final review

Which of the following was the primary means by which people ensured their safety prior to the creation of formal police departments? a. hired assassins b. designated volunteers who protected villages and families c. reliance on the king or leader for protection d. coming together to be collectively responsible for each other

D. coming together to be collectively responsible for each other

In what year did the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) rescind its policy of opposing the employment of gay police officers? a. 1969 b. 2005 c. 1982 d. 1996

a. 1969

What percentage of the foreign-born population in the United States was born in an Asian country as of 2011? a. 29 percent b. 5 percent c. 16.9 percent d. 14.5 percent

a. 29 percent

Certain professions have higher rates of stress than others. In 2017, Forbes Magazine listed police work as number what of the top 10 stress-producing jobs in the United States? a. 4 b. 9 c. 1 d. 7

a. 4

Studies indicate that though texting while driving is illegal in 46 states and the District of Columbia, approximately what percentage of young people admit having sent a text while driving? a. 70 percent b. 50 percent c. 85 percent d. 90 percent

a. 70 percent

What percentage of people responding said they had "a great deal" of respect for the police in their area according to a 2016 nationwide Gallup poll? a. 76 percent b. 14 percent c. 64 percent d. 67 percent

a. 76 percent

According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) publication, in 2013, it was reported for the first time that nearly what percentage of first-line supervisors were women? a. 9.5 percent b. 12 percent c. 10.6 percent d. 7.6 percent

a. 9.5 percent

If parties to a case in the lowest federal court are unhappy with the ruling, the case can be moved to the next level, which is U.S. __________. a. Appellate Court b. Supreme Court c. District Court d. Court of Claims

a. Appellate Court

How is the term "applied ethics" defined? a. Applied ethics is concerned with the study of what constitutes right and wrong behavior in certain situations. b. Applied ethics are the rather broad moral principles that govern all conduct. c. Applied ethics include courage, self-control, generosity, high-mindedness, gentleness, truthfulness, and modesty. d. Applied ethics is the study of what constitutes good or bad conduct.

a. Applied ethics is concerned with the study of what constitutes right and wrong behavior in certain situations.

Advances in which type of technology have led to the increased use of cold-case squads to solve crimes? a. DNA b. surveillance c. GPS d. lie-detector

a. DNA

Carl B. Klockars identified a moral dilemma among police officers in which they may be tempted to believe that the end justifies the means and do a bad thing for what they believe is a good reason. He referred to this as the what problem, after the 1971 film? a. Dirty Harry b. Serpico c. Lethal Weapon d. French Connection

a. Dirty Harry

Which decision held that height and weight requirements were discriminatory against women and minorities? a. Dothard v. Rawlinson b. Saville v. Scarborough c. Guardians Association of NYC Police Department v. Civil Service Commission of New York d. Brown v. Board of Education

a. Dothard v. Rawlinson

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) are published by which organization? a. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) b. N ACJD (National Archive of Criminal Justice Data) c. NIJ (National Institute of Justice) d. BJS (Bureau of Justice Statistics)

a. FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

What was one of the successes of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)? a. It has greatly increased the number of police officers in the field. b. It has reduced the number of police officers necessary in participating communities. c. It has reduced the amount of federal funding necessary for community policing. d. It has eliminated the atmosphere of fear created by crime in participating communities.

a. It has greatly increased the number of police officers in the field.

Which of the following statements is correct about a "beat"? a. It is the smallest geographic area that a single unit patrols. b. It is not the responsibility of sworn officers. c. It is available for exchange among units. d. It is larger than a precinct.

a. It is the smallest geographic area that a single unit patrols.

Which statement notes the difference between managing a staff and being a leader? a. Leaders provide motivation and perspective. b. Managers provide inspiration and minimal opportunities. c. Leaders provide orders and discipline. d. Leaders provide inspiration and minimal opportunities.

a. Leaders provide motivation and perspective.

If a police officer searched a person's home without a warrant and didn't have the owner's permission, which Supreme Court case would the officer likely be violating? a. Mapp v. Ohio b. Brown v. Board of Education c. Gregg v. Georgia d. Graham v. Connor

a. Mapp v. Ohio

What do police administrators seem to agree is important in a police recruit? a. Maturity b. A college degree c. A willingness to follow orders without question d. Skill in written communication

a. Maturity

Why can cold cases benefit from the use of mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA)? a. MtDNA analysis can derive evidence from very small or degraded quantities of DNA. b. MtDNA is only inherited on the maternal side, making identification more specific. c. MtDNA is the only form of DNA accepted into the National DNA Index System (NDIS). d. MtDNA has passed the Frye test, which PCR-STR and RFLP have not yet done.

a. MtDNA analysis can derive evidence from very small or degraded quantities of DNA.

Which city is often cited as having had the greatest success with community policing? a. New York City b. Chicago c. Houston d. Los Angeles

a. New York City

Which program gave police officers 50 percent discounts to buy federally foreclosed homes in low-income neighborhoods if they agreed to live in the homes for at least three years? a. Officer Next Door b. Community Police Initiative c. Resident Police d. Neighborhood Officer

a. Officer Next Door

Which of the following may contribute to keeping police officers safe in the line of duty? a. Officers are safer in the line of duty with improved training to obtain information, obtain cover, and wait for backup before entering a potentially dangerous situation b. Professional criminals are unlikely to kill anyone, even a police officer, if they think it will be "bad for business." c. An increase in the use of body armor, which renders the wearer essentially "bulletproof," helps keep officers safe in the line of duty. d. A decrease in the stigma associated with mental health counseling keeps more police officers mentally and emotionally stable, so they are better able to avoid dangerous situations.

a. Officers are safer in the line of duty with improved training to obtain information, obtain cover, and wait for backup before entering a potentially dangerous situation

Until the 1970s, most of what we knew about patrol was found in the classic book by O. W. Wilson and Roy Clinton McLaren called __________. a. Police Administration b. The 24-Hour Shift c. Patrolling the Neighborhood Beat d. Local Omnipresence

a. Police Administration

Which is NOT a critical warning sign of potential police suicide is if the officer? a. Refuses to accept patrol assignments. b. Is self-isolating from friends and family. c. Experiences sudden and unexplained improvement in mood after being depressed or withdrawn. d. Expresses the belief that life is meaningless or hopeless.

a. Refuses to accept patrol assignments.

Many smaller federal agencies have limited law enforcement responsibilities. Which statement is NOT true? a. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees the enforcement of the laws regulating the sale and distribution of illegal drugs. b. The Department of State has the Bureau of Diplomatic Security to investigate matters involving passport and visa fraud. c. The Department of Agriculture has enforcement officers in its U.S. Forest Service. d. The U.S. Mint has a police department that safeguards the nation's coinage and gold bullion reserves.

a. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees the enforcement of the laws regulating the sale and distribution of illegal drugs.

Which of the following statements reflects generalizations made about the U.S. law enforcement industry? a. The size and scope of the U.S. law enforcement industry is enormous, and it is also diverse and fragmented. b. The size and scope of the U.S. law enforcement industry is enormous, but it is reducing in size. c. The U.S. law enforcement industry is well organized, and predominantly global. d. The U.S. law enforcement industry is complex and incredibly homogeneous.

a. The size and scope of the U.S. law enforcement industry is enormous, and it is also diverse and fragmented.

Which of the following is a major issue regarding Hispanic police officers? a. There is no clear consensus on what it means to be Hispanic. b. There are many homogenous groups from different places that are all Hispanic. c. Many Hispanic officers do not speak English well. d. Community members often confuse Hispanic officers with Latino officers.

a. There is no clear consensus on what it means to be Hispanic.

Which of the following is NOT true of sanctuary cities? a. They assist federal efforts to detain or deport illegal immigrants. b. They limit cooperation with the national government to help people in the country illegally avoid deportation. c. They may be in conflict with state and federal laws. d. They attempt to fight crime by building trust with residents and encouraging them to report problems.

a. They assist federal efforts to detain or deport illegal immigrants.

Which of the following problems was most troubling for police officers in American cities during the 1960s and 1970s? a. Vietnam war protests b. economic success for most people c. racial harmony d. equal rights for women

a. Vietnam war protests

In ancient Rome, which of the following groups was responsible initially for patrolling the streets at night and firefighting? a. Vigiles b. Urban Cohorts c. Praetorian Guard d. Provost

a. Vigiles

One recommendation to help prevent police suicide is to provide _________. a. a convenient and non-stigmatizing system for referring distressed officers for psychological help b. an early retirement system for officers showing signs of depression, especially those who are disabled c. a merit award system for stoicism, so police officers will be proud to withstand their problems d. prophylactic antidepressants as preventative medicine for officers at risk of depression

a. a convenient and non-stigmatizing system for referring distressed officers for psychological help

