Final Psych Exam

13) Before his accident, Phineas Gage was described as extremely organized, always on time, good-natured, and extremely helpful. These descriptions are consistent with being HIGH in which two personality traits? A) openness; agreeableness B) agreeableness; neuroticism C) neuroticism; conscientiousness D) conscientiousness; agreeableness E) extraversion; neuroticism

d

22) Gary wasn't sure if he enjoyed the television series "The Walking Dead" the first time he watched the show. However, after watching several episodes, the characters and plotlines became more familiar and Gary found that he enjoyed the show much more. This is an example of: A) systematic (central route) persuasion B) framing C) anchoring D) justification of effort E) the mere exposure effect

e

c

10) Primary auditory cortex is in the lobe indicated by the number ________. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

a

11) Anthony is a neurologist meeting a new patient. When he asks the patient, "What brings you to me today?", the patient responds by saying, "Can't...speech...stroke." In other words, the patient seems to understand what Anthony is saying, but doesn't appear able to respond. What area in the patient's brain has likely suffered damage? A) 1 B) 3 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

a

5) Phineas Gage was a railroad construction foreman who suffered damage to the part of his brain labeled _______. A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 8

a

6) A patient who understands speech perfectly, but is unable to produce speech, most likely has damage to the part of the brain labeled ________. A) 2 B) 3 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

b

6) Jamie is a neurologist meeting a patient for the first time. Prior to meeting the patient, she reviews his brain scans. Jamie sees that the patient has suffered a stroke at the location marked with the number 3 in the diagram above. What symptoms might she expect to see from the patient? A) Difficulty in producing language B) Difficulty in understanding language C) An inability to attend to the right side of space D) An inability to attend to the left side of space E) An inability to move the left side of his body

d

7) A patient comes to his neurologist appointment having only shaved the right half of his face. When he is asked to draw a clock, he squishes all the numbers into the right hand side of the clock. When he is asked to draw a flower, he only draws flower petals on the right hand side of the flower. This patient most likely has damage to the part of the brain labeled _____________. A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 6 E) 9

d

7) Brian is a neurologist evaluating a new patient who has recently had a stroke. Brian gives the patient a sheet of paper containing many circles and asks the patient to put an 'X' through each circle. The patient does the following: What area in the patient's brain has likely suffered damage? A) 1 B) 2 C) 5 D) 8 E) 11

b

8) Jennifer is a neurologist meeting a new patient. When she asks the patient, "How are you doing today?", the patient responds by saying, "It's today that they go to the weekend together because no one needs to see it." In other words, the patient's speech is grammatically correct, but lacks all meaning. What area in the patient's brain has likely suffered damage? A) 1 B) 3 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

a

8) The case study of "Elliott" described a man who had a tumor removed from his brain. After the tumor was removed, he lost the ability to correctly exhibit emotions, even though he could recognize when situations called for emotional expressions. Elliott's brain was damaged in the location labeled: A) 1 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6 E) 8

e

9) Primary visual cortex is in the lobe indicated by the number ________. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

a

Valerie is interested in whether people become more aggressive when the temperature rises. She recruits 120 participants to take an aggression survey. The score on this survey is her dependent variable (higher score = more aggressive). She divides the participants into four equal groups that take the survey in rooms that are different temperatures: Group 1: 70 F (21 C) Group 1: 80 F (27 C) Group 1: 90 F (32 C) Group 1: 100 F (38 C) When Valerie finishes collecting her data, she plots it on a graph with the room temperature on the x-axis and the aggression score on the y-axis (graph below). 23) What type of study is this? A) Experimental Study B) Correlational Study C) Longitudinal Study D) Case Study E) Availability Study

b

Valerie is interested in whether people become more aggressive when the temperature rises. She recruits 120 participants to take an aggression survey. The score on this survey is her dependent variable (higher score = more aggressive). She divides the participants into four equal groups that take the survey in rooms that are different temperatures: Group 1: 70 F (21 C) Group 1: 80 F (27 C) Group 1: 90 F (32 C) Group 1: 100 F (38 C) When Valerie finishes collecting her data, she plots it on a graph with the room temperature on the x-axis and the aggression score on the y-axis (graph below). 24) The data in her plot shows: A) a negative correlation B) a positive correlation C) a non-linear correlation D) no correlation E) the correlation/causation fallacy

10) An individual with Klinefelter's Syndrome will have which of the following sets of sex chromosomes? A) XXY B) XY C) XX D) XXX E) XYY

a

14) The "Tobacco Free Florida" advertising campaign utilized a series of commercials where video clips of people smoking were interspersed with extremely negative and disturbing video clips including a brain being cut in half to show a clot that had formed due to cigarette smoke and a woman whose teeth slowly turn into tar and leak out of her mouth. What means of influencing behavior is this ad campaign an example of? A) classical conditioning B) systematic persuasion C) framing D) anchoring E) representativeness

a

20) Tony has never played the arcade video game Pac-Man before. His goal is to score 1,000,000 points on the Pac-Man game. What training schedule should he choose if he wants to reach 1,000,000 points in as few total hours of practice as possible? A) 1 training session per day, 1 hour per session B) 5 training sessions per day, 1 hour per session C) 1 training session per day, 5 hours per session D) 2 training sessions per day, 3 hours per session E) 3 training sessions per day, 2 hours per session

a

20) Two candidates for President of the United States are participating in a town hall meeting where they answer questions from undecided voters. All of the undecided voters are interested in what the candidates have to say as well as the policies that the candidates are proposing. What type of persuasion technique should the candidates use and why? A) Systematic (Central Route); reason and logic work best when people are interested B) Heuristic (Peripheral Route); reason and logic work best when people are interested C) Systematic (Central Route); appeals to emotion are always more powerful than appeals to logic D) Heuristic (Peripheral Route); appeals to emotion are always more powerful than appeals to logic E) Justification of Effort; appeals to hard work are always the most effective

