Identify the case and use of longitudinem in line 14.

accusative, extent of space

gerundive

adjective

In line 1, longe is

adverb

What part of speech is continenter in line 9?

adverb

Which of the following vowel pairs will not normally be read as two syllables? In other words, which is a genuine dipthong in latin?

posito sedili

after the couch was placed

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon, he said "__________ ____________ _________"

alea iacta est

In line 22, the second iter is modified by

aliud nullum (lines 22-23)

What is the figure of speech in Line 4?

alliteration

omnino

altogether

Which of the following is a gerund?

amandum

Choose the correct Latin word to complete the sentence: cum Lesbia alterum virum __________, Catullus in eam carmina saeva scribebat. (Since Lesbia had been with another man, Catullus started writing cruel poems to [attack] her.) NB: Another fine detail--it's absolutely true that "to X" in the sense of an indirect object is translated with dative, but an act of aggression directed at someone (like mean poems that were circulated rather than literally sent straight to Lesbia) is in or ad + accusative.

amavisset

In line 32 inter se is translated

among themselves

In Lines 11-12 omnibus rebus comparatis is

an ablative absolute

In line 32 regno occupato is

an ablative absolute

In line 10 virtute is

an ablative of specification

scripta tardipedi deo daturam infelicibus ustulanda lignis. Scripta is a substantive adjective. What is substantive?

an adjective with an implied noun

anaphora

inque foco tepidum cinerem dimovit

and she moves aside the warm ashes in the hearth

et ignes suscitat hesternos

and she stirs up yesterday's flames

atque ita tu tacitus,....cave!

and so be careful you are quiet

Which of the following is NOT the Dative case?

arma IS IN DATIVE: cupidini rebus puero armis

apud

at the home of

conari

attempt

iumentum

beast of burden

vergo

bend

praeterquam

besides

pons

bridge

consciscere

bring on oneself

verum

but

coemere

buy in large quantities, buy up

illa consenuere casa paupertatemque fatendo effecere levem nec iniqua mente ferendo; They grew old in that house and they made their poverty light (easier to bear) by

by admitting it and having a good attitude about it.

forte

by chance

In line 20 we learn that

by law everyone must depart

In line 15, quam maximis itineribus literally means

by the greatest marches possible

amaverit

can't tell out of context

Una pars is the subject of what four verbs in Lines 12-15

capit, continetur, attingit, vergit

princeps

chief, most prominent

In line 3 the object of persuasit is

civitati

facetiae

cleverness

The object of conduxit is

clientes

auctoritas

clout, influence

inficetiae

coarseness

Choose the correct subjunctive verb to complete the Latin sentence: Cicero epistulas tam perite scripsit ut aliquis omnes epistulae __________________ ad legendum. (Cicero has written letters so beautifully that someone is collecting all his letters so people could read them.) NB: the structure at the end of this sentence is called a gerund. It's translated for you so you don't have to understand it to answer, but look out for them next chapter!

colligat The translation gives you a hint that this is the kind of perfect tense main verb that would probably be treated as primary sequence: the point is that, at the time the sentence is being written, Cicero's letters exist in the present (having been beautifully written in the past). Don't worry--there won't be any questions this tough on the single-attempt test this unit!

An imperative is a ________________.

command

Give the four infinitives that form an indirect statement with constituerunt in Lines 16-19.

comparare, coemere, facere, confirmare

In line 16, what degree of adjective is inferiorem?

comparative

In line 5 what degree is facilius?

comparative

cogere

compel

Choose the correct tense of the subjunctive verb. Pay attention to the main verb, sequence of tense rules, and logic. domina mandat ut ancillae crines _________________. The lady of the house tells her slave girls to do her hair.

componant Primary sequence, and indirect commands will normally have to be "same time" verbs (it is not very reasonable to ask someone to have already done something!)