Historically, the primary qualification to become a police officer was __________. a. a strong body and courage b. an associate's degree c. possession of a horse and a gun d. knowledge of the law

a. a strong body and courage

In examining the role of police officers during the early nineteenth century, which of the following best characterizes their duties and responsibilities? a. a wide array of social services b. firefighting c. providing medical services d. crime fighting

a. a wide array of social services

The probationary period __________. a. allows a department to evaluate a new officer's ability b. on average lasts 18 to 24 months c. is falling out of favor in most law enforcement agencies d. protects a new officer from dismissal without cause

a. allows a department to evaluate a new officer's ability

What can police do to a person for any crime committed in the officers' presence, with or without a warrant? a. arrest b. prosecute c. incarcerate d. pardon

a. arrest

Loyalty within the police force is tied to the importance of what, which involves helping other officers when they are challenged, criticized, or even charged with wrongdoing? a. backup b. brotherhood c. subculture d. culture

a. backup

What technology has been increasingly used recently to help officers remember to make good decisions during police-citizen interactions? a. body cameras b. firearms c. police cars d. rule manuals

a. body cameras

According to Herbert Jacob, four factors determine the exercise of police discretion. Which of the following is NOT one of Jacob's four factors? a. characteristics of the police officer b. characteristics of the crime c. relationship between police and the criminal or victim d. relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim

a. characteristics of the police officer

The detective division of a police department is charged with solving reported, or __________. a. clearing them b. cracking them c. dispelling them d. unraveling them

a. clearing them

The centralized model of state law enforcement ________. a. combines traffic enforcement on state highways with criminal investigation duties b. is unwilling to assist local police departments c. is typically found in states on the western and eastern coastlines d. is typically found in many southern and mid-western as well as some western states

a. combines traffic enforcement on state highways with criminal investigation duties

In addition to patrol, investigation, and arrest, county police officers may also serve in the role of a ________. a. coroner b. defense attorney c. security detail to the governor d. state highway patrol

a. coroner

Operational units in a police department are responsible for ________. a. crime fighting, crime detection, and providing services to citizens b. monitoring supervisors to ensure compliance with precinct policies c. responding to calls for assistance and dispatching officers to 911 calls d. choosing their own shifts and partners

a. crime fighting, crime detection, and providing services to citizens

Imagine you are a police officer during a hurricane or natural disaster. Which of the following is the most important thing should you consider as a potential problem for police officers? a. damage to property by looters and vandals b. damage to police cruisers c. damage to courthouse records d. power outages for citizens

a. damage to property by looters and vandals

What type of discrimination, which is discrimination as the indirect result of policies or practices, is the most prevalent form of job discrimination? a. de facto b. paternalistic c. political d. unintentional

a. de facto

If a police officer's life or another's life is at peril from the person in question, it is permissible to use __________. a. deadly force b. unreasonable force c. back up d. pepper spray

a. deadly force

Two of the main goals of patrol are maintaining a feeling of public security and 24-hour availability to the public. What is the third goal? a. deterring crime b. walking a beat in a specific area c. responding to neighborhood disputes d. providing the public with information

a. deterring crime

In one alternative to random routine patrol, officers are given specific directions to follow when they are not responding to calls, which is called __________. a. directed patrol b. smart patrol c. predictive patrol d. divided patrol

a. directed patrol

When a police officer makes a judgment about a situation and chooses a response from a group of options, she is using her __________. a. discretion b. idealism c. judicial authority d. education

a. discretion

The management concepts important to organizing a police department are __________. a. division of labor, leadership, and delegation of responsibility b. logical planning, lateral transfers, and communication channels c. division of leadership, labor schedules, and span of control d. division of labor, labor schedules, and communication channels

a. division of labor, leadership, and delegation of responsibility

How is plain view evidence defined? a. evidence seized by police without a warrant who have the right to be in a position to observe it b. an identification made via a lineup, showup, or photo array c. videos or photographs that contain evidence of a crime being committed d. evidence that is obviously connected to the commission of a crime

a. evidence seized by police without a warrant who have the right to be in a position to observe it

One of the downsides to stakeouts is that they are __________. a. expensive b. ineffective c. boring d. based on tips

a. expensive

Most assaults on police officers involve the use of which of the following weapons? a. hands, feet, and fists b. firearms c. knives d. other types of dangerous weapons

a. hands, feet, and fists

Which of the following will facilitate the police in cultural awareness and understanding with various minority populations? a. having and conveying respect by communicating with informal community leaders b. community courses to help new immigrants assimilate into U.S. culture c. affirmative action hiring of minority members d. police-community activities that convey a sense of omnipresence

a. having and conveying respect by communicating with informal community leaders

The chain of command is also known as ________. a. hierarchy of authority b. ethical c. quasi-military organization d. PODSCORB (planning, organizing, directing, staffing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting)

a. hierarchy of authority

One issue facing all minority groups in law enforcement is that both community members and other police officers ____________. a. hold stereotyping ideas but don't vocalize them b. react to them with white male backlash c. are afraid of them d. label them as troublemakers

a. hold stereotyping ideas but don't vocalize them

The decentralized model of state law enforcement ________. a. is found in many southern and mid-western as well as some western states b. typically is divided into three or more separate agencies c. merges traffic enforcement on state highways and other state-level law enforcement functions d. is not used by California

a. is found in many southern and mid-western as well as some western states

Shared leadership ________. a. is known as participative management b. is restricted by law from police departments c. is ineffective in police departments d. came from the military world

a. is known as participative management

The U.S. Supreme Court uses what right to influence how the police do their job—for instance, by ruling certain methods unconstitutional? a. judicial review b. habeas corpus c. malum prohibitum d. castle doctrine

a. judicial review

In a democratic society, the police must have broad and active public acceptance and support to be viewed as __________. a. legitimate b. conviction rate c. having crime-solving ability d. trustworthy

a. legitimate

What can be used against unarmed suspects with only short-term damage to the suspect? a. less-than-lethal weapons b. traditional weapons c. legal firearms d. chokeholds

a. less-than-lethal weapons

Which term describes a group of people who match the description of the suspect and who stand in a row along with the arrested person while a victim or witness observes them to try to make an identification? a. lineup b. walk of shame c. showup d. photo array

a. lineup

In the development of his approach to police administration, O. W. Wilson placed great emphasis on __________. a. managerial efficiency b. increased use of weaponry for officers c. improved tactics to effect arrests d. the use of technology

a. managerial efficiency

Civil service has reduced political interference and allowed for the development of ________. a. merit employment b. corruption c. stagnant wages d. protection for the chain of command

a. merit employment

What generated an increased number of calls for service, which the San Marcos, Texas, Police Department addressed using problem-oriented policing? a. noise complaints b. the homeless population c. robbery complaints d. vehicle collisions

a. noise complaints

The ballistics section of the crime lab conducts scientific analyses of guns and bullets. Ballistics is the science of the study of __________. a. objects in motion and at rest b. objects forged or molded from metal c. ball-shaped objects d. structural design

a. objects in motion and at rest

The term cop was derived as a nickname for police officers because __________. a. officers were required to wear copper stars on their hats and jackets b. officers took liberties with goods and services c. officers were more likely to confess if they acted inappropriately and to accept responsibility for their actions d. it was a term that referred to Peel's Bobbies

a. officers were required to wear copper stars on their hats and jackets

Once a recruit has been hired and placed in the field, __________. a. ongoing training is needed to keep up to date with changing laws and procedures b. ongoing training is optional if the officer is interested in promotion c. department-provided in-service training is no longer necessary d. training continues once the officer reaches the management level

a. ongoing training is needed to keep up to date with changing laws and procedures

In which order does new recruit training occur? a. police academy, field training, in-service training b. Hogan's Alley, field training, probation c. field training, firearms training, in-service training d. in-service training, police academy, Hogan's Alley

a. police academy, field training, in-service training

Police in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in the United States were ineffective and unpopular with the public because __________. a. police officers were often used as a source of political patronage and corruption b. the public wanted what amounted to a standing army in its cities and towns c. police officers tended to be overqualified for the job d. police officers were overpaid for the work they performed

a. police officers were often used as a source of political patronage and corruption

What is the application of analytical techniques to identify targets for police attention and interaction and to prevent crime or solve past crimes? a. predictive policing b. evidence-based policing c. smart policing d. none of these

a. predictive policing

Concerns about drones being used by police are primarily about __________. a. privacy rights b. global positioning c. pilot ability d. accidental injuries

a. privacy rights

If a police chief believes that the police should not just respond to incident after incident, but rather focus on the problems that cause the incidents, what type of policing do they support? a. problem-solving policing b. incident-based policing c. community policing d. intelligence-led policing

a. problem-solving policing

According to Sheehan and Cordner, the two primary goals and objectives of police departments are maintaining order and _________. a. protecting life and property b. making drug-related arrests c. following suspects d. writing reports

a. protecting life and property

Detective Jackson and his partner are going to begin investigating a possible homicide that took place earlier in the day. The first step they will take in their investigation is to _________. a. read the incident report b. identify the victim c. interview witnesses d. canvass the neighborhood

a. read the incident report

The financial downturn in 2008 caused many law enforcement agencies to ________. a. reconsider priorities and allocation of resources b. share with financial resources with each other c. hire more officers d. increase spending on prevention programs

a. reconsider priorities and allocation of resources

Which of the following is NOT a geographic area around which policing patrols are organized? a. region b. station c. district d. post

a. region

Officer Gloria Mansfield is part of a program in which she lives in subsidized housing in the city and works an eight-hour day, but she is also on call 24 hours a day for any residents that need assistance. This program is known as a __________. a. resident officer program b. service area police program c. police and citizens together initiative d. community assistance program

a. resident officer program

Preventing crime is considered what type of goal of police departments? a. secondary b. unnecessary c. ambiguous d. primary

a. secondary

Which age group experiences the lowest amount of criminal victimization? a. senior citizens b. children c. adults d. teens

a. senior citizens

Captain Washington has noticed that Officer Fields pulls over female drivers three times as often as he pulls over male drivers. The captain documents the activity in the officer's file to help determine whether there is a pattern after recognizing this as one of the warning signs of ____________. a. sexual misconduct b. gender bias c. bias-based policing d. corruption

a. sexual misconduct

Police agencies themselves are in the best position to know their specific crime problems; thus, they are best equipped to work with researchers to come up with effective solutions, which is the premise of __________. a. smart policing b. forecasting c. directed patrol d. predictive policing