a

21) Five individuals are given 100 hours to practice on a new video game. Each individual practices according to a different schedule. Individual A: 4 hours per practice session, 2 practice sessions per day Individual B: 4 hours per practice session, 1 practice session per day Individual C: 2 hours per practice session, 2 practice sessions per day Individual D: 2 hours per practice session, 1 practice session per day Individual E: 1 hour per practice session, 1 practice session per day At the end of their 100 hours of practice, which individual would you expect to show the WORST performance on the video game? A) Individual A B) Individual B C) Individual C D) Individual D E) Individual E

a

21) One serving of gum drops contains approximately 21 grams of sugar and 0 grams of fat. Consumers are more likely to buy a bag of gum drops though if the package says that it is "a fat-free food" than if the package says that it "contains 21 grams of sugar per serving." This is an example of what decision-making issue: A) Framing B) the Endowment Effect C) Representativeness Heuristic D) Gambler's Fallacy E) Hot-hand Fallacy

a

22) Carol's daughter Kate came home after curfew fifteen times in September. In order to get Kate to start coming home before curfew, Carol decides to remove Kate from the school band. However, it turns out that Kate hated being in the band and she actually misses curfew MORE frequently in October. Removing Kate from the band was thus an example of: A) negative reinforcement B) positive reinforcement C) negative punishment D) positive punishment E) cognitive-behavioral therapy

a

23) Both you and your roommate perform poorly on a quiz. If you are asked why YOU performed poorly, you might say that _________, which is a __________ attribution. If you are asked why YOUR ROOMMATE performed poorly, you might say that ___________, which is a __________ attribution. A) you were sick; situational; he is lazy; dispositional B) you were sick; dispositional; he is lazy; situational C) you were being lazy; situational; he is lazy; situational D) you were being lazy; dispositional; he is lazy; dispositional E) you were being lazy; dispositional; he had a bad headache; situational

a

24) Tony lives in a town where there are no Muslim individuals. The only times he sees Muslim individuals are on the news, usually in the context of serious terrorist events in the Middle East. As such, Tony dramatically overestimates the probability that any given Muslim individual is associated with terrorism. This illustrates what decision-making issue? A) availability heuristic B) conjunction fallacy C) framing D) cognitive dissonance E) justification of effort

a

30) Vanessa and Martha both study for 10 total hours for an upcoming exam. They study in different ways though. Vanessa begins studying twenty days before the exam - each day she studies for 30 minutes. Martha doesn't begin studying until the day before the exam - she studies for 10 hours that day. ____________ would be expected to perform better on the exam because _______________. A) Vanessa; her studying was more distributed B) Vanessa; her studying was more massed C) Martha; her studying was more distributed D) Martha; her studying was more massed E) Neither; they both studied for the same amount of time

a

32) People commonly believe that Pepsi Cola is sweeter than Coke (Coca Cola). Mitch decides to do an experiment where he gives participants two cups of cola to drink and then rate the sweetness of both cups. One cup is labeled as "Pepsi," while the other cup is labeled as "Coke." In fact, both cups contain Coke. Mitch finds that participants overwhelmingly rate the cup labeled as "Pepsi" as being sweeter than the cup labeled as "Coke." In this case, the bottom-up taste information is _________, which is _________ for the two cups. A) the sweetness (sugar content) of the soda; the same B) the sweetness (sugar content) of the soda; different C) the belief that Pepsi is usually sweeter than Coke; the same D) the belief that Pepsi is usually sweeter than Coke; different E) the belief that Pepsi is usually saltier than Coke; different

a

36) Which of the following individuals on an online dating site will be judged to be most attractive? A) Sarah, whose face is symmetric and whose facial features are exactly average B) Julie, whose face is symmetric and whose features are highly unique C) Rachael, whose face is asymmetric and whose features are roughly average D) Andrea, whose face is asymmetric and whose features are highly unique E) Karen, whose face is very asymmetric and whose features are highly unique

a

37) Four groups of participants were asked two questions. The first question was different depending on the group: Question #1 Group 1: Is the population of Wisconsin greater than or less than 100 million? Group 2: Is the population of Wisconsin greater than or less than 10 million? Group 3: Is the population of Wisconsin greater than or less than 100,000? Group 4: Is the population of Wisconsin greater than or less than 1,000? The second question was identical for all four groups: Question #2 What is your estimate for the total population of Wisconsin? Which group would be expected to give the LARGEST estimate of the population of Wisconsin in Question 2? A) Group 1 B) Group 2 C) Group 3 D) Group 4 E) The groups should all be equivalent because the answers in Question 1 are all clearly wrong.

a

37-39) Use the paragraph below to answer questions 37-39 A 12-year-old female child, known as "Debbie" is found living in an abusive situation. Debbie had been raised from birth with virtually no human contact. The only time Debbie was around other human beings was when she ate. However, because all of the lights were turned off while she was fed, Debbie had never seen another human face before she was rescued by child protective services. Over the course of five years, Angela, a research psychologist, exams all aspects of the Debbie's abilities, behaviors, and biology (including having Debbie undergo multiple brain scans). 38) In her notes, Angela writes that Debbie shows spatial intelligence and language abilities that were very similar to the famous case study of "Genie." From this you would expect that Debbie showed __________ spatial intelligence and __________ language skills. A) normal; abnormally poor B) abnormally poor; abnormally poor C) normal; normal D) abnormally poor; normal E) normal; abnormally good

a

4) Each of the individuals listed below has an identical twin who has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Which individual is MOST likely to be diagnosed with the same disorder as their twin? James - his twin has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder David - his twin has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder Peter - his twin has been diagnosed with panic disorder Justin - his twin has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder Mitch - his twin has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder A) James B) David C) Peter D) Justin E) Mitch