What Latin mood would we use for the verb "He may be annoying" in the following? "He may be annoying, but he's my brother."

concessive subjunctive

ducere

consider

existimare

consider

deliberare

consult, consider

cremare

consume by fire

In lines 9-11 we learn that the Helvetians

continued the emigration plan

Caesar was awarded the ____________ _______________ for saving the life of Mithradates.

corona civica

litura

correction, blot

What does fere in line 10 modify?

cotidianis

While Catullus did not give his poems titles, Poem 5 might be called

counting kisses

rus, ruris

country

Which of the following is an imperative?

crede

crimen

crime, sin

reus

criminal

obaeratus

debtor

In the following line of dactylic hexameter, identify the first four feet (watch out for elision): illa rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten

dactyl spondee spondee dactyl: -- u u | -- -- | -- -- | -- u u

In the following line of dactylic hexameter, identify the first three feet: Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus

dactyl, spondee, spondee: -- u u | -- -- | -- --

Give the case of provinciae in line 16.

dative

Nulli se dicit mulier mea nubere malle Nulli is ______________case

dative

This case is derived from a Latin verb that means to give. It is used to indicate to whom something is given. This case is also commonly used with compound verbs.

dative

What is the case of sibi in Line 21?

dative

In a gerundive of obligation, what case is the agent in, if it is expressed at all? (It is not grammatically necessary for it to be.)

dative only place in Latin language where this happens

Which of the following is a future participle?

daturam

nox est perpetua una dormienda. In this line, Catullus is refering to

death

In lines 2-3, we learn that the Helvetian punishment for treason was

death by fire

In line 6 we learn that Orgetorix

escaped pleading his case

legatio

delegated authority

profectio

departure

What type of verb is conaretur in line 7?

deponent

siccus

dry

fucus

dye

Give the 2nd person singular future perfect active of ago, agere, egi, actus.

egeris

Which verb should we read into the last line of poem 49?

Choose the correct tense of the subjunctive verb. Pay attention to the main verb, sequence of tense rules, and logic. puer scire volebat num vir servus ______________. (The boy wanted to know whether the man was a slave.)

esset Secondary sequence, and the boy is asking about the man's present status, not his past.

vel

even

At the time Ovid was writing the Tristia, he was

exiled

In Lines 9-11, which verb introduces an indirect statement.

existimabant

quamvis

extremely

Both facio and fio share this principal part.

factus

Catullus's poetry indicates that he prefers a simple country life to his life of otium or leisure in the city.

false

Compound verbs never have a different conjugation than the original verb. For example do, dare is the same conjugation as edo, edere.

false

In his poetry, Catullus clearly acknowledges his patron

false

Latin is the only language that has irregular verbs.

false

ODI et amo. quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior. Neoterics prefer lengthy verses to tight, short, finely crafted ones.

false

The future tense of Latin verbs always uses the tense indicator -b- as is CenaBis.

false

The present subjunctive is formed by changing the vowel in the present indicative. For example, Indicative Subjunctive amamus amemus ducimus ducamus videmus videamus

false

True or False: dactylic hexameter contains only dactylic feet.

false

True or false: the following are always read as two consonants (which therefore lengthen any previous short syllable): x, z, ch, qu

false

True or false: a spondee is never found in the fifth foot of dactylic hexameter.

false

True or false: a word has as many syllables as it has consonants.

false

True or false: fisus sum means "I am trusted"

false

True or false: when a hard consonant like "c" or "t" is followed by a liquid consonant like "l" or "r", the previous syllable is always read as short.

false

True or false: when a syllable begins with two consonants, we read it as long, no matter the quantity of the vowel sound in it.

false

esse quid hoc dicam, quod tam mihi dura videntur strata, neque in lecto pallia nostra sedent, et vacuus somno noctem, quam longa, peregi, lassaque versati corporis ossa dolent? As the Amores 1.2 begins, Ovid tells us that he has slept well.

false

Caesar was the first Emperor of Rome

false Caesar's grandnephew Octavian was the first Emperor of Rome.

You could use a Latin gerund to translate the underlined word in "The master pursued the FLEEING slave"

false Don't be too fooled by English -ing, which we use for far too many different things. In this sentence it's a participle, not a gerund (it's modifying the slave), and you would translate with a Latin present participle.

Casear cemented his political alliance with Pompey by marrying Pompey's daughter

false He married Pompey's cousin and Julia, Caesar's daughter married Pompey.

Sequence of tense rules work the same way in subjunctive clauses and in indirect statements.

false Indirect statements don't have this whole mess in Latin (they do in English!) You just have three tenses of the infinitive (present, perfect and future) to cover "same time as main verb", "before main verb", and "after main verb".

subjunctive verbs can only be the main verb of a sentence

false Most subjunctives in real Latin are found in subordinate clauses.