a. smart policing

To determine whether a case is worth pursuing, Detective Raymond asks herself questions such as, "Is there a witness?" and "Will the complainant cooperate in the investigation?" What helps determine whether a case can be cleared? a. solvability factors b. clearance rates c. case enhancements d. none of these

a. solvability factors

Field training is provided by __________. a. specially trained officers b. department managers c. the President's Commission on Law Enforcement d. the police academy

a. specially trained officers

The hidden surveillance of a location or person is called a __________. a. stakeout b. blending c. sting d. decoy

a. stakeout

Which type of policing represents an advanced stage of traditional policing using innovative enforcement techniques including intelligence operations, electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic techniques? a. strategic b. broken windows c. problem-solving d. community

a. strategic

What is it called when a person knowingly creates a situation in which a police officer will have to use deadly force? a. suicide by cop b. entrapment c. police baiting d. harassment

a. suicide by cop

Which of the following is considered to be a typical trait of the "police personality"? a. suspicion b. calmness c. enthusiasm d. optimism

a. suspicion

Support staff functions include ________. a. tasks that supplement line units b. clerical work and street patrol c. street patrol d. tasks that directly facilitate the accomplishment of organizational goals

a. tasks that supplement line units

Jamal has been jailed for many years for a murder he did not commit, with a death sentencing approaching. All his attempts at appeal have been denied. Jamal decides to contact an organization that freed more than 200 people since 1992 by using DNA evidence. What is the name of the organization Jamal decided to contact? a. the Innocence Project b. IBIS c. the International Association for Identification d. the ACLU

a. the Innocence Project

How is reasonable force defined? a. the amount of force necessary for a police officer to overcome resistance by a person being arrested b. any amount of force that the police officer believes to be necessary at the time of an arrest c. any force used by a police officer during the process of pursuing, apprehending, or arresting a suspect d. any force used by police before, during, or after an arrest to elicit a confession from a suspect

a. the amount of force necessary for a police officer to overcome resistance by a person being arrested

The advantage of in-car police video recorders is that ____________. a. they provided reliable, unbiased evidence of wrongdoing by both suspects and officers b. many officers turn off their body cameras, but the in-car recorders continue to function c. the officer can turn them off at any point during a traffic stop d. they stream in real time to police headquarters

a. they provided reliable, unbiased evidence of wrongdoing by both suspects and officers

Regarding 911 calls, what is the moment of the crime to the arrival of the first police officer called? a. total response time b. rapid emergency time c. complete travel time d. full processing time

a. total response time

The officer assumes a different identity to obtain information or achieve another investigatory purpose in a(n) __________. a. undercover investigation b. stakeout operation c. blending operation d. decoy operation

a. undercover investigation

The National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals recommended that police departments should ____________. a. use more patrol officers to investigate crimes b. use teams of one patrol officer and one detective for crime investigations c. assign no more than four detectives to each investigation d. hire specialists rather than detectives for very serious or complex investigations

a. use more patrol officers to investigate crimes

When a crime is committed on tribal land, jurisdiction may be determined by ________. a. whether the victim is American Indian b. the language of the criminal code c. whether the perpetrator is underage d. the prosecutor in the case

a. whether the victim is American Indian

According to a Chicago study, when violent crime was included as a factor, which ethnic group had the highest percentage of officer-involved shooting deaths in the five-year period studied? a. whites b. Asians c. Latinos d. African-Americans

a. whites

In 2015, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) reported that for the latest reporting year, local, state, and federal agencies spent approximately how much on criminal justice agencies, including police, corrections, and judicial services? a. $500 billion b. $265 billion c. $1 trillion d. $1 billion

b. $265 billion

What percentage of the American public supports the police wearing body cameras according to a 2016 CATO Institute survey? a. 71 percent b. 92 percent c. 81 percent d. 65 percent

b. 92 percent

Which of the following statements regarding a showup is most accurate? a. A showup usually takes place prior to an arrest. b. A showup must take place as soon after the crime as possible. c. A showup is constitutional only if the suspect has an attorney present. d. There must be at least three people who match the suspect's description present at the showup.

b. A showup must take place as soon after the crime as possible.

According to the Department of Justice, ___________ are more than three times as likely to be searched during a traffic stop as __________. a. whites; Hispanics b. African Americans; whites c. Hispanics; Asian Americans d. African Americans; Hispanics

b. African Americans; whites

Which organization certifies forensic laboratory employees? a. International High Technology Crime Investigation Association (IHTCIA) b. American Board of Criminalists (ABC) c. International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) d. American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD)

b. American Board of Criminalists (ABC)

Which of the following describes white male backlash as it relates to the police? a. As reverse discrimination became police policy, angry white male police officers were involved in an increasing number of traffic accidents. b. As more minority members and women were hired for and promoted within police jobs, there were fewer white men received those jobs, which made them angry and resentful. c. Following the failure of counter-lawsuits from white male police officers passed over for promotion, suicide rates among these officers began to climb. d. As more minority members and women were hired as police officers, more white men began to commit and be arrested for crimes of violence

b. As more minority members and women were hired for and promoted within police jobs, there were fewer white men received those jobs, which made them angry and resentful.

Community policing and problem-oriented policing go hand in hand, but there are differences. What is the main difference? a. Community policing is concerned with the community solving local problems, and problem-oriented policing is more concerned with the police solving local problems b. Community policing is concerned with the relationship between the police and the community, and problem-oriented policing is more concerned with solving a particular problem. c. Community policing involves a single community, whereas problem-oriented policing, by necessity, relies on multiple communities working together. d. Community policing tends to involve more resources and police officers, and problem-oriented policing involves fewer resources and police officers

b. Community policing is concerned with the relationship between the police and the community, and problem-oriented policing is more concerned with solving a particular problem.

What is one of the main points of the broken window model of policing? a. Police cannot rely on the cooperation of the community. b. Disorder in neighborhoods creates fear. c. Fighting crime should be the primary focus of police patrol. d. Broken windows detract criminals from committing crimes in certain neighborhoods.

b. Disorder in neighborhoods creates fear.

What is the difference between police human relations and police public relations? a. Police engage in public relations efforts, but not in human relations efforts. b. Human relations is about how one treats others; public relations attempts to create a favorable image of someone or some group. c. Human relations is about creating a favorable image of oneself to another individual; public relations is about creating a favorable image of oneself to the general public. d. There is no difference between human relations and public relations with regard to the police.

b. Human relations is about how one treats others; public relations attempts to create a favorable image of someone or some group.

Which Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) system can be used to match stored fingerprint data for millions of individuals against latent prints taken from a crime scene? a. RCAGIS b. IAFIS c. VoIP d. NCIC

b. IAFIS

Officer Robertson has responded to a call about a mentally ill person named Joe, who appears to be hallucinating. Under what circumstances would Officer Robertson take Joe to jail? a. If Joe has just been released from a mental health facility and therefore cannot return for at least 48 hours. b. If Joe may be a danger to himself or others, and the community does not have a competent mental health facility. c. Under no circumstances—once Joe calms down, he is free to go. d. If the local mental health facility has space but refuses admission to Joe because he does not have health insurance.

b. If Joe may be a danger to himself or others, and the community does not have a competent mental health facility.

The website discoverpolicing.org is the official job board of which organization? a. Department of Justice (DOJ) b. International Association of Chiefs of the Police (IACP) c. Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) d. Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)

b. International Association of Chiefs of the Police (IACP)

Which of the following is NOT a service provided to other law enforcement agencies by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)? a. Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) b. International Fingerprint File c. National Incident-Based Reporting System d. FBI Crime Lab

b. International Fingerprint File

Just simply having a police department website can be considered part of a community policing strategy. Why? a. It enables the community to meet with officers in local establishments on a regular basis. b. It allows information to be reported and provides contact information for people in the organization. c. It improves the quality of life in the community, from its youth to its senior citizens. d. It minimizes the fear of crime and empowers the senior citizen population.

b. It allows information to be reported and provides contact information for people in the organization.

What is the purpose of the proposal called Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI)? a. MCI considers the value of investigative units that reexamine old cases that have remained unsolved. b. MCI is series of guidelines that recommend expanding the role of patrol officers. c. MCI identifies challenges faced by law enforcement personnel during a sniper incident. d. MCI recommends using data analysis to focus police efforts on the most harmful incidents and offenders.

b. MCI is series of guidelines that recommend expanding the role of patrol officers.

What is one of the primary reasons that police officers do NOT seek help from mental health professionals? a. Police officers do not have time to meet with mental health counselors. b. Many officers believe that seeking professional help is a sign of weakness. c. Psychological counseling is not one of the benefits in the police union contract. d. Mental health counseling has not been shown to reduce rates of police suicide.

b. Many officers believe that seeking professional help is a sign of weakness.

In which community is the murder rate for females 10 times the national average? a. Korean American b. Native American c. Asian American d. African American

b. Native American

A man has been arrested on suspicion of kidnapping. The FBI wants to record his voice so it can be compared by an expert to the voice that made the ransom call. His attorney refuses, saying it would violate the suspect's rights. Is the attorney correct? a. Yes; the Supreme Court ruled that recording a person's voice without permission is a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to privacy. b. No; the Supreme Court ruled that a suspect must provide voice exemplars for comparison with the voice spoken at the time of the crime. c. Yes; the Supreme Court ruled that recording a person's voice without permission constitutes a violation of the right to be secure in their person. d. No; the Supreme Court ruled that voice identification technology is too unreliable to be used as evidence in court.

b. No; the Supreme Court ruled that a suspect must provide voice exemplars for comparison with the voice spoken at the time of the crime.