a

5) Which of the following pairs of individuals would be expected to have the MOST similar levels of intelligence: A) Identical twins raised in different households B) Two (non-twin) brothers raised in the same household C) Two (non-twin) brothers raised in different households D) Two adoptive siblings raised in the same household E) A mother and daughter - with the daughter raised by the mother

a

Deborah is interested in whether there is a relationship between the number of hours of television that children watch each day and their scores on standardized math tests. Deborah recruits 100 children for her study. For each child, she first measures the average number of hours of television the child watches each day. She then has each child take a standardized math test. She finds that for every additional hour of television a child watches, his/her math scores are 2 points lower. 41) Based on the description, Deborah's data shows: A) a negative correlation B) a positive correlation C) a non-linear correlation D) no correlation E) the correlation/causation fallacy

a

1) A neurologist is examining a patient who suffered a stroke last week. The patient can clearly understand all the questions that the neurologist asks. However, the patient seems somewhat unable to respond vocally. For instance, when the neurologist asks, "What happened to you last week?", the patient replies, "No....good...umm...stroke...umm...speak." What area of patient's brain was likely damaged? A) Hippocampus B) Left frontal lobe C) Right temporal lobe D) Left temporal lobe E) Right posterior parietal cortex

b

12) Two groups of participants are asked to watch different advertisements for a new headache medication. In the advertisement watched by Group A, the medication is said to "provide relief from headaches in 90% of cases." In the advertisement watched by Group B, the medication is said to "fail to provide relief in only 10% of cases." After watching the advertisement, the participants in Group A indicate a much greater willingness to try the new medication than the participants in Group B. The difference in willingness to try the medication between Group A and Group B illustrates what decision-making issue? A) anchoring B) framing C) gambler's fallacy D) conjunction fallacy E) representativeness heuristic

b

35) The Kwanyama tribe lives in Northern Namibia in Africa. Their language uses the same word for the colors that we call "blue" and "green" in English. It will thus be ___________ for Kwanyama speakers to make a purely visual judgment regarding whether a green shape is a different color than a blue shape than a native speaker of English. A) Easier B) More difficult C) It will make no difference because linguistic boundaries do not change the actual wavelengths of light entering the eye D) It will make no difference because linguistic boundaries do not alter the bottom-up color information E) It will make no difference because color words do not affect perception

b

15) Last year Donna and Kay were students in the same high school psychology class. Both women studied for the class according to the same schedule - 30 minutes per day, every day. They studied in different locations though. Donna always studied in the exact same seat that she sat in during class. Kay studied in a new location almost every day. Now, both women are taking an Introduction to Psychology class in college. All other things being equal, which woman is likely to recall more information from her high school psychology class while in the Brogden Psychology Building and why? A) Donna; her studying was more variable in terms of context than Kay's studying B) Kay; her studying was more variable in terms of context than Donna's studying C) Donna; her studying was more consistent in terms of context than Kay's studying D) Kay; her studying was more consistent in terms of context than Donna's studying E) The two are expected to be equal; they studied the same amount of time and on the same schedule

b

16) Valerie calls her best friend Kim on the phone. Kim tells Valerie that she's on the bus, but she'll call her right back once she gets off. Unfortunately, Kim drops her phone just as she exits the bus and it breaks. As such, she's unable to call Valerie back. If Valerie makes the fundamental attribution error, she will assume Kim didn't call her back because ____________, which is a ____________ attribution. A) Kim is inconsiderate; situational B) Kim is inconsiderate; dispositional C) something must have happened to keep Kim from calling; situational D) something must have happened to keep Kim from calling; dispositional E) Kim is disorganized; situational

b

18) Jack and Diane are at a party. They see a ping pong table and start to play. Jack is only a beginner at ping pong and so he isn't very good. Diane on the other hand had a ping pong table growing up and is very good. Ten of their friends see Jack and Diane playing and decide to come over and watch. As soon as their friends start watching, you would expect ________________. A) Jack's performance to get better and Diane's performance to get worse B) Diane's performance to get better and Jack's performance to get worse C) both Jack and Diane's performance to get better D) both Jack and Diane's performance to get worse E) no change in how Jack and Diane play

b

2-3) Use the paragraph below to answer questions 2-3 When Brian arrived at college, he had somewhat conservative political views. During his Freshman year, he joined a number of conservative political groups and he remained a member of those groups for his entire college career. He also began to predominantly read conservative websites and watch conservative television programs. When Brian graduated, his political views were much more conservative than when he started college. 2) The change in Brian's political beliefs is consistent with what effect: A) social loafing B) group polarization C) social facilitation D) the law of small numbers E) cognitive dissonance

b

27) Jennifer, a white woman, was walking home one night. She had just been at a party and was in a good mood. There were ten other people walking down the street at the same time. As she walked, Jennifer saw a white woman being attacked by an unarmed man. She saw the man punch the woman and then clearly attempt to steal her purse. Jennifer did not attempt to help the woman and instead kept walking. Which of the following changes to the situation above would have INCREASED the chance that Jennifer attempted to help the woman? A) If Jennifer had reason to think that the attacker was armed with a gun or knife B) If Jennifer was the only person on the street who saw the attack C) If the person being attacked was a man, rather than a woman D) If Jennifer and the woman being attacked were of different races E) If Jennifer had just had a fight with a friend and was in a bad mood

b

27) Thomas was a big fan of the band Nickelback while he was in middle-school. He had all of their albums, saw them frequently in concert, and listened to their songs every day. Now that Thomas is in college though, he dislikes Nickelback's music. When Thomas is asked whether he was a Nickelback fan in middle-school, he says that he never really enjoyed their music very much. This is an example of what memory failure? A) Suggestibility B) Consistency Bias C) Cognitive-Memory Bias D) Attenuation Bias E) Representativeness Heuristic