Caesar married 3 women, including Calpurnia, Cleopatre and Cornelia.

false Pompeia is the 3rd Wife.

vereor ne ursus me consumat. True or false: the speaker wants the action in the fear clause to happen.

false Remember that, in fear clauses, ne indicates the thing you're trying to STOP from happening. So translate "I am scared that the bear will eat me."

Depending on what you want to say, you can in theory put any tense of the subjunctive into any Latin sentence

false This is the essence of the concept "sequence of tenses". There are only certain tenses that are allowed, depending on the tense of the main verb. Please note that, while you may occasionally see Latin authors break sequence of tense rules for special effect, this doesn't invalidate the rule. It's no different from how high-level English authors, especially poets, can sometimes break rules for literary effect.

Most Latin literature was designed for the masses and would have been easy to read.

false We're told that Latin literature was mostly written for the educated elite. It generally involves difficult word choices and sentence structure and assumes a significant amount of background knowledge. Many works are also written with the assumption that most readers were bilingual in Latin and Greek. Take heart if any of our readings are challenging. They would have been for many Romans too!

The author mentions Latin authors of different ethnic groups and genders.

false While the author does point out that the comedy writer Terence was African-born (this probably means from North Africa rather than sub-Saharan), no female authors are mentioned. It is possible that no classical Latin written by a woman survives. There are a few poems attributed to a Sulpicia, but some scholars think there was a real Sulpicia while others think they were written by Tibullus trying out a female narrator for variety. The only really likely candidate for a Latin document written by a woman is a late text called "The Martyrdom of Perpetua", which seems to be using Perpetua's own prison diary for large parts of the story. But it exists in both Greek and Latin and we're not absolutely sure which one is the translation. So in conclusion: women's score maximum 2, minimum zero.

The Roman novelist Apuleius tells us that Lesbia's real name was Clodia, and that she was the sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher.

false only the first part is true

What does omnem in Line 4 modify?

familiam

ad hominum milia decem in Line 4 modifies

familiam

ulterior

farther

Choose the type of subjunctive clause. rex veretur ut leonem captivum necet.

fear clause You have vereor, so it can't be anything else. Yes, this is a NEGATIVE fear clause, as in something the subject is worried won't happen, and yes, if you translate it correctly it's a little sadistic.

Identify the type of clause: rex altus metuit ne nimis populi in bello perirent.

fear clause Any verb that means "to be afraid", like metuo or vereor, plus ut/ne is a dead giveaway here.

When talking about Latin meter, we refer to short, repeated patterns of syllables within a line of poetry as

feet

In line 15, what does extremis modify? Answer in Latin.

finibus

ignis

fire

What is the antecedent of qui in line 7?

flumine

cibaria

food, rations

ineptus

foolish

ineptus, -a, -um

foolish

pedem

foot

inmemor

forgetful

The perfect tense of sum, esse is

fui

harundinosus, -a, -um

full of reeds

Which of the following Latin tenses does not exist in subjunctive mood?

future The best explanation is that the Romans thought that the future tense already had a "maybe" element in it, so that it would not make sense to have a future subjunctive. BTW, though we have not formally reviewed/taught future perfect tense yet, there is also no FP subjunctive for the same reason.

Identify the form of portaturi in line 14.

future active participle

If I should do X, Y would happen.

future less vivid

Present (or rarely perfect) subjunctive in both clauses

future less vivid

Vague, hypothetical, or philosophical speculation about cause/effect in the future

future less vivid

Future perfect (or occasionally future) in protasis, future in apodosis

future more vivid

If I do X, Y will happen.

future more vivid

Thinking about actual cause/effect in the future

future more vivid conditions

amavero

future perfect indicative

Which combination contains only primary sequence tenses?

future, future perfect, present, perfect

dedit

gave

munis, muneris

gift

praecedo

go before

exire

go out

transire

go over

divus, -i

god

In lines 21-22 we learn that Orgetorix

goes to visit other states

Publius Ovidius Naso wrote during the ___________________ Age of Roman Literature

gold

luctus

grief

molere

grind in a mill

In Line 6 we learn that the Allobroges

had recently been subdued

felices ornent haec instrumenta libellos: fortunae memorem te decet esse meae. nec fragili geminae poliantur pumice frontes, hirsutus sparsis ut videare comis. According to Ovid, if books/scrolls have nice covers and shiny nobs, they will be

happy

As Baucis and Philemon grow older, they happen to be standing by the sacred steps. What are they doing? annis aevoque soluti ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique narrarent casus,

having been weakened by years and age they stand before the sacred steps together by chance telling of the place's downfall They are telling of the place's downfall/destruction.