If the Deerfield police department decides to switch from two-officer to one-officer patrol cars, what might be one reason they would give for the switch? a. One officer working alone tends to get more easily distracted. b. One officer working alone tends to feel more confident and takes fewer unnecessary risks. c. A one-officer patrol car will put officers at greater risk of injury. d. The police department can better deploy the number of officers they have.

b. One officer working alone tends to feel more confident and takes fewer unnecessary risks.

Which program involves engraving identifying numbers onto property so that it can be returned if stolen and recovered? a. Citizen Patrol b. Operation Identification c. Neighborhood Watch d. Crime Stoppers

b. Operation Identification

hat is the difference between "excessive force" and "police brutality"? a. Excessive force is more severe than police brutality; it represents a significant disparity between the level of compliance by the citizen and the level of police force used. b. Police brutality is more severe than excessive force; it represents a significant disparity between the level of compliance by the citizen and the level of police force used. c. Excessive force is the term used when officers use more force than necessary to open a locked door or gain entrance to a building; police brutality is using that same amount of force against a civilian. d. Police brutality is a legal term used in civil suits against a police department, and excessive force is the common term for the same thing.

b. Police brutality is more severe than excessive force; it represents a significant disparity between the level of compliance by the citizen and the level of police force used.

What was the distinctive feature of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 (EEOA)? a. The EEOA provided grants to police forces, including for recruiting and training law enforcement personnel. b. The EEOA extended the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to state and local governments. c. The EEOA was the first federal act to prohibit all job discrimination based on race or gender. d. The EEOA was enacted to assist local governments to reduce crime by increasing the fairness of law enforcement.

b. The EEOA extended the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to state and local governments.

Why did the Court rule that being sniffed by a trained drug dog did NOT constitute an unreasonable search? a. The dog's sniff may lead to police to discover other crimes beyond drug possession. b. The dog's sniff is not intrusive and only reveals the presence of contraband. c. The dog's sniff is intrusive but is necessary to find contraband. d. The dog's sniff is not admissible in a court of law as evidence.

b. The dog's sniff is not intrusive and only reveals the presence of contraband.

When foot patrol is added to neighborhoods, which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Citizen satisfaction with the police decreases. b. The police have greater job satisfaction. c. The police have less appreciation for the values of the citizens there. d. Levels of fear increase significantly.

b. The police have greater job satisfaction.

Recent studies have shown that less-than-lethal weapons result in fewer officer and suspect injuries. Which of the following statements about Tasers is also correct? a. They are less effective than the other forms of nonlethal force in subduing a subject. b. They have been linked to deaths nationwide. c. They may be used without warning the suspect. d. They emit a 500-volt charge that temporarily incapacitates subjects.

b. They have been linked to deaths nationwide.

Why was two-way radio an important part of the professionalism of police officers? a. Two-way radio allowed officers to delay responding to instructions by supervisors. b. Two-way radio enhanced officers' ability to respond to calls for service. c. Two-way radio improved community relations. d. Two-way radio enhanced officers' informal discussions

b. Two-way radio enhanced officers' ability to respond to calls for service.

Which of the following notorious criminals did the Pinkerton detectives NOT apprehend during the 1800s? a. Butch Cassidy b. Wild Bill Hickok c. members of the James Gang d. the Sundance Kid

b. Wild Bill Hickok

Historical documents about American police departments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries showed police departments had __________. a. solved the problem of crime in most communities b. a chronic problem of locating and hiring qualified personnel c. been given the responsibility for addressing population decreases d. solved the problem of corruption and brutality by officers

b. a chronic problem of locating and hiring qualified personnel

The best way to organize a police department is ________. a. by encouraging officers to choose their shifts and duties b. according to function c. by setting up quality assurance teams d. according to region

b. according to function

Officer Franks has violated one of the police department's internal rules and is facing a demotion. This is an example of __________. a. civil liability b. administrative liability c. criminal liability d. workplace liability

b. administrative liability

What is a standard used to identify police ethics? a. in-service training b. an oath of office c. promotion d. the blue curtain

b. an oath of office

Sergeant Claire of the local police force is responding to a call for help of an elderly man who has fallen down in the public park. Which of the six secondary police goals and objectives does this activity reflect? a. enforcing noncriminal regulations b. assisting the sick and injured c. delivering services not available elsewhere in the community d. preventing crime

b. assisting the sick and injured

Which type of identification distinguishes one person from another and includes fingerprints and palm prints as examples? a. criminalistic b. biometric c. genetic d. isometric

b. biometric

What type of technology can take X-rays, photograph packages, search suspect locations, and place explosive devices into a transport vessel, thus keeping personnel safely away from the immediate area? a. computer forensics devices b. bomb robots c. cell phones d. drones

b. bomb robots

The Asian population in the United States has increased dramatically, __________. a. so Asian police officers no longer experience any discrimination. b. but most police departments have few, if any, Asian officers. c. and as a result, the number of Asian criminals has increased dramatically as well. d. and as a result, the number of Asian police officers has increased dramatically as well.

b. but most police departments have few, if any, Asian officers.

Which group's goal is to create a nucleus of citizens who are well informed about a department's practices and services? a. Crime Stoppers programs b. citizen police academies c. police mini-stations d. operation identification

b. citizen police academies

A police officer may be sued in civil court for improper behavior, which describes police __________. a. behavioral codes b. civil liability c. professional codes d. criminal liability

b. civil liability

Carol Roses of the Massachusetts American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has said, "We don't know all the potential uses of DNA, but once the state has your sample and there are no limits on how it can be used." These vast uses could result in __________. a. crime prevention benefits b. civil liberty violations c. peacekeeping advantages d. health benefits for American citizens

b. civil liberty violations

Which term describes a DNA sample collected from a crime scene that ties an unknown suspect to the DNA profile of someone in the national or a state's database? a. DNA polymorphism b. cold hit c. evidence sample d. Frye test

b. cold hit

You are a police consultant and are asked to design a program to decrease juvenile crime in a neighborhood by using volunteers, residents, and officers. What portion of Peel's Metropolitan police model would apply to this situation? a. autonomy and distance from the public b. community policing c. excessive use of force by officers d. improved race relations

b. community policing

KSAs are standards used to __________. a. promote nonsworn employees b. complete a job analysis c. drive recruitment d. identify good employment applicants

b. complete a job analysis

Which of the following was the most important event following 9/11 by the federal government? a. suspending some constitutional rights of citizens in an effort to provide enhanced safety in cities around the country b. creating the Department of Homeland Security c. using the military to enhance the civilian police departments in cities across the country d. employing military contractors to support police officers in "hot spot" areas

b. creating the Department of Homeland Security

Officer Jill Williams plans to take courses from the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Women's Leadership Institute, where she will also have the opportunity to _____________. a. build her physical skills through exercise training programs and obstacle courses b. develop a mentoring relationship with a successful female law enforcement executive c. write policy on workplace harassment, pregnancy, and other issues important to women in law enforcement d. impress her superiors and exit the program with a higher rank

b. develop a mentoring relationship with a successful female law enforcement executive

What type of stress is produced by real threats and dangers? a. operational b. external c. personal d. organizational

b. external

What type of undercover investigations have broken up many major drug and arms smuggling operations in South Florida? a. municipal b. federal c. community d. state

b. federal

Investigative task forces are groups working together to investigate one or more crimes. These investigators are often __________. a. from different ranks within a municipal police department b. from different law enforcement agencies c. members of the same detective department d. members of the courtroom workgroup

b. from different law enforcement agencies

Which term refers to patrol units being ordered to respond to a 911 report of person with a firearm? a. stakeout b. gun run c. emergency response d. felony gun possession

b. gun run

Shared or participative leadership can result in ________. a. an increase in the authority of the police hierarchy b. increased job satisfaction and improved productivity c. creation of top-down administration d. code termination

b. increased job satisfaction and improved productivity

What is the strategy of using data analysis and other intelligence to focus police efforts on incidents and offenders causing the most harm to the community? a. crime analysis b. intelligence-led policing c. cybercrime fighting d. MCI (Managing Criminal Investigations)

b. intelligence-led policing

Detective Smithson investigates allegations of wrongdoing within the police force as a member of the __________. a. corruption department b. internal affairs department c. investigative department d. misconduct department

b. internal affairs department

Aerosol subject restraints (ASRs) can cause eye irritation, coughing, and _________. a. debilitating pain b. loss of muscle control c. blood poisoning d. permanent lung irritations

b. loss of muscle control

The most typical kind of drug-related police misconduct involves _________. a. officer addiction, particularly to opioids and/or methamphetamine b. making money by stealing drugs or money, selling drugs, lying about illegal searches, and protecting people who engage in these activities c. stealing drugs from criminals or from the evidence room for personal use or to share with friends or loved ones d. forging prescriptions for controlled substances and selling them on the street

b. making money by stealing drugs or money, selling drugs, lying about illegal searches, and protecting people who engage in these activities