b

28) One stereotype in America is that individuals born in the deep South are less intelligent than individuals born in the North. Dr. Gold tests whether the place that an individual is born in is associated with his/her intelligence score. He performs two studies. In Study #1, he recruits 1000 students and has each student complete an intelligence test. After the study, he looks up each student's birth location. In Study #2, before each student starts the intelligence test, Dr. Gold first asks the student to write down where they were born on the first page of the test. Dr. Gold finds no difference in intelligence between students based on their birth location in Study #1. However, in Study #2, students born in the South showed lower intelligence scores than students born in the North. By asking students in Study #2 to indicate where they were born before starting the test, Dr. Gold may have produced what effect? A) the mere exposure effect B) stereotype threat C) social facilitation D) social loafing E) groupthink

b

32) Mark and Mary both studied for their Psychology exam on the exact same schedule - one hour per day for ten days. Mark did not study in a consistent location. He studied in a different location every day (e.g., his dorm room, a coffee shop, Union South, etc.). Mary did study in a consistent location. She studied in the same exact spot in the library every day. All other things being equal, who would you expect to perform better on the Psychology exam taken in the Psychology building main lecture hall? A) Mary B) Mark C) Mark and Mary should be equal because they both used distributed practice D) Mark and Mary should be equal because they both used massed practice E) There isn't enough information to determine

b

34) Becky and Susan were both witnesses to a violent assault. The two girls were interviewed separately by a police officer immediately after the assault and were asked to fully describe the suspected criminal's appearance. Becky said that the man was wearing an orange sweatshirt and had short-black hair. Susan said that the man was wearing a red sweatshirt, had a thin moustache, and short-black hair. After their interviews were finished, the two girls spoke to one another briefly, with Susan saying - "Did you mention the guy's dirty red sweatshirt? Or his funny thin moustache? That's all I could remember." Three months later, when Becky was asked to describe what she saw in court, she said the man was wearing a red-sweatshirt and had a thin moustache. The change in Becky's memory from her initial interview to her court appearance is an example of what memory issue? A) information bias B) suggestibility C) consistency bias D) framing E) anchoring

b

44) Robert is a participant in a dichotic listening experiment. He is asked to attend to the voice speaking in his left ear and ignore the voice speaking in his right ear. For the first minute of the experiment, he doesn't notice anything being said in the right ear. However, at the one-minute mark, the voice in the right ear begins saying sexually explicit phrases, which Robert immediately notices. The fact that Robert only recognized and became aware of the speech in the right ear when the speech included sexually explicit material is most consistent with the: A) early selection theory of attention B) attenuation model of attention C) late selection theory of attention D) information bias effect E) confirmation bias effect

b

45) Dennis, Peter, and Jeff are all learning to play darts, but they each practice in different ways. Dennis's practice schedule (40 total darts): 10 darts thrown at the number 20; 10 darts at the number 3; 10 darts at the number 11; 10 darts at the number 6. Peter's practice schedule (40 total darts): 5 darts thrown at the number 20; 5 darts at the number 3; 5 darts at the number 11; 5 darts at the number 6; 5 darts at the number 20; 5 darts at the number 3; 5 darts at the number 11; 5 darts at the number 6 Jeff's practice schedule (40 total darts): Jeff randomly throws at numbers 20, 3, 11, & 6 with the rule that he can't throw at the same number more than twice in a row. If after their practice, Dennis, Patty, and Jeff have a competition to see who had hit the number 18 the most times out of 10 darts, the most likely winner (all other things being equal) would be __________ because ________________. A) Dennis; his practice was the most consistent B) Jeff; his practice was the most interleaved C) Peter; his practice was both consistent and interleaved D) Dennis and Peter tied; they both used blocked practice E) Dennis and Jeff tied; they both used interleaved practice

b

5-7) Use the text below to answer questions 5-7 Tina is a psychologist who works for a federal prison. She is reading the medical file of one of the inmates at her facility. The results of the inmate's personality inventory indicates that the inmate is ruthless, uncooperative, and manipulative. 7) If Tina did a brain scan on the inmate, what brain area (one that is known to be very important in processing and producing the emotion of fear) might she find is either smaller than average or else damaged in the inmate? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Prefrontal cortex D) Cerebellum E) Adrenal gland

b

Deborah is interested in whether there is a relationship between the number of hours of television that children watch each day and their scores on standardized math tests. Deborah recruits 100 children for her study. For each child, she first measures the average number of hours of television the child watches each day. She then has each child take a standardized math test. She finds that for every additional hour of television a child watches, his/her math scores are 2 points lower. 40) What type of study is this? A) Experimental Study B) Correlational Study C) Longitudinal Study D) Case Study E) Availability Study

b

I have to give my cat a pill every night. In order to get her to take the pill, I roll the pill up in a cat treat. My cat's natural reaction to seeing a cat treat is to salivate. Now though, as soon as she sees the pill container (before seeing the treat), she begins to salivate. 14) The pill container is thus an example of a(n): A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned stimulus D) unconditioned response E) negative reinforcer

b

When Brian arrived at college, he had somewhat conservative political views. During his Freshman year, he joined a number of conservative political groups and he remained a member of those groups for his entire college career. He also began to predominantly read conservative websites and watch conservative television programs. When Brian graduated, his political views were much more conservative than when he started college. 3) Now, when Brian is asked to describe himself as a Freshman, he remembers himself being far more conservative than he actually was at the time. This is consistent with what memory issue? A) suggestibility B) consistency bias C) egocentric bias D) malingering E) social facilitation

b

1) H.M. was a patient who had his hippocampus, a brain area in the ___________ lobe removed. H.M.'s primary deficit after surgery was __________________. A) temporal; an inability to speak B) temporal; an inability to comprehend language C) temporal; an inability to form new declarative memories D) frontal; an inability to comprehend language E) frontal; an inability to form new declarative memories