What is the subject of praecedunt in Line 10?

helvetii

Romans did not only write epic poems about myths. What was another subject for the earliest Latin epics?

history The article mentions that Naevius wrote an epic about the Punic War. It's not as obvious in the article, but the epic by Ennius (Annales) is also a history of Rome.

bellandi cupidi in Line 11 modifies

homines

Which Latin mood would we use for "Let's give" in the following? "Let's give the book to the best of the poets."

hortatory subjunctive

ibis

ibitis

What is the antecedent of quod in Line 10?

In line 14, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari explains

id (line 14)

In line 25, concedendum modifies

id (line 23)

siquis

if anyone

The perfect tense of eo, ire is

protinus

immediately

Secondary sequence, action simultaneous with the main verb.

imperfect

amaret

imperfect subjunctive

present infinitive with endings

imperfect subjunctive

Which combination contains only secondary sequence verb tenses?

imperfect, perfect, pluperfect

Identify the tense and mood of vagarentur in Line 10. Give the answer in this format: tense, mood

imperfect, subjunctive

Identify the tense, mood, and voice of cremaretur in Line 3

imperfect, subjunctive, passive

In Line 3 what is the tense, mood and voice of ducerentur?

imperfect, subjunctive, passive

licet, decet, neccesse est These are examples of

impersonal verbs

importo

import

imus

What kind of subjunctive clause is this? consul imperavit ne pecuniam consumeretur.

indirect command "command" verb

Identify the type of clause: carmine Horatius Romanos hortatur ut pro patria sua dulce moriantur.

indirect command This is a challenging question, but hortor is close enough to "giving a command" (encouraging someone is still telling them to do something, just with less authority than impero!) that it will almost always introduce an indirect command. NB: I'm not trying to throw a million deponent verbs at you to torture you. This is a fairly realistic picture of the frequency of deponents in Latin prose.

In line 1 of poem 93, what is the relation of tibi to placere?

indirect object

Pick the type of subjunctive clause seen in this sentence. Multi dubitabant quid optimum esset.

indirect question

Identify the type of clause: servus rogavit ubi dominus et domina amicum suum sedere vellent.

indirect question The question word ubi is a dead giveaway. (Note the irregular imperfect subjunctive of volo--in a way, it's not really irregular, since it's just the admittedly weird infinitive form velle + endings!)

Which of the following types of Latin subordinate clause would NEVER contain a subjunctive verb?

indirect statements Remember, all the main verbs in an indirect statement (as opposed to question or command) become infinitives after the main verb, not subjunctives! Though be aware that, if you take a sentence that already has subordinate clauses in it and THEN put the whole thing inside indirect discourse, all the subordinate verbs become subjunctive even if they weren't already

What form would you use if you wanted to make an action the subject of a Latin sentence, like in English "Sleeping eight to nine hours per night is healthy"?

infinitive

adficere

influence, work upon

incolo

inhabit

intercedere

intervene

indirect question

introduced by a question word

In line 21 deligitur is translated

is chosen

cachinnus

laughter

nobilissimos in Line 20 modifies what word?

legatos

In line 14 longitudinem and latitudinem mean

length and width

Cui dono lepidum novum libellum arida modo pumice expolitum? Corneli, tibi: namque tu solebas meas esse aliquid putare nugas iam tum, cum ausus es unus Italorum omne aevum tribus explicare cartis doctis, Iuppiter, et laboriosis. quare habe tibi quidquid hoc libelli qualecumque; quod, patrona virgo plus uno maneat perenne saeclo. In lines 1 and 2, Catullus uses four words to tell us that, not only is this a recent book, it is a book of poems in a new style. What are those four words?

lepidum novum libellum expolitum

Vivamus is best translated

let us live

Vivamus mea Lesbia atque amemus Vivamus is best translated

let us live

This verb means "it is permitted". The English derivative gives you permission.

licet

life and death

What is the subject of important in Line 8?