A good job analysis can be used to __________. a. dismiss hiring standards that are job related b. measure what current police officers in a department actually do c. avoid hiring minorities d. disobey the law

b. measure what current police officers in a department actually do

As demographics in the United States are changing, it is more important for police officers than ever to have __________. a. community policing programming b. multicultural understanding c. a border wall d. police public relations

b. multicultural understanding

In Tempe, Arizona, the Assistance in Disaster (AID) program was created to mobilize a community response in the event of a(n) __________. a. terrorist attack b. natural disaster or terrorist attack c. natural disaster d. increase in neighborhood crime

b. natural disaster or terrorist attack

The case of Guardians Association of New York City Police Department v. Civil Service Commission of New York (1980) found job analysis to be __________. a. an effective recruitment screening tool b. nondiscriminatory c. discriminatory d. dangerously limiting of potential recruitment pools

b. nondiscriminatory

O.W. Wilson's patrol ideas were designed to make the police appear to be as __________. a. necessary as possible b. omnipresent as possible c. emphatic as possible d. punitive as possible

b. omnipresent as possible

The aftermath of the Rodney King verdict, which initially exonerated the four police officers charged with excessive use of force, resulted in __________. a. a dramatic reduction in crime b. over $1 billion in property damage c. improved race relations in Los Angeles d. reductions in corruption by police officers

b. over $1 billion in property damage

What is the most expensive part of a police department's budget? a. emergency equipment b. personnel c. vehicles d. weapons

b. personnel

In police departments, the tasks of the organization are divided according to ________. a. leadership, space, credentials, and work shift b. personnel, area, time, and function or purpose c. personnel, space, credentials, and work shift d. personnel, credentials, time, and function or purpose

b. personnel, area, time, and function or purpose

Perjury is a type of what that involves giving false testimony in court? a. integrity test b. police deception c. judicial review d. biased-based policing

b. police deception

One problem for both male and female Muslim police officers is that ___________. a. standard police holidays do not include Muslim holy days b. police uniforms do not conform to Muslim requirements for clothing and grooming c. most American Muslims speak very little English d. since September 11, 2001, this group has received little attention

b. police uniforms do not conform to Muslim requirements for clothing and grooming

The civil service system helps protect from ________. a. false arrests on the street b. political influence in hiring c. poor organizational management d. a reduction in nepotism

b. political influence in hiring

One of the problems with keeping community policing working well is that many of the resources that were previously devoted to it are now being used to __________. a. fund police vehicles b. prevent terrorism c. pay for community cooperation d. fund advanced technology

b. prevent terrorism

For a crime to be committed, the act must be either malum in se (wrong in itself) or malum prohibitum (____________). a. wrong in its nature b. prohibited by statute c. wrong against another d. evil in whole

b. prohibited by statute

Which of the following characterized the focus of American policing in the South during the Colonial period? a. informally providing law enforcement in communities similar to that used in England b. protecting the economy by enforcing slave codes c. allowing officers to only arrest after a warrant had been issued d. paying sheriffs each arrest

b. protecting the economy by enforcing slave codes

What are typically the last steps in the recruitment process before a candidate is hired? a. written and physical agility tests b. psychological and medical evaluations c. polygraph exam and the personal interview d. drug tests and background check

b. psychological and medical evaluations

According to George Pugh, the most common roles police have to fulfill are those of law enforcer, maintainer of social order, and ________. a. substitute parents b. public servant c. investigator d. crowd control

b. public servant

What is any police-initiated activity that relies on a person's race or ethnic background, rather than on behavior, as a basis for suspecting that person of criminal activity? a. racism b. racial profiling c. predictive policing d. ethnic bias

b. racial profiling

Police departments have been ________. a. flexible in their forms of leadership b. reluctant to accept shared leadership c. eager to adopt shared leadership d. required to surrender leadership

b. reluctant to accept shared leadership

The problem-oriented policing strategy consists of four distinct parts, known by the acronym SARA. What does the "S" in SARA stand for? a. solving b. scanning c. service d. searching

b. scanning

According to the Fourth Amendment, police must obtain warrants that are based on probable cause and describe the place and the person or objects involved. The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable ___________. a. arrest b. search and seizure c. indictment d. suspicion

b. search and seizure

The city of Duluth, Minnesota, won an International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Community Policing Award for their response to __________. a. housing violations b. sexual assault against Native American women c. the opioid epidemic d. active shooter incidents

b. sexual assault against Native American women

Some studies show that female officers prefer leaders who allow subordinates freedom of action. This indicates a preference for _________. a. bureaucracy b. shared leadership c. authority d. hierarchical command

b. shared leadership

One night, Lavonne made a hoax 911 call using technology that made it appear that the call was coming from her neighbor's house so that the police would show up there. This type of prank activity is known as __________. a. pranking b. swatting c. clearing d. striking

b. swatting

What 2014 incident fueled a narrative of police misconduct and excessive force? a. the terrorist attacks of 9/11 b. the Ferguson shooting c. Hurricane Katrina d. the arrest of the Sony hackers

b. the Ferguson shooting

The majority of community members form their impression of the local police force through __________. a. being victimized by criminals b. the actions of the police officers they encounter c. marketing and public relations efforts d. public service announcements made by police chiefs

b. the actions of the police officers they encounter

What makes recruitment more difficult? a. escalating numbers of officer resignations b. the media's portrayal of law enforcement officers c. diminished community resistance d. improved educational opportunities

b. the media's portrayal of law enforcement officers

Despite statistics to the contrary, many police officers believe _____________. a. there are not enough officers on the street b. the public does not like or support them c. community policing efforts do more harm than good d. they will be promoted to detective within five years

b. the public does not like or support them

Most courts have upheld the use of surveillance cameras, stating they are not a violation of individual's rights because __________. a. most images are of such poor quality that no person can be identified with certainty b. there is no expectation of privacy in most of the locations c. of their importance in identifying criminals d. there is no specific mention of cameras in the U.S. Constitution

b. there is no expectation of privacy in most of the locations

Why would local businesses contribute to a police department though a foundation rather than by donating directly? a. to record them as charitable donations b. to avoid the appearance of ethical impropriety c. to disguise the quid pro quo nature of the gift d. to obtain a tax deduction

b. to avoid the appearance of ethical impropriety

What is the goal of the Drug Abuse Response Team (DART) implemented in the Northampton, Massachusetts, Police Department? a. to find housing for local people addicted to opioids b. to connect drug users with services that can help them c. to identify those opioid users who also commit local crimes d. to act as counselors for local people addicted to opioids

b. to connect drug users with services that can help them

What is the purpose of the organization called Ignitus Worldwide? a. to educate children in online safety, antibullying, and choosing good role models b. to mobilize and empower youth in their communities c. to keep middle school and high school students out of gangs d. to prevent drug abuse among school-aged children

b. to mobilize and empower youth in their communities

The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) program collects data to __________. a. monitor employment opportunities in law enforcement b. understand law enforcement personnel and practices c. track crime activity across the nation d. provide conviction data in certain states for specific crimes

b. understand law enforcement personnel and practices

The most frequent calls that police officers respond to are to ___________. a. domestic disputes b. unknown disturbances c. homicides d. burglaries

b. unknown disturbances

The passage of the Volstead Act, more commonly known as Prohibition, __________. a. did not impact the crime rate in the United States b. was a significant event in the development of organized crime in the United States c. was a widely popular law among the public d. was responsible for the creation of Alcoholics Anonymous as a treatment model

b. was a significant event in the development of organized crime in the United States

The study Policewomen on Patrol: Final Report (Police Foundation) found that women officers _________. a. were more inclined to file lawsuits against the department for suspected discrimination b. were less likely to be charged with improper conduct than male officers c. took significantly longer than male officers to adapt to the socialization requirements of the force d. did not make as many arrests as their male colleagues, and so received more support in the community

b. were less likely to be charged with improper conduct than male officers

As of 2008, what percentage of contacts between police and citizens involved the use or threat of force? a. 28.4 percent b. 74.3 percent c. 1.4 percent d. 5 percent

c. 1.4 percent

Research by Dr. Neal Trautman showed that among the more than 2,000 officers in the study, what percentage had witnessed misconduct but had not reported it? a. 32 percent b. 79 percent c. 46 percent d. none of these

c. 46 percent

Studies have reported that the average citizen delay in calling the police for serious crimes was between __________. a. 2 to 4 minutes b. 20 to 30 minutes c. 5 to 10 minutes d. 15 to 20 minutes

c. 5 to 10 minutes

In New York City in 2012, of the 16 officer-involved shootings in which a person was killed, what percentage of shooting victims were black? a. 12.5 percent b. 14 percent c. 69 percent d. 33 percent

c. 69 percent

The Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN) study determined that which officers placed more value on quality-of-life policing issues? a. Hispanic b. Asian American c. African American d. white

c. African American

According to research, police are less likely to be lenient when exercising their discretion in neighborhoods with large numbers of __________. a. immigrant residents b. disabled residents c. African American residents d. white residents

c. African American residents

Which legislative act barred discrimination on the basis of sex, opening up opportunities for female police officers to perform patrol duty? a. Antidiscrimination Act (1950) b. Nineteenth Amendment (1789, 1992) c. Civil Rights Act (1964) d. Equal Rights Amendment (1976)

c. Civil Rights Act (1964)

Of the various roles played by police officers, which one is primarily about law enforcement? a. Watchman b. Social agent c. Crime fighter d. Peacekeeper

c. Crime fighter

In a decoy operation, what do officers do? a. Dress and act like members of the general public. b. Park patrol cars where they cannot be seen. c. Dress and act like potential victims. d. Assume the role of a gang member.

c. Dress and act like potential victims.

Which of the following is NOT true about federal law enforcement officers, according to the most recent reporting period? a. Women and minorities are underrepresented. b. Women account for 16 percent of federal law enforcement employees. c. Fewer Hispanics than African Americans are employed in federal law enforcement. d. A third of federal officers are members of a racial or ethnic minority.

c. Fewer Hispanics than African Americans are employed in federal law enforcement.