c

12) Jim's son Harold received detention for talking back to the teacher three days in a row. Jim responded by taking away Harold's television and computer for a week. Harold now no longer talks back to his teacher. Taking away Harold's television and computer is an example of: A) negative reinforcement B) positive reinforcement C) negative punishment D) positive punishment E) cognitive-behavioral therapy

c

13) After his surgery, patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) would have been most likely to be able to learn and remember which of the following? A) the capital of a new country B) the birthday of a nephew born after his surgery C) how to ride a bike D) the name of the current US President E) the name of the baseball team that won the World Series in the year 2008

c

18) Brad is planning to try out for the school play. For his audition he has to recite from memory five pages from the play Hamlet. How much time should he devote to reading the monologue versus rehearsing the monologue in order to maximize the chances that he can recite it perfectly? A) Read 1% of the time; Rehearse 99% of the time B) Read 10% of the time; Rehearse 90% of the time C) Read 33% of the time; Rehearse 66% of the time D) Read 50% of the time; Rehearse 50% of the time E) Read 99% of the time; Rehearse 1% of the time

c

19) James has an insect bite on his leg that is extremely itchy. When James scratches the bite, the unpleasant itchy sensation temporarily goes away. As a result, James spends more and more time scratching the bite. This is an example of: A) cognitive dissonance B) positive reinforcement C) negative reinforcement D) positive punishment E) negative punishment

c

26) In one classic study showing the impact of implicit bias on perception, participants were first shown either the face of a black individual or a white individual. The face was then quickly followed by a picture of a tool or a gun. Participants incorrectly perceived tools as guns more often when the face that came before the picture was of a _______ individual. This effect was largest when participants were asked to respond _______. A) black; slowly B) white; slowly C) black; quickly D) white; quickly E) black; without showing bias

c

33) Participants are brought into a psychology lab. They are asked to read a short-story and then take a quiz about the characters and plot of the story. In which of the following conditions will the participants' performance on the quiz be the WORST: A) read the story in silence, take the quiz while music (with words) plays in the background B) read the story in silence, take the quiz while music (without words) plays in the background C) read the story while music (with words) plays in the background, take the quiz in silence D) read the story while music (without words) plays in the background, take the quiz in silence E) A & B will be equally bad and worse than both C & D

c

37-39) Use the paragraph below to answer questions 37-39 A 12-year-old female child, known as "Debbie" is found living in an abusive situation. Debbie had been raised from birth with virtually no human contact. The only time Debbie was around other human beings was when she ate. However, because all of the lights were turned off while she was fed, Debbie had never seen another human face before she was rescued by child protective services. Over the course of five years, Angela, a research psychologist, exams all aspects of the Debbie's abilities, behaviors, and biology (including having Debbie undergo multiple brain scans). 37) Angela's study of Debbie would best be referred to as a(n): A) Experimental Study B) Correlational Study C) Case Study D) Conjunction Study E) All-Encompassing Study

c

38) Brandon and Karen are having a conversation on the steps of their school. Brandon is paying careful attention to only Karen's voice. Behind them, a school teacher is checking off the names of her students. The teacher says, "Bill, Carol, Diane, Cathy, Courtney, Brandon, Harry, Richard." According to the late selection theory of attention, which of the names said by the teacher should have reached the recognition stage of processing in Brandon's brain? A) Only the name Brandon - it has high relevance and frequency in Brandon's life B) None of the names - Brandon was only paying attention to Karen, not the teacher C) All of the names - in the late selection theory, attention acts after the recognition stage D) Bill, Carol, Harry, Richard - because of the serial position effect E) Bill and Richard - because of the serial position effect

c

39) Walter looked at his new green shirt in three locations: (1) the store dressing room - which was lit by a fluorescent light bulb; (2) in the mall parking lot - which was lit by the sun; and (3) his bedroom - which was lit by an incandescent bulb. In all three locations, Walter perceived the shirt to be the same green color. The bottom-up information related to the color of the shirt was the _____________. This information was _____________ in the three locations. A) total number of photons reflecting off the shirt; different B) total number of photons reflecting off the shirt; the same C) the total number of photons of different wavelengths reflecting off the shirt; different D) the total number of photons of different wavelengths reflecting off the shirt; the same E) Walter's knowledge about the wavelength of light emitted by different light sources, the same

c

4) Brenda is the newest member of the mock trial team. The team captain introduces all of the current team members in this order: "Kristin, Patricia, Markus, Gary, Janet, Paula, James, Joe, Karen." Which team member's name is Brenda MOST likely to forget: A) Kristin B) Markus C) Janet D) James E) Karen

c

4) Diane designs a study to test the relationship between exposure to noise and health problems. She recruits 200 participants for her study. Each participant first completes a survey in which they list the total number of health problems that they currently experience. Then, after completing the survey, the participants are asked to wear a recording device for one week that measures the average amount of noise that they are exposed to. The results show that more noise exposure is associated with a greater number of health problems. What type of study is this? A) Experimental Study B) Case Study C) Correlational Study D) Longitudinal Study E) Demand Characteristics Study

c

43) Zach's IQ score is 100. This score is higher than what percentage of the population? A) 1% B) 34% C) 50% D) 68% E) 99%

c

44) Tom and Jessica sign up to be participants in a research experiment. They both first receive an injection of epinephrine. Tom is told that the injection will likely cause his heart to beat faster and his face to flush. Jessica meanwhile is told that the injection is only saline and will have no effect on her. Tom and Jessica are then put in two separate rooms. In Tom's room there are five other people who all appear to be exceptionally happy. In Jessica's room there are also five other people, in her case though, all the people appear to be exceptionally angry. Based upon the Schacter and Singer theory of emotion, after a few minutes in their respective rooms you would expect Tom to feel _________ and Jessica to feel ________. A) happy; angry B) angry; happy C) no differences in emotion compared to when the experiment started; angry D) happy; no differences in emotion compared to when the experiment started E) happy; happy