mercatores

temperare

moderate

sudarium, -i

napkin

angustus

narrow

belle

neatly or well

Which of the follow is an ablative of description?

nec bello pede nec nigris ocellis

non vult

nolunt

What case do you use for the noun a passive verb is being done to?

nominative

What is the case of omnis in Line 1?

nominative

Which of the following sentence structures could not, alternatively, be written with a gerund or gerundive?

none-they all can CAN: debeo + infinitive purpose clause normal noun related to the verb

In line 15 septentriones is best translated

north

septentriones

north

illepidus

not polite

gerund

noun

Gerunds are________________.

nounds

In line 4 of poem 1, what noun is the subject of esse

nugas

Pick the best Latin version of the following: "You might believe in these trifles, but it's my custom to read learned and elegant pages."

nugis his tu credas , sed ego soleo cartas doctas et lepidas legere.

ius

oath

In Line 12, give the verb that is in the Indirect Statement

obtinere

In line 1 unam is best translated as

one part

carta

papyrus

In line 12, what is the antecedent of quam?

pars

What is antecedent of quarum?

partes

In line 25, concedendum is in what type of construction?

passive periphrastic

If I did X, Y happened.

past general

Imperfect or perfect indicative in both clauses

past general

If I had done X, Y would have happened.

past unreal

Choose the correct subjunctive verb to complete the Latin sentence: Ovidius carmina nomine Tristia scribebat ut Augustus eum Romam redire _______________. (Ovid wrote poems called the Tristia so that Augustus would let him come back to Rome.)

permitteret

In Line 4 what is the subject of possent?

perpauci

Find an indirect command in Lines 3 & 4, Write the verb that introduces the indirect command and the last word of the indirect command, Put a comma between the two verbs.

persuasit, exirent

Caesar was captured by ______________________________.

pirates

In line 18, what tense is incoluerant?

pluperfect

Secondary sequence, action earlier than the main verb.

pluperfect

amatus esset

pluperfect subjunctive

amavisset

pluperfect subjunctive

letter group -isse-

pluperfect subjunctive

felices ornent haec instrumenta libellos: fortunae memorem te decet esse meae. nec fragili geminae poliantur pumice frontes, hirsutus sparsis ut videare comis. Pumice is a reference to

polishing the pages with a pumice stone

What is the subject of the infinitive rescindi in Line 18?

pontem

sunt tibi magna, puer, nimiumque potentia regna; cur opus adfectas, ambitiose, novum? Sometimes the dative case is used to show__________________. "There are for you.." or "You have..."

possession

facultas

possibility, opportunity

All the following are subjunctive EXCEPT

possunt

Compound verbs in Latin most often consist of a verb root and a/an

preposition The root verb is often preceded by a,ab, cum (con) in, etc.

Primary sequence, action simultaneous with the main verb.

present

If I do X, Y happens.

present general

Present indicative in both clauses

present general

Identify the form of proficisci in line 15.

present infinitive

Give the tense and voice of appellantur in Line 3

present passive

"wrong" stem vowel

present subjunctive

ametur

present subjunctive

If I were X, then Y would happen.

present unreal

Imperfect subjunctive in both clauses

present unreal

candidus -a, -um

pretty, radiant

In line 9 qua de causa refers to

proximity to the Germans

publicus reus

public criminal

In line 27 idem refers to

regnum in civitate sua occuparet

Choose the correct tense of the subjunctive verb. Pay attention to the main verb, sequence of tense rules, and logic. dux milites hortatur ut ferociter __________________. The general is telling the soldiers to fight fiercely.

pugnent Primary sequence, and the general is telling the soldiers to do something, not to have already done it.

merus, -a, -us

pure

Choose the correct tense of the subjunctive verb. Pay attention to the main verb, sequence of tense rules, and logic. centurio militibus rogavit cur castra non __________________. (The centurion asked the soldiers why they hadn't cleaned the camp.)

purgavissent Secondary sequence, and the centurion asked them why they hadn't ALREADY done something before he asked the question.

What type of subjunctive clause is in lines 17-18?

purpose clause

Identify the type of clause: Caesar exercitus bene ducebat ut milites bene pugnaret. NB: For all questions of this type, while you are encouraged to look up/use context clues for words you do not know, there are enough hints for you to be able to ID the clauses without knowing all the vocabulary if necessary.

purpose clause There is an ut, the verb has nothing to do with giving a command or being afraid, and there's no word to make you suspect a result clause.