Vehicle tracking systems can use radio frequency, cell phone tracking, or ________. a. UAV b. night vision devices c. GPS d. Live Scan

c. GPS

What is a positive side of civil litigation against police departments? a. It has a psychological impact on the officers involved and their families. b. It promotes morale problems and alienation from the public. c. It allows for proper redress of police wrongdoing. d. Cases can be settled quickly, regardless of whether the officer was right or wrong.

c. It allows for proper redress of police wrongdoing

Which of the following statements is correct about precincts? a. It may insist on differing police practices across beats. b. It is immune to civil service requirements. c. It is the collection of all the beats in a geographic area. d. It is a beat for two units.

c. It is the collection of all the beats in a geographic area.

In early police departments, what was common practice regarding recruits and new officers? a. There were strict qualification requirements for all recruits. b. Officers on patrol had strict guidelines and little latitude to use their own discretion. c. Little or no training existed for police recruits. d. Police recruits received extensive training prior to being allowed to patrol.

c. Little or no training existed for police recruits.

Which of the following statements about police operational styles is most accurate? a. The majority of officers have the crime fighter operational style. b. Optimists emphasize loyalty to their fellow officers. c. Many officers show characteristics of several operational styles. d. "Law enforcers" and "crime fighters" are the same operational style.

c. Many officers show characteristics of several operational styles.

Who was known as "the father of sociology" and described the features of the bureaucracy? a. William Arthur Ward b. Lao Tzu c. Max Weber d. Nicolas Henry

c. Max Weber

Which organization is working specifically on the issues facing African American officers through research, outreach, and shaping policy? a. IACP b. NAACP c. NOBLE d. NCWP

c. NOBLE

Which program was launched in 1972 and allows citizens to organize themselves to keep trained eyes and ears on their communities? a. Citizen Patrols b. Youth Crime Watch c. Neighborhood Watch d. Crime Stoppers

c. Neighborhood Watch

Malcolm, a 28-year-old African American man, is walking down the street on his way to his job at an insurance office. A uniformed police officer tells Malcolm to stop and begins to pat him down. When Malcolm asks why he is being stopped, the police officer tells him to shut up. After checking the name on Malcolm's driver's license, the officer tells Malcolm he is free to go. Does this stop fit the requirements of a Terry stop? a. Yes; the police officer complied with the "racial profiling" aspect of a Terry stop and released the suspect at the end of the encounter. b. No; the police officer did not find anything incriminating, such as drugs or a gun, during the search. c. No; the police officer did not observe conduct that could lead him to conclude that criminal activity was afoot and did not make a reasonable inquiry. d. Yes; the police officer is entitled to conduct a search to discover weapons which might be used to assault him.

c. No; the police officer did not observe conduct that could lead him to conclude that criminal activity was afoot and did not make a reasonable inquiry.

What happens during the response phase of problem-oriented policing? a. Officers evaluate the effectiveness of their response to the problem. b. Officers use information they collected to come up with solutions to the problem. c. Officers prepare a program of action suitable to the problem. d. Officers discuss incidents as problems to which the police must respond.

c. Officers prepare a program of action suitable to the problem.

LAPD cadet scandal In February 2000, more than 70 Los Angeles Police Department officers were investigated in what came to be known as the __________. a. Serpico Scandal b. Rodney King Scandal c. Rampart Scandal d. Miami Scandal

c. Rampart Scandal

Which statement best describes the ambiguity of the police role? a. Police protect society by arresting criminals. b. Police concentrate their efforts on the concept of police loyalty and the mutual support of their fellow officers. c. The police role is whatever the community expects the police to be. d. Police place a relatively high value on individual rights and see their job as people-oriented rather than crime-oriented.

c. The police role is whatever the community expects the police to be.

Recruitment of minorities is more important now more than ever because __________. a. the quantity of American policing depends on the ability to hire individuals who reflect the diversity of the community b. recruitment pools are larger than in the past c. a representative force enhances police-community relations d. the traditional recruiting pool is growing

c. a representative force enhances police-community relations

The rights disclosed in the Miranda warning include all of the following EXCEPT the right to __________. a. remain silent b. a court-appointed attorney if the person cannot afford one c. a trial by jury d. have a lawyer present during questioning

c. a trial by jury

Crime will increase in areas of the community that are not well maintained according to Wilson and Kelling's __________. a. watchmen theory b. social order theory c. broken windows theory d. judicial analysis theory

c. broken windows theory

In which type of operation does an undercover officer make numerous purchases over time and then obtain an arrest warrant for the dealer before a team goes in to make the arrest? a. sting b. stakeout c. buy-bust d. decoy

c. buy-bust

The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently ruled in favor of the sanctity of one's home, a concept that has come to be known as the __________. a. homestead doctrine b. private property doctrine c. castle doctrine d. residence doctrine

c. castle doctrine

At the state level, the two distinct models of law enforcement agencies are the ________. a. decentralized model of state law enforcement and the regionalized model of state law enforcement b. localized model of state law enforcement and the dissipated model of state law enforcement c. centralized model of state law enforcement and the decentralized model of state law enforcement d. centralized model of state law enforcement and the organized model of state law enforcement

c. centralized model of state law enforcement and the decentralized model of state law enforcement

In the early twentieth century, policewomen worked primarily with women and children in need of help or correction. What were policewomen often called? a. Depression babies b. police dames c. city mothers d. angels of death

c. city mothers

Which term refers to gang violence and open confrontations among various segments of society, specifically the police? a. police brutality b. local violence c. civil unrest d. domestic violence

c. civil unrest

A job analysis does NOT __________. a. allow for more efficient recruitment and hiring practices b. identify the tasks that must be performed in a given job c. clearly indicate who should be hired d. identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform the tasks of a job

c. clearly indicate who should be hired

The problem-oriented policing process necessitates improving various skill sets, including a formal sustained commitment to work together to accomplish a common mission, which is referred to as __________. a. communication b. collection c. collaboration d. classification

c. collaboration

Cybercrime is any type of criminal activity involving ________. a. decoy operations b. telephones c. computers and networks d. entrapment

c. computers and networks

The term for accepting money or goods to do (or not do) something while acting in one's capacity as a police officer is __________. a. meat-eater b. grass-eater c. corruption d. misconduct

c. corruption

What approach does Captain Blake use to determine how many officers will be needed at any given time, after considering number of calls for service, types of calls, time of day, time of year, and officer safety? a. authorized level b. per capita c. coverage-based d. workload-based

c. coverage-based

Many people wrongly assume that exceptions to the need for a search warrant include __________. a. the castle doctrine b. hot pursuit c. crime scenes d. stop and frisk

c. crime scenes

The use of what by the police might be considered the ultimate use of discretion? a. the power to arrest b. informants c. deadly force d. common sense

c. deadly force

In the book The Move to Community Policing: Making Change Happen, the authors describe the stages police organizations need to accomplish in order to move into community policing program. What would be the final stage for the police as they went through the process? a. monitoring and institutionalization b. changing the police culture c. dealing with ongoing challenges d. developing data-driven approaches

c. dealing with ongoing challenges

If a corrupt police officer is fired, the police force can ensure that officer is not hired by another community who does not know about his or her past wrongdoing by beginning which procedures with the state police standards organization? a. disciplinary b. termination c. decertification d. scarlet-letter

c. decertification

Federal immigration authorities have the legal right to ________. a. demand cooperation from all local law enforcement officers b. call on any other federal departments to facilitate arrests c. deputize local law enforcement officers to assist in arrests d. arrest anyone who does not carry papers confirming immigration status

c. deputize local law enforcement officers to assist in arrests

What is the idea that detective work is as glamorous, exciting, and dangerous as it is depicted in the movies and on television? a. detective aura b. investigative mystique c. detective mystique d. investigative aura

c. detective mystique

Which term means the unequal treatment of persons based on personal characteristics such as race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation? a. prejudice b. intolerance c. discrimination d. bigotry

c. discrimination

The U.S. Constitution ________. a. creates a national police force b. does not allow cities to enforce their own laws within their geographic area c. does not create a national police force d. give the national government power over most crimes

c. does not create a national police force

Most searches are made in emergency situations, called ___________. a. "no knock" provisions b. exclusionary rules c. exigent circumstances d. field interrogations

c. exigent circumstances

Imagine you are Sir Robert Peel and you have just been approved to create a police force in London in 1829. One of your biggest challenges will be __________. a. keeping local politicians from meddling in your affairs b. advertising to the public c. finding qualified personnel to hire who reflect your philosophy d. finding the funds to pay salaries

c. finding qualified personnel to hire who reflect your philosophy

A reaction to a highly stressful situation in which adrenaline is released into the bloodstream is the body's __________. a. fear response b. adrenergic response c. flight-or-fight response d. learned helplessness response

c. flight-or-fight response

Many states and larger cities have created state and local places to share information and intelligence within their jurisdictions as well as with the federal government. These places are referred to as __________. a. police operations b. intervention teams c. fusion centers d. service stations

c. fusion centers

In his book Police in a Time of Change, Broderick notes which of the following police operational styles? a. crime fighters b. watchmen c. idealists d. law enforcers

c. idealists

In a 2015 study of 990 incidents of police using deadly force, what was found to be the critical factor in a police officer misinterpreting the behavior of a civilian as threatening? a. poor night vision b. confirmation bias c. implicit bias d. excessive force

c. implicit bias

The decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) established the concept that __________. a. power companies are exempt from Title VII because of the inherent risks of working with electricity b. companies may require high school diplomas for all employees c. job requirements must be job related d. adverse impact is insufficient reason for an employer to require a standard intelligence test

c. job requirements must be job related

What is the process by which police actions are considered at various levels of the court system to be sure they are constitutional? a. constitutional review b. jurisdictional accreditation c. judicial review d. Knapp commissioning