c

5-7) Use the text below to answer questions 5-7 Tina is a psychologist who works for a federal prison. She is reading the medical file of one of the inmates at her facility. The results of the inmate's personality inventory indicates that the inmate is ruthless, uncooperative, and manipulative. 6) In addition to the personality measures, the inmate's file also indicates that the inmate has a long history of criminal behavior. This criminal behavior started when the inmate was a young teenager. Knowing only the information above, what psychological disorder is the inmate most likely to meet the criteria for? A) Schizophrenia B) Borderline personality disorder C) Antisocial personality disorder D) Bipolar disorder E) Generalized anxiety disorder

c

8) Valerie had never played the lottery before. She had always believed that the probability of winning was just too low to make it worth the gamble. However, after seeing several news reports about individuals who won large amounts of money by playing the lottery, Valerie began to drastically overestimate the chance of winning the lottery. She thus started playing the lottery herself. Valerie's behavior is consistent with what decision-making issue? A) Representativeness heuristic B) Cognitive dissonance C) Availability heuristic D) Anchoring E) Hot-hand fallacy

c

1) Diane wants her dog to stop barking when the doorbell rings. As such, anytime that the dog barks at the doorbell, Diane smacks the dog in the head with a rolled up magazine. After several weeks of this, the dog has stopped barking at the doorbell. Diane has used ________ to change her dog's behavior. A) negative reinforcement B) positive reinforcement C) negative punishment D) positive punishment E) cognitive-behavioral therapy

d

2) Gary is the captain of his high school football team. It is his job to call the coin flip before the game to determine who gets possession of the football. At the last five games the coin landed on "tails." Gary thus decides to call "heads" in the current game because "the coin is due to switch back to heads." This is an example of: A) Anchoring B) the Endowment Effect C) Availability Heuristic D) Gambler's Fallacy E) Information Bias

d

26) Patrick paid $100 for a charity all-you-can-eat buffet dinner a month in advance. On the day of the dinner, Patrick comes down with the stomach flu and doesn't feel like eating anything. However, he still attends and eats the dinner because he "didn't want his $100 to go to waste." This is an example of what decision-making issue: A) confirmation bias B) representativeness heuristic C) consistency bias D) sunk cost fallacy E) the backfire effect

d

29) An average individual is five times more likely to die of stomach cancer than be murdered. Nearly every murder though is widely reported in the news, while deaths due to stomach cancer are never reported in the news. If an individual falsely believes they are more likely to be murdered than die of stomach cancer, this most likely reflects what decision-making issue: A) cognitive dissonance B) correlation-causation fallacy C) information bias D) availability bias E) representativeness heuristic

d

29) Brenda runs a construction clean up company. She has teams working at each of two job sites. At both sites there are hundreds of bricks that need to be picked up and put on a truck to be hauled away. At Job Site #1, Brenda has her workers all put the bricks that they pick up into the same pile on the truck. At Job Site #2, Brenda has each worker put the bricks that they pick up in their own personal pile on the truck. Brenda finds that the workers at Job Site #2 pick up significantly more bricks per day than the workers at Job Site #1. This difference between the workers at the two job sites likely reflects the principle of: A) social facilitation B) stereotype threat C) systematic persuasion D) social loafing E) groupthink

d

3) Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison) had his ________ removed. This structure is in the ___________ lobe of the brain. A) cerebellum; frontal B) cerebellum; temporal C) anterior cingulate; temporal D) hippocampus; temporal E) hippocampus; frontal

d

31) Gail is a neurologist. Her newest patient has a very unusual injury. He was shot with an arrow through the head and one very specific part of his temporal lobe was destroyed. Over the course of several months, Gail intensively studies her patient, giving him many background questionnaires and psychological tests to assess the impact of his brain injury. This would best be described as a: A) Survey Study B) Correlational Study C) Experimental Study D) Case Study E) Naturalistic Observation Study

d

31) Victoria's first college class is one that is mainly reserved for Freshman only. When she enters the class on the first day, she is the first student in the room. She thus picks a desk and sits down. However, she notices that of the next 5 students that enter the classroom, 4 do not sit down at a desk. Instead, those 4 students stand with their feet together directly next to their desk. Victoria is somewhat confused, but she decides to also stand up next to her desk with her feet together. Which of the following changes to the situation above would DECREASE the chance that Victoria conformed (i.e., decrease the chance that she stood next to her desk rather than sit)? A) If there were 7 other students in the room rather than 5 B) If ALL of the other students were standing C) If it was a Senior-only class, rather than a Freshman-only class D) If there were only 2 other students in the room rather than 5 E) If, when Victoria entered the class, there were already 4 students in the classroom standing next to their desks

d

33) Two groups of participants are shown the exact same jar full of jelly beans. Participants in Group A are first asked whether they believe there are more or less than 10 jelly beans in the jar. They are then asked to estimate exactly how many jelly beans they believe are in the jar. Participants in Group B are first asked whether they believe there are more or less than 10,000 jelly beans in the jar. They are then asked to estimate exactly how many jelly beans they believe are in the jar. The average estimated number of jelly beans for the participants in Group A was 150. The average estimated number of jelly beans for the participants in Group B was 700. The difference in estimate between Group A and Group B illustrates what decision-making issue? A) conjunction fallacy B) representativeness heuristic C) cognitive dissonance D) anchoring E) gambler's fallacy