Pick the type of subjunctive seen in this question: Caesar bellum civile incepit ut dux solus factus esset.

purpose clause Without context, you could arguably take this as either purpose or result, though purpose is more likely.

exsequi

pursue, follow

In poem 1, which of the following is a complementary infinitive?

putare and explicare

lector

reader

expedite

readily, promptly

asciscere

receive, admit

minium

red

incultus

rough

tollere

remove

Identify the type of clause: Cicero de Catilina tam saepissime dicebat ut audire taedeat.

result clause Classic result clause, with your "so much" word (tam) and then ut. BTW, also a good place to teach you the useful impersonal verb taedet, "it is boring/annoying". Construct like this with an infinitive (Cicero talked about Catiline so often that it was annoying to hear), or with an accusative of the person who is bored and a genitive of the thing that's boring. A weird but fun and not infrequent verb.

Choose the type of subjunctive clause: iuvenis tot pecuniam consumit ut pater non laetus sit.

result clause Tot is another one of your result clause signal words! And ut non can only be a negative result clause--negative purpose and negative indirect command use ne.

Quid, si praeripiat flavae Venus arma Minervae, ventilet accensas flava Minerva faces? Quis probet in silvis Cererem regnare iugosis, lege pharetratae Virginis arva coli? crinibus insignem quis acuta cuspide Phoebum instruat, Aoniam Marte movente lyram? The predominate rhetorical feature in this section is:

rhetorical question

fortitudo

strength, bravery

pertinere

stretch out

pellere

strike

occidere

strike down, kill

deffertus, ,-a,-um

stuffed with

sum

sumus

In what degree are the adjectives nobilissimus and ditissimus in Line 1?

superlative

What kind of adjective is fortissimi in Line 5?

superlative

coniuratio

swearing together, conspiracy

suavis, -e

sweet

sumere

take

occupare

take possession, seize

enuntiare

tell, disclose

Form the masculine nominative singular gerundive from the verb teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum.

tenendus

Tenuere is the shortened form of

tenuerunt

Give the 1st person plural future perfect active form of tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus

tetigerimus

Disertissime Romuli nepotum, quot sunt quotque fuere, Marce Tulli, quotque post aliis erunt in annis, gratias tibi maximas Catullus agit pessimus omnium poeta, tanto pessimus omnium poeta, quanto tu optimus omnium patronus. Catullus did not use the term Poetae Novi himself. Cicero did. From this poem, we might infer

that Cicero was not complementing Catullus's work when he used the phrase Poetae Novi

"Quis tibi, saeve puer, dedit hoc in carmina iuris? Pieridum vates, non tua turba sumus. In these lines, Ovid addresses Cupid and complains

that Cupid is getting involved with matters that are none of his business. That Cupid should leave poetry to the Muses BOTH

siquis, ut in populo, nostri non inmemor illi, siquis, qui, quid agam, forte requirat, erit: vivere me dices, salvum tamen esse negabis; id quoque, quod vivam, munus habere dei 20 In lines 19 and 20, Ovid tells us

that even though he is not living well, life is a gift from god

Parve, nec invideo,sine me, liber, ibis in urbem: ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo! vade, sed incultus, qualem decet exulis esse; infelix habitum temporis huius habe. In line 3 and 4, Ovid's suggests

that life in exile is rough and he is unhappy

In line 3 we learn that

the Gauls differ in major cultural aspects

Which of these options is the best natural-language paraphrase of the grammar term "primary sequence"?

the main verb of the sentence is in a present or future tense Note that, although you will occasionally see perfect tense main verbs being treated as primary sequence, that's because the Romans thought of those verbs as being about the present (the "has done" translation, not the "did" translation.)

nobilitas

the nobility

senex iussit

the old man ordered (asked)

plebs

the people, the common people

repetet mea crimina lector

the reader will remember my crimes

populi ore

the voice of the people

In line 19 occasum solis is translated

the west

nec refert, dominos illic famulosne requiras: 635 tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque. It doesn't matter if you might ask for the masters or the servants there, the two are ____________________. They obey and order the same.

the whole house

The old couple realize that their visitors are gods when

the wine bowl never empties.