c. judicial review

The basic ethical dilemmas of policing stem from an inherent conflict between ___________. a. white officers and minority criminals b. male officers and female criminals c. maintaining order and obeying the law d. crime fighting and maintaining order

c. maintaining order and obeying the law

Police officers are subject to contamination from toxic chemicals such as lye, iodine, and lithium when they must enter where to arrest offenders? a. hospitals b. industrial areas c. methamphetamine labs d. known drug den

c. methamphetamine labs

What was added to Detroit neighborhoods that led to increased police presence in the community, improved communication and cooperation between officers and residents, and expanded the department's commitment to community policing? a. two-person patrol cars b. 911 programs c. mini-stations d. police home visits

c. mini-stations

The suicide rate among police officers is _________. a. much lower than the general population b. equivalent to that of the general population c. much higher than the general population d. lower than the general population but higher than firefighters

c. much higher than the general population

Community policing differs from the police-community relations concept in that it __________. a. does not have to involve line officers b. does not rely on full-time personnel c. must be supported and practiced by an entire police department d. relies on only a few leaders in a community

c. must be supported and practiced by an entire police department

Officers who use excessive force on suspects in order to "teach them a lesson" are exhibiting __________. a. judicial corruption b. meat-eating corruption c. noble cause corruption d. means-oriented corruption

c. noble cause corruption

Unsworn employees may participate in ________. a. public searches and vehicle stops b. physical force and investigative research c. nonenforcement duties and supportive responsibilities d. arrests and investigations

c. nonenforcement duties and supportive responsibilities

Officers who place a relatively high value on individual rights and see their job as more people-oriented than crime-oriented are using which operational style? a. idealist b. enforcer c. optimist d. realist

c. optimist

Officer Brown has been assigned to walk up and down Main Street during a parade this afternoon. By simply being present, Officer Brown knows he will discourage troublemakers who might disrupt the event. This police role is ____________. a. crime fighting b. advocacy c. order maintenance d. law enforcement

c. order maintenance

Which of the following is NOT an auxiliary service? a. records b. laboratory c. patrol d. communications

c. patrol

Under what type of arrangement are a certain percentage of openings reserved for particular groups? a. reverse discrimination b. affirmative action c. quota d. discrimination policy

c. quota

Which standard of proof would lead a reasonable person to believe a certain condition or fact exists? a. exclusionary rule b. probable cause c. reasonable suspicion d. reasonable doubt

c. reasonable suspicion

Sanctuary cities have ________. a. actively cooperated with federal immigration officers b. implemented policies that promote and encourage ICE activity c. refused, at varying levels and in varying ways, to cooperate with federal immigration officers d. local police officers to enforce federal immigration laws

c. refused, at varying levels and in varying ways, to cooperate with federal immigration officers

In which investigation model do detectives reinterview complainants and witnesses, respond to the scene of the crime, and search for clues and leads that could solve the crime? a. mentoring b. intelligence-led c. retroactive d. crime analysis

c. retroactive

After Officer Jackson conducts a preliminary investigation of a reported crime, she will refer the case to a detective, who will then conduct a follow-up. This follow-up is referred to as __________. a. random routine patrol b. rapid response to a call c. retroactive investigation d. proactive investigation

c. retroactive investigation

PODSCORB (planning, organizing, directing, staffing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting) is useful for _________. a. setting up a bureaucracy b. assigning blame c. running an organization d. demonstrating rank

c. running an organization

An order from a court, issued by a judge, authorizing and directing the police to search a particular place for certain property described and bring it to the court is called a(n) ___________. a. court decision b. arrest warrant c. search warrant d. court ruling

c. search warrant

Key candidate characteristics include __________. a. self-control and an aggressive approach b. sympathy and the ability to take charge c. service orientation and empathy d. no criminal record and the ability to dissemble

c. service orientation and empathy

Which restrictions have been foundations for lawsuits against law enforcement agencies? a. smoking and education b. education and age c. smoking and age d. criminal record and drug use

c. smoking and age

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has opened up law enforcement jobs to __________. a. most retirees b. almost anyone who applies c. some people with disabilities d. women

c. some people with disabilities

John is a white male police officer who was working patrol until he became disabled while arresting a suspect. After his wife left him, John began abusing alcohol. According to research, John is at higher risk of what than other police officers? a. bankruptcy b. disciplinary action c. suicide d. heart attack

c. suicide

The provisions of which bill authorized the expenditure of nearly $8 billion over six years for grants to law enforcement agencies to reduce crime? a. the COP (Community Oriented Policing) Initiative Bill b. the Justice Bill c. the Crime Bill d. the Community Oriented Policing Services Bill

c. the Crime Bill

Which of the following do law enforcement officers consider a valuable ability for a robot to have? a. the ability to find drugs by smell b. the ability to translate languages c. the ability to climb stairs d. the ability to complete incident reports

c. the ability to climb stairs

Recent changes in recruitment procedures and standards have resulted in __________. a. a decrease in the rate of selection for some gender, race, and ethnic groups b. recruits moving through the evaluation process more slowly c. the employment of more minorities and women d. agencies having an abundance of recruits

c. the employment of more minorities and women

An officer may obtain ongoing training __________. a. online, in a classroom, or from the State Peace Officer Standards and Training b. to avoid the probationary period c. to prepare for special assignments d. from in-service events and the police academy

c. to prepare for special assignments

Officer Jaynes wants to reduce her chance of exposure to HIV or other infectious diseases while on duty. Which of the following is recommended as a way to achieve that goal? a. refusing to handle incidents involving persons infected with infectious diseases b. using the National HIV Database to determine if a person is infected with the virus before touching them c. using universal precautions that protect against contact with bodily fluids d. avoiding being the responder who renders first aid to anyone who is already bleeding

c. using universal precautions that protect against contact with bodily fluids

When we talk about crime, we are talking about many different and complex __________ that the police cannot control. a. functions b. goals c. variables d. analyses

c. variables

Which police operational style is at work when officers threaten or "rough up" disruptive people rather than arresting them? a. idealist style b. legalistic style c. watchmen style d. service style

c. watchmen style

Mike O'Reilly is a white male police officer with a good, but average, work history. When his partner, Maureen Harper, an exemplary officer who was awarded a medal of valor, was promoted to a position he wanted, he believed she only received the promotion because she is a woman. Therefore, he has filed a lawsuit against the department. This is an example of ___________. a. Title VII entitlements b. reverse discrimination c. white male backlash d. law enforcement promotion policies

c. white male backlash

What is the other term for inked fingerprints? a. visible b. plastic prints c. latent prints d. 10-prints

d. 10-prints

The traditional work shift for police officer is ________ a. split: 12 hours on, 12 hours off, 12 hours on b. 10 hours long c. 12 hours long d. 8 hours long

d. 8 hours long

In an attempt to understand the police reform of the twentieth century, which of the following persons was most noted for his work on the development of training of police officers? a. Robert Peel b. Theodore Roosevelt c. James Q. Wilson d. August Vollmer

d. August Vollmer

What group staged protests across the country in response to questionable deaths of minority members under arrest or in police custody? a. International Association of Chiefs of Police b. Ninety-Nine Percenters c. the National Rifle Association d. Black Lives Matter

d. Black Lives Matter

What happens on National Night Out? a. Community members attend an academy. This enhances citizens' understanding of the workings of the police department. b. Communities offer events during the evening to discourage youth mischief on Halloween. c. Citizens patrol on foot or in cars and alerting the police to possible crimes or criminals in the area. d. Citizens are encouraged to turn on all outside lighting and step outside their home for an hour on the same evening.

d. Citizens are encouraged to turn on all outside lighting and step outside their home for an hour on the same evening.

One popular community policing program that has been practiced around the world involves officers and residents talking together at a local McDonalds or Starbucks, for example, and is known as __________. a. Community Cups b. Morning Greetings c. Breakfast Talks d. Coffee with a Cop

d. Coffee with a Cop

Which of the following contributed to the decreases in the crime rate during the 1980s and 1990s? a. problem-focused policing b. victim-based policing c. traditional patrol as a form of policing d. CompStat

d. CompStat

Malcolm is a young, African American man who works in the entertainment industry, makes a good living, and drives a new red sports car. Although he is a careful driver, in the last month he has been pulled over by the police 15 times on his way to work, although each time, the officers have been vague about the reason. Malcolm writes an angry rant on his blog, saying he is being racial profiled and stopped for _________. a. DWI b. OSHA c. DUI d. DWB

d. DWB

Four major U.S. cabinet departments administer most federal law enforcement agencies and personnel. Which one of the following is NOT among them? a. Department of the Treasury b. Department of the Interior c. Department of Justice d. Department of Housing and Urban Development

d. Department of Housing and Urban Development

What can locate a person's location from a cell phone call, NOT just a landline call? a. LPR b. R911 c. FATS d. E911

d. E911

What is defined as inducing an individual to violate a criminal statute he or she did not contemplate violating, for the sole purpose of arrest and criminal prosecution? a. Decoy b. Sting c. Stakeout d. Entrapment

d. Entrapment

In which 1964 case did the Supreme Court rule that denying a suspect the right to consult with a lawyer was a violation of the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments? a. McNabb v. United States b. Miranda v. Arizona c. Burdeau v. McDowell d. Escobedo v. Illinois

d. Escobedo v. Illinois

What was the silver platter doctrine? a. Federal prosecutors were allowed to present fruit of the poisoned tree as evidence in court provided that it was not "tainted." b. Federal prosecutors were allowed to use tainted evidence as long as a state court had ruled it "fruit of the poisoned tree." c. State prosecutors were allowed to use tainted evidence acquired by federal officers, even if a federal court had barred it. d. Federal prosecutors were allowed to use tainted evidence if it was acquired by state police officers without federal participation.

d. Federal prosecutors were allowed to use tainted evidence if it was acquired by state police officers without federal participation.