d

34) Carmen is an undergraduate who is participating in a psychology experiment. Carmen is told by the experimenter, who is also an undergraduate, that her job in the experiment is to ensure that a second participant, who is performing an implicit bias task, responds as quickly as possible. As such, whenever the second participant takes more than one second to respond, Carmen has to press a button that causes the second participant to receive an extremely painful electric shock. The experimenter tells Carmen that the whole experiment will last 20 minutes and then the experimenter leaves the room. Because the second participant is sitting right next to her, it is clear to Carmen that the participant is in too much pain after receiving five shocks and thus Carmen decides to stop the experiment. All of the following changes to the situation above would tend to increase the chance that Carmen continued for the full experiment EXCEPT: A) if the experimenter was a professor rather than an undergraduate student B) if the experimenter stayed in the experimental room, rather than leaving C) if the second participant were in a different room rather than sitting next to Carmen D) if Carmen had previously been told by a friend who had participated in the same study that she had stopped the experiment after giving just three shocks E) if the second participant indicated that the shock was even more painful

d

19) Which of the following is TRUE regarding what apes/parrots tend to learn when researchers attempt to teach them a language? A) They never learn to use symbols to make immediate requests B) They will frequently utilize language to describe their feelings C) They will frequently utilize language to describe out-of-sight events D) They will frequently utilize language to describe their thoughts E) They learn to map symbols to semantic meaning

e

2) Rebecca is a clinical psychologist at a psychiatric hospital. She is reading the medical file of her next patient. The most recent treatment that the patient received was electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). What psychological disorder has the patient most likely been diagnosed with? A) Generalized anxiety disorder B) Panic disorder C) Specific phobia D) Schizophrenia E) Major depressive disorder

e

37-39) Use the paragraph below to answer questions 37-39 A 12-year-old female child, known as "Debbie" is found living in an abusive situation. Debbie had been raised from birth with virtually no human contact. The only time Debbie was around other human beings was when she ate. However, because all of the lights were turned off while she was fed, Debbie had never seen another human face before she was rescued by child protective services. Over the course of five years, Angela, a research psychologist, exams all aspects of the Debbie's abilities, behaviors, and biology (including having Debbie undergo multiple brain scans). 39) In her notes, Angela also notes that Debbie's emotional facial expressions were reasonably normal, even from the first day Debbie was found. Debbie smiled when she was given desirable objects like food and shiny toys. Debbie frowned when her toys were taken away. This is consistent with the: A) James-Lange theory of emotion B) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion C) facial feedback theory of emotion D) universality hypothesis of facial expressions E) display rules hypothesis of facial expressions

d

40) On Ben's first day on campus, he parked his car illegally. When he returned to his car he found that he had received a ticket, meaning that he had to pay a $200 fine. After this, he has never parked illegally again. This is an example of: A) cognitive dissonance B) positive reinforcement C) negative reinforcement D) positive punishment E) negative punishment

d

41) Glenn was interested in whether there is a relationship between an individual's extraversion trait score and their pain tolerance. Glenn recruited 100 participants for his study. He first measured each individuals' pain tolerance by having them put their hand in a bucket of ice water until they could no longer stand the pain. The amount of time the participant kept their hand in the ice water was thus the measure of pain tolerance. He also had every participant complete the NEO-PI, which gave him a measure of how extraverted each participant was. The results showed that more extraverted individuals had greater pain tolerance than more introverted individuals. What type of study is this? A) Experimental Study B) Case Study C) Longitudinal Study D) Correlational Study E) Twin Study

d

42) Chris is playing an extremely scary video game with a friend. As they explore the video game town, they decide to split up to cover more ground. Chris leads his character down a dark and frightening alley. All of a sudden he sees a dimly lit object jump out in front of him. He screams as he immediately shoots at the object. Unfortunately, the dimly lit object was his friend. Game Over. Which of the following likely reflects the correct order of brain regions that were activated in Chris that led to his decision to shoot? A) amygdala, prefrontal cortex B) amygdala, thalamus, sensory cortex C) thalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, sensory cortex D) thalamus, amygdala E) thalamus, sensory cortex, prefrontal cortex, amygdala

d

42) The washing machine in Bill's dorm take exactly 30 minutes to finish. After starting a load of clothes in the machine Bill does not check to see if it is finished for the first 25 minutes. However, after 25 minutes he starts checking more and more frequently until finally, right at the 30-minute mark, the machine has just finished. This is an example of a ______________ reinforcement schedule. A) Variable ratio B) Fixed ratio C) Variable interval D) Fixed interval E) Classical conditioning

d

43) Phillip just finished an online "History of Cinema" course. The course was entirely self-paced and individualized. As such Phillip never directly interacted with either the professor or the other students. In his course evaluation, Phillip noted two things: I) He received a grade of "D" in the course, and he never really felt like he understood the material very well. II) His favorite part of the course was that each week he was allowed to pick which of four movies he would watch and which assignment he would complete. According to Self-determination theory, the "History of Cinema" course likely satisfied which of Phillip's basic psychological needs: A) Competence B) Relatedness C) Dissonance D) Autonomy E) Universality

d

5-7) Use the text below to answer questions 5-7 Tina is a psychologist who works for a federal prison. She is reading the medical file of one of the inmates at her facility. The results of the inmate's personality inventory indicates that the inmate is ruthless, uncooperative, and manipulative. 5) The inmate's personality would be described as being LOW in what personality trait? A) Neuroticism B) Extraversion C) Openness D) Agreeableness E) Conscientiousness

d

I have to give my cat a pill every night. In order to get her to take the pill, I roll the pill up in a cat treat. My cat's natural reaction to seeing a cat treat is to salivate. Now though, as soon as she sees the pill container (before seeing the treat), she begins to salivate. 15) Salivating in response to seeing a treat is an example of a(n): A) conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned stimulus D) unconditioned response E) negative reinforcer

d

11) Which of the following pairs of individuals will tend to have the MOST similar personalities? A) A parent and her adopted child B) Two adopted siblings who are not biologically related, but who were raised in the same home C) Siblings (not twins) that were raised in different homes D) Fraternal twins that were raised in different homes E) Identical twins that were raised in different homes