cum-clause

the word cum

Annales Volusi, cacata carta, votum solvite pro mea puella. In these lines, Catullus is addressing

the writings of Volusius

clausere is best translated __________________.

they closed

velent

they cover

In line 13 angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur is best translated

they thought they had narrow boundaries

In line 14 portaturi erant is best translated

they were going to carry

solvo, solvere

to fulfill (a vow)

ire

to go

colo, colere, colui, cultus

to inhabit

tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus

to lift, steal, remove

In line 2 causam dicere is translated

to plead his case

membra relevare

to rest their limbs

restituo, restituere, restitui, restitutus

to restore

desino, desinere, desivi or desii, disitus

to stop

In line 6 eodem is best translated

to the same place

bellare

to wage war

velle

to wish

In lines 32-34 we learn that the goal of the men is

totius Galliae potiri

What kind of pre-literature do we NOT think existed in Italy before preserved writing?

tragedies

cultus

training

Which adjective describes (and so agrees with) the noun cartis in line 6 (not the ones in the following lines!).

tribus

"mega biblion, mega kakon -- big book, big evil." Catullus and his friend would embrace this thought as they prefered libelli to epics

true

A participle is a verbal adjective.

true

Audiamus is 1st person present subjunctive. It can be translated,"Let's listen".

true

Because Baucis and Philemon were hospitable when no one else was, they were saved from a horrible flood. Their humble home was changed into a magnificent temple. They were then made priests in that temple and their last wish was granted. So the story continues.

true

By placing these verbs in the center of both lines of a two line poem, Catullus is making an important point. The placement is not random or circumstantial.

true

Facio (I make or do) and fio (I am made or done) are essentially the same verb. The metaphor "two sides of the same coin" applies here.

true

Facio, facere does not have a regular passive form in the present tense. Fio (I am made) is the passive of facio ( I make).

true

Factus est is the perfect tense of both verbs. Therefore, they are, in some respects the same verb.

true

Fieri is the present infinitive of fio.

true

Fieri is the second principal part and the present infinitive of fio. Fieri=to be done/made.

true

In Latin compound verbs, the spelling of the prepostion may vary slightly. So sub + rapio becomes surripio or cum + venio becomes convenio.

true

In Latin poetry, it is common to shorten or contract some word much like we do in English.

true

Nulli se dicit mulier mea nubere malle quam mihi, non si se Iuppiter ipse petat. dicit: sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti, in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua. The repetition of dicit through out the poem emphasis that "she says" this, but doesn't necessarily mean it.

true

Quid, si praeripiat flavae Venus arma Minervae, ventilet accensas flava Minerva faces? Quis probet in silvis Cererem regnare iugosis, lege pharetratae Virginis arva coli? crinibus insignem quis acuta cuspide Phoebum instruat, Aoniam Marte movente lyram? These lines ask what would happen if one deity tried to take over for another.

true

The ablative of description describes a noun in the sentence. For example, puella minimo naso The girl with a very little nose

true

The dative singular of nullus is nulli. nulli nubere = to be married to none/no one.

true

The future perfect tense is best translated "will have". For example attuleris means "you will have brought".

true

The genitive of nullus is nullius

true

The tone of this poem, Catullus 36, is playful and joking

true

This poem is a humorous parody, not an actual invitation.

true

True or false: a Latin word has as many syllables as it has single vowel sounds (i.e. dipthongs or single vowels)

true

True or false: all single vowels in Latin words may be long or short by nature, depending on the word they occur in.

true

True or false: diphthongs are always long by nature.

true

True or false: the below line: illa sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, illa Scans like this: -- -- | -- -- | -- // -- | -- u u | -- u u | -- --

true

True or false: the first syllable in a line of (regular) dactylic hexameter will always be long

true

True or false: the first syllable in a line of (regular) dactylic hexameter will always be long.

true

True or false: there are six feet in a line of hexameter

true

True or false: when read as a piece of verse, the following would have 8 syllables: lepidum novum libellum

true

VIVAMUS mea Lesbia, atque AMEMUS, rumoresque senum severiorum omnes unius AESTIMEMUS assis! The underlined verbs are all volitive subjunctive and best translated, "Let's...."

true

Vivamus is first person present subjunctive.

true

When Ovid mentions "puer ille" in line 25, he is refering to Cupid

true

cum milia multa fecerimus,10 conturbabimus illa, ne sciamus, aut ne quis malus invidere possit, cum tantum sciat esse basiorum. In the end, Catullus wants to mess up the count so that no evil person can know just how many kisses there are.

true

da mi basia mille, deinde centum, 7 dein mille altera, dein secunda centum, deinde usque altera mille, deinde centum. In lines 7 to 9, Catullus suggests that he and Lesbia should kiss thousands of times.

true

nec bello pede nec nigris ocellis This phrase has two examples of the ablative of description.

true

nec te purpureo velent vaccinia fuco— non est conveniens luctibus ille color— nec titulus minio, nec cedro charta notetur, candida nec nigra cornua fronte geras. Ovid uses anaphora, personification and alliteration to emphasis his point here.

true

metuit Caesar ne non satis gloriae haberet. True or false: the subject of this sentence wants the action in the fear clause to happen.

true Any double negative in Latin becomes a positive (this is logical--it's just forbidden in English). Translate, "Caesar feared that he would not have enough glory". Writing with ne non is an acceptable alternative to writing a negative fear clause with ut.

Caesar was a military leader, politician and religious leader.

true Caesar was Pontifex Maximus in Rome

Salve, nec minimo puella naso nec bello pede nec nigris ocellis nec longis digitis nec ore sicco nec sane nimis elegante lingua, decoctoris amica Formiani. 5 ten provincia narrat esse bellam? tecum Lesbia nostra comparatur? o saeclum insapiens et infacetum! In line 6, Catullus implies that the girl might be considered pretty out in the country in her province, but she does not meet the standard for pretty in the city.

true Catullus thinks everything about city-life is better. Even the girls are prettier.

subjunctive verbs use the same personal endings as indicative verbs

true The endings never make the difference between indicative and subjunctive.

metuunt pauperes ut satis cibi habeant. True or false: the people in the sentence want the action in the fear clause to happen.

true Ut indicates what you'd like to have happen (but suspect won't happen) in a fear clause. Translate "The poor people are afraid they won't have enough food."

Odi et amo. Quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior. Faciam in this poem is present subjunctive.

true indirect question

indirect command

verb implying an order + ut/ne

fear clause

verb implying fear

versus

verse

In line 6 the word latissimo is translated

very wide

vicus

village

commeo

visit frequently

Cenabis bene, mi Fabulle, apud me paucis, si tibi di favent, diebus, si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnam cenam, non sine candida puella et vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis. What case is mi Fabulle?

vocative

Marrucine Asini is _________________case.

vocative

Quis tibi, saeve puer, dedit hoc in carmina iuris? Pieridum vates, non tua turba sumus.

vocative

This subjunctive expresses a mild command.

volitive

vult

volunt

votum, -i

vow

In line 2, we learn that Orgetorix

wants to be ruler

In lines 12-12 we learn that the Helvetian cities and villages

were all burned

occassu

west

In line 11 the second cum is best translated

when

In line 11 ubi is best translated

when

In line 18 cum is translated

with

nec sane nimis elegante lingua

with a not overly elegant tongue

nec bello pede

with a not pretty foot

arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis. materia conveniente modis is best translated

with material suitable for the method

nec nigris ocellis

with not black eyes

nec longis digitis

with not long fingers

nec minimo naso

with not the littlest nose

The best translation of ablataque principis ira is

with the anger of the emperor having been removed

In line 14 secum is best translated

with them

invenustus

without charm

lignum

wood

The participle scripta means ______________.

written or having been written

maleficium

wrongdoing

ausus es unus Italorum omne aevum tribus explicare cartis doctis, Iuppiter, et laboriosis!

you alone of Italians dared to unfold every age in three papyrus rolls (volumes) having been taught, by Jupiter, and laborious!

ibis

you will go

Parve, nec invideo, SINE ME, liber, IBIS IN URBEM: ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo! vade, sed incultus, qualem decet exulis esse; infelix habitum temporis huius habe. The underlined words are best translated

you will go into the city without me

Lihat semua set pelajaran

FINAL

Set pelajaran terkait

Sport Final

ACCT 200 Exam 2 (ch 5-7)

PHSC 1: Ch.12

ISDS 3115 FINAL EXAM

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