Which amendment to the Constitution contains the clause protecting citizens from being deprived of life, liberty, or property except through due process? a. Fourth Amendment b. First Amendment c. Eighth Amendment d. Fourteenth Amendment

d. Fourteenth Amendment

A suspect wants to speak to his mother alone in the interrogation room. When the detectives leave the room, Lt. Maxwell starts to turn off the video camera, but Sgt. Franz stops him. Maxwell says they have to turn off the camera or they will violate the suspect's right to privacy. Franz says Maxwell is wrong, and they might get a taped confession by leaving the camera running. Who is correct? a. Maxwell is correct. It is a violation of the Sixth Amendment to leave the camera recording. b. Both are correct. It is a violation of the Fifth Amendment to leave the camera recording, but only if the tape is later used in court. c. Both are incorrect. The tape will not be admissible in court because it violates the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, not the Sixth Amendment right to privacy. d. Franz is correct. There is no expectation of privacy in a police interrogation room.

d. Franz is correct. There is no expectation of privacy in a police interrogation room.

What capability does the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI's) age-progression software have that enables it to create more accurate images of how a missing child may have aged? a. It draws on statistical probabilities. b. It ensures that privacy rights are not violated. c. It uses hand-drawn sketches to incorporate more subtleties. d. It can incorporate pictures of family members.

d. It can incorporate pictures of family members

What is a benefit of the 8-hour shift? a. It allows officers to work a schedule opposite that of their civilian associates. b. It restricts officers from more time with their families. c. It creates inequities in pay. d. It is generally easier to schedule

d. It is generally easier to schedule

Which of the following statements about the U.S. Marshals Service is most accurate? a. It protects witnesses in state and local trials. b. It is in charge of U.S. national security. c. It is not allowed to access other federal, state, or local law enforcement officers. d. It operates the federal Witness Security Program.

d. It operates the federal Witness Security Program.

Which of the following is true about a typical police pursuit? a. It covers 10-20 miles. b. It occurs during the day. c. It involves one police car. d. It starts as a traffic violation.

d. It starts as a traffic violation.

Which of the following statements is most accurate? a. Most police officers admit to engaging in racial profiling. b. Most police officers say they have been instructed to engage in racial profiling. c. Most police chiefs believe their personnel engage in racial profiling. d. Most people believe that police engage in racial profiling.

d. Most people believe that police engage in racial profiling.

Officer Bloom accepted a $100 gift card from a grateful neighbor for not ticketing his car. Officer Ramirez visits an elderly parolee every day and buys him coffee. Officer Anderson misplaced a large package of cocaine that was supposed to go in the evidence locker and now he has a new car. Captain Brown received tickets for a cruise in exchange for backing a political candidate. Whose actions meet the definition of corruption? a. Captain Brown, Officer Ramirez, and Officer Anderson, but not Officer Bloom b. Officer Bloom, Officer Anderson, Officer Ramirez, and Captain Brown c. Officer Ramirez and Officer Bloom, but not Officer Anderson or Captain Brown d. Officer Bloom, Officer Anderson, and Captain Brown, but not Officer Ramirez

d. Officer Bloom, Officer Anderson, and Captain Brown, but not Officer Ramirez

Four police officers who have been on the job for about five years have been assessed on the Niederhoffer's cynicism scale. Which of the following is the most likely to show the greatest degree of cynicism, anger, and hostility? a. Officer Reinhold, a white male b. Officer Lamonze, a white female c. Officer Reynolds, a black male d. Officer Ritter, a black female

d. Officer Ritter, a black female

The federal civil service act is named the ________. a. Democratic Action Act b. POSSE Act c. Weber Act d. Pendleton Act

d. Pendleton Act

What was a positive effect of the change from foot patrol to motor patrol in terms of policing? a. Police officers were less distracted and more observant. b. Police officers could work alone instead of in pairs. c. There was greater contact between police officers and the community. d. Police departments could respond more quickly to calls for service.

d. Police departments could respond more quickly to calls for service.

What was the main negative effect of the change from foot patrol to motor patrol in terms of policing? a. Police officers became overly interested in the lives of community residents. b. Some beats were unattended because there were not enough officers available for staffing. c. Police officers could not respond as quickly to calls for service. d. Police officers became isolated from the community that they patrolled.

d. Police officers became isolated from the community that they patrolled.

In what city did the police department establish the BLUE + YOU initiative after they had a negative incident that led to a drastic decrease in the community's trust of the police department? a. Indianapolis, Indiana b. New Rochelle, New York c. Santa Fe, New Mexico d. Sarasota, Florida

d. Sarasota, Florida

Sandy has been arrested for growing marijuana in her backyard. The evidence was obtained by police helicopter that flew over her property and photographed her garden. Martina's lawyer says this is a violation of her constitutional rights. How has the Court ruled in cases like this? a. The Court has ruled that this is not a violation of Sixth Amendment rights. b. The Court has ruled that this is a violation of Fourth Amendment rights. c. The Court has ruled that this is a violation of Sixth Amendment rights. d. The Court has ruled that this is not a violation of Fourth Amendment rights.

d. The Court has ruled that this is not a violation of Fourth Amendment rights.

Which of the following statements about the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is most accurate? a. The FBI is a national police force. b. The FBI does not assist other law enforcement agencies. c. The FBI employs more than 30,000 personnel not engaged in enforcement. d. The FBI requires all special agents to attend the FBI Academy.

d. The FBI requires all special agents to attend the FBI Academy.

Which of the following statements about Hispanics is correct? a. The term Hispanic is incorrect; the correct term is Latino. b. Only Mexicans and Puerto Ricans are Hispanic; the term Latino is used for other Spanish-speaking cultures. c. Hispanic people are those who speak Spanish. d. The Hispanic community is composed of many different cultures.

d. The Hispanic community is composed of many different cultures.

Why would the concept of split-force patrol be very unpopular in today's economic climate? a. Officers would not be able to pay attention to specific crimes when not on assignment from the dispatcher. b. If emergencies arose, only those officers working the calls would be assigned directed patrol. c. The officers on directed patrol assignments would be constantly interrupted. d. The officers that would handle the calls for service all the time would feel resentment.

d. The officers that would handle the calls for service all the time would feel resentment.

What important factor has allowed more women and minority police officers to enter the higher ranks? a. Affirmative action programs have allowed women and minority police officers to skip ahead of their white male counterparts. b. Because there are so few women and minority police officers, they are needed in high-ranking positions to serve as mentors. c. Women and minority police officers are better police officers and, therefore, are more likely to be promoted. d. The passage of time has allowed women and minority police officers to acquire the needed time in rank to qualify for promotion

d. The passage of time has allowed women and minority police officers to acquire the needed time in rank to qualify for promotion

What is the effect on society of the police subculture's reliance on the blue wall of silence as an important measure of loyalty? a. Society will be safer when the truth reaches supervisors and is then revealed. b. Society will be safer when police provide backup for each other. c. The public will have greater faith in the police force because of they have a code of honor. d. The public will lose faith in the integrity of the police force.

d. The public will lose faith in the integrity of the police force.

What did the Kansas City patrol study in 1972 and 1973 demonstrate? a. Random routine patrol enabled police officers to catch criminals in the act of committing their crimes. b. Police officers on patrol do not need to be on an assignment from a radio dispatcher or a supervisor. c. Adding police patrols to an area made a huge difference within the community. d. The traditional three goals of policing were not the most effective way to do police work.

d. The traditional three goals of policing were not the most effective way to do police work.

What was significant about Henry Fielding's Bow Street Runners? a. They were experienced criminals themselves and understood what motivated offenders b. They used innovative methods of tracking stolen items by collaborating with pawnbrokers. c. They were paid for using public funds. d. Their ability to investigate and solve crimes and solve them distinguished them.

d. Their ability to investigate and solve crimes and solve them distinguished them.

What social factors are driving the expansion in law enforcement? a. changing social expectations demanding rehabilitation for convicted persons b. a more progressive social attitude about collaborative work across agencies c. reduced agency budgets and more stringent demands for enforcement of laws d. a more security-conscious society and concern about drug-related crimes, which contribute to the increasing demand for police services

d. a more security-conscious society and concern about drug-related crimes, which contribute to the increasing demand for police services

A larger number of uniformed officers than normal are assigned to a particular area to deal with a particular crime problem when __________. a. an aggressive patrol is used b. SPR are used c. a crackdown is used d. a saturation patrol is used

d. a saturation patrol is used

What is a combination of several violations, including speeding, tailgating, driving on the shoulder, and not signaling when changing lanes? a. police pursuit b. swarming c. driving while intoxicated d. aggressive driving

d. aggressive driving

Civilian review is designed to _________. a. provide a buffer between police departments and community activists b. review the validity of news laws at the state level c. consider probation requests from incarcerated felons d. allow for independent citizen review of complaints filed against the police

d. allow for independent citizen review of complaints filed against the police

The increasing use of what has been used as evidence both to show police misconduct and to defend against such charges? a. ankle bracelets b. community policing centers c. eyewitness testimony d. body cameras

d. body cameras

One way a repeat offender program can be operated is through __________, where a detective assists the arresting officer to prepare the case against a career criminal. a. decoy operations b. surveillance techniques c. PERF (Police Executive Research Forum) reports d. case enhancement

d. case enhancement

A police officer is dispatched to respond to a specific situation, which is an example of __________. a. discretionary time b. nondiscretