Final Q2 Prieto Test 10.4-5

Effect of Council of Trent and Inquisition

Catholic Reformation was successful in slowing Protestant tide

Widespread Persecution

Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance, witch hunts occurred in areas of religious conflict -witches considered agents of the devil

Did people agree with Copernicus?

Most experts rejected this theory and authorities feared that the whole system of human knowledge might be called into question if Ptolemy's reasoning was incorrect

When did Ptolemys teachings stop being practiced?

Not until 1500 and 1600s, did startling discoveries challenge Ptolemy's teachings and radically change the way Europeans viewed the physical world

Why couldn't he separate from Catherine of Aragon?

Pope Clement VII refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment because he did not want to offend Catherine's nephew, Charles V

Pope Paul III

Pope who led the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.

True or False: Anglican Church kept most Catholic forms of worship and REJECTED Lutheran doctrines

True

How much did scholars use Ptolemy's teachings?

Until the mid 1500s, European scholars accepted theory of ancient Greco-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy, who taught that the Earth was the center of the universe, an idea that matched teachings of the Church

King Henry VIII

Started the Anglican Church because he wasn't granted a divorce. Was excommunicated by the Pope. Became supreme head of church

Similarities between anglican and Lutheran/Protestant

-In both cases, leaders (German princes & English officials) took land (wealth) from the Catholic Church -In German areas, princes welcomed protests against the Church so they could gain power, control; more land/wealth -In England, officials investigated Catholic convents & monasteries, ordered them closed, confiscated lands & wealth, gave lands to nobles who supported the Anglican Church

Differences between anglican and Lutheran/protestant

-Protestant/Lutheran started a movement within the community of believers based on criticism of corruption in the Church -The English reformation was because King Henry VIII was upset that Pope Clement VIII didnt annul his marriage. -Lutheran practices were very different from Catholic practices and Anglican practices were not

Catholic Reformation Goals

1) Revive moral authority of the Church 2) Roll back Protestant tide (stop so many people from leaving Catholic Church) 3) End corruption w/in papacy/appointed reformers

Step by step Scientific Method

1) propose logical hypothesis (possible explanation) 2) Tested the hypothesis with further observation or experimentation to 3) reach a conclusion 4) Repeated their work (usually many times) to confirm their findings

Nicholas Copernicus

1473-1543, Polish, proposed a heliocentric or sun-centered model of the universe in which planets revolved around the sun

Tycho Brahe

1546-1601, Danish astronomer

Francis Bacon

1561-1626; English, stressed experimentation, observation; wanted science to help people by leading to practical technologies

Galileo Galilei - short description

1564-1642, Italian astronomer, provided evidence to support theory

Johannes Kepler

1571-1630, German astronomer, mathematician

Rene Descartes

1596-1650; French, emphasized human reasoning, finding one's own knowledge, "I think, therefore I am."

Isaac Newton - short description

1642-1726; English physicist

Inquistition

Church court, used secret testimony, torture, execution; prepared Index of Forbidden Books (included books by Luther, Calvin, Petrarch & other humanists)

A new scientific method approached around the...

Early 1600s. This method depended on observation and experimentation.

Catholics unwilling to follow the law were

Executed for treason

Two "giants" of this new scientific revolution

Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes -devoted themselves to problem of knowledge; rejected ancient Greek/Aristotle's scientific assumptions, challenged assumptions of medieval universities that tried to make the physical world fit in with Church teaching.

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

View Towards Jews

Jews faced new restrictions, ex: forced into walled "ghettos" in Italian cities, so they migrated to Eastern Europe (Poland, Lithuania), & Ottoman Empire (Turkey & what had been Byzantine Empire/Balkan Peninsula).

The Scientific Revolution

Renaissance & Reformation facilitated breakdown of medieval worldview; mid 1500-shift in scientific thinking brought final break with Europe's medieval past

Chemistry breakthrough

Robert Boyle (b. 1627 in England, d. 1691 in Ireland) made distinction between elements & chemical compounds; explained effect of temperature & pressure on gases

What was at the heart of the Scientific Revolution?

The assumption that mathematical laws governed nature and the universe; that the physical world could be known, managed & shaped by humans

Did english king Henry VIII support Pope Leo X against Luther in 1517?

Yes, he supported

Galileo Galilei - what he did

assembled astronomical telescope with specially ground lens that allowed him to view "...many particulars in Heaven that had been unseen and unheard of until this age..."

Council of Trent (1545)

called by Pope Paul III; group of church leaders who met on and off for 20 yrs; reaffirmed Catholic views, declared that salvation comes through faith & good works, took steps to end abuses in Church, stiff penalties for corruption among clergy, established schools to better educate clergy to challenge Protestant teachings

How did people feel about Galileos discoveries?

caused an uproar as scholars and the Church attacked him because his observations contradicted ancient views about the world & challenged Christian teachings

Queen Elizabeth I

daughter of King Henry VIII & Ann Boleyn, ruled 45 years, (1558-1603) & focused on unity; she enforced reforms that were compromises between Catholic and Protestant practices

Medicine breakthrough

first accurate & detailed study of human anatomy, new & more effective ointment for preventing infection, technique for closing wounds with stitches, circulation of blood described for the first time, microscope perfected

Catherine of Aragon

first wife of Henry VIII, daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella & the aunt of the Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor at the time, Charles V

What did Galileo face in 1633?

he was tried before the Inquisition and threatened with death until he retracted "heresies"

Ptolemy

lived from around 100-170 CE, in Egypt, at the time a great center of learning, after being conquered by Alexander the Great and then the Romans

Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?

to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon who couldn't produce an heir

Isaac Newton - what he did

• showed that a single force (gravity) keeps planets in orbits around sun • said all motion in universe can be measured and described mathematically • said nature follows uniform laws • helped develop calculus

Study break

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