e

16) Jane was an average high school soccer player. Out of the 20 players on her high school team, she was the 10th best player. Now though, when Jane tells stories of playing soccer in high school, she usually refers to (and remembers) herself as the "second or third best player on the team." This is an example of what memory failure? A) Suggestibility B) Consistency Bias C) Late-Selection Bias D) Serial Position Bias E) Egocentric Bias

e

17) Five different individuals took a personality test 5 years ago: Jenny - female - current age: 13 years old John - male - current age: 18 years old David - male - current age: 25 years old Jasmine - female - current age: 30 years old Gail - female - current age: 50 years old If all five individuals take the same personality test again today, which individual would be expected to show results that are MOST SIMILAR to their results from five years ago? A) Jenny B) John C) David D) Jasmine E) Gail

e

17) The case study of Genie showed that it was possible to have normal ___________, but abnormal _________________. A) language production; language comprehension B) language comprehension; language production C) decision-making; spatial intelligence D) language skills; spatial intelligence E) spatial intelligence; language skills

e

25) Professor Green is not very sociable. He avoids parties and other situations with lots of people. He is also reasonably calm, unemotional, and does not tend to worry about small unimportant issues. These descriptions are consistent with being LOW in which two personality traits? A) openness; extraversion B) agreeableness; neuroticism C) extraversion; conscientiousness D) conscientiousness; agreeableness E) extraversion; neuroticism

e

25) Which of the following is a bottom-up cue to lightness/darkness? A) The vergence angle of the eyes B) The wavelength of the light that is reflecting off of objects and entering the eye C) Your knowledge about how different light sources emit light with different proportions of color D) Your knowledge about how shadows change the amount of light available to be reflected by objects E) The simple number of photons that hit the retina

e

28) Participants in a psychology experiment read the following description: "Tyler was an athlete in high school. He played football, basketball, and baseball. His room was filled with sports posters and books." The participants are then asked the following question: "Which of the following is more likely to describe Tyler today at age 35: I) Tyler is a math teacher. II) Tyler is a math teacher and he coaches his son's baseball team." Participants who pick option II are showing what error of decision-making? A) availability heuristic B) confirmation bias C) information bias D) hot hand bias E) conjunction fallacy

e

3) Alice has two young sons. Every time her sons get into a fight over a toy, Alice permanently takes the toy away. Over time, her sons get into fewer and fewer fights over toys. This is an example of: A) Classical conditioning B) Positive reinforcement C) Negative reinforcement D) Positive punishment E) Negative punishment

e

30) Which of the following statements about aggression is FALSE? A) males and females show roughly the same propensity toward aggression B) higher temperatures are associated with more aggression C) individuals that are in pain tend to be more aggressive than individuals that are not in pain D) individuals are more likely to be aggressive if they are in an environment that smells bad E) there is no genetic link to aggression; aggression is a completely learned behavior

e

35) The average SAT (college entrance exam) score is 1500 points (note that higher scores = better performance). The typical range of scores in a given year (i.e., the range that encompasses 95% of those individuals that take the exam) is 1000-2000 points. Gary holds the stereotypical belief that "all rich people are smart." If Gary was asked to estimate the average SAT score for the wealthiest 1% of individuals as well as to estimate the range of scores for the wealthiest 1% of individuals, his most likely response would be: A) average = 1500; range = 1000-2000 B) average = 1500; range = 950-1050 C) average = 1500; range = 500-2500 D) average = 2000; range = 1500-2500 E) average = 2000; range = 1800-2200

e

36) All other things being equal, which of the people below would be expected to have the lowest overall measured IQ. A) Jennifer; female; age 16 B) Ian; male; age 21 C) Victor; male; age 35 D) Brandi; female; age 65 E) Charlie; male; age 75

e

45) Five different female individuals take a personality test: Jenny -current age: 16 years old Karen -current age: 20 years old Martha -current age: 30 years old Mary -current age: 40 years old Denise -current age: 60 years old Based only on this information, who would you expect to score highest for the agreeableness trait? A) Jenny B) Karen C) Martha D) Mary E) Denise

e

9) Which of the following emotions would be HIGHLY POSITIVE in terms of both emotional valence and emotional arousal? A) Angry B) Miserable C) Tired D) Calm E) Excited

e

9-10) Use the paragraph below to answer questions 9-10 Tim is a high school junior. Although he doesn't love baseball, he tries out and makes the team. However, he is told by the team captain that before he can officially become a team member, he has to pass a series of tests. These "tests" turn out to be hazing activities. The activities include laying still while being covered in rotten food, being forced to clean the locker room toilets with his bare hands, and having to drink a bottle of hot sauce. Under normal situations, Tim would never perform these degrading and uncomfortable acts. However, despite this Tim nonetheless performs the activities and joins the team. 9) Tim initially experiences a great deal of mental discomfort after joining the team due to the fact that his behavior (undergoing hazing) did not match his beliefs (would not allow himself to be degraded). This discomfort is known as: A) deindividuation B) generalized anxiety disorder C) justification of effort D) conjunction fallacy E) cognitive dissonance

e

9-10) Use the paragraph below to answer questions 9-10 Tim is a high school junior. Although he doesn't love baseball, he tries out and makes the team. However, he is told by the team captain that before he can officially become a team member, he has to pass a series of tests. These "tests" turn out to be hazing activities. The activities include laying still while being covered in rotten food, being forced to clean the locker room toilets with his bare hands, and having to drink a bottle of hot sauce. Under normal situations, Tim would never perform these degrading and uncomfortable acts. However, despite this Tim nonetheless performs the activities and joins the team. 10) A week after joining the team, when Tim is asked how much he enjoys baseball, he indicates that it's the most important thing in his life. This change in the value he attaches to playing baseball (which reduced the mental discomfort he felt in the question above), is known as: A) deindividuation B) groupthink C) social facilitation D) cognitive dissonance E) justification of effort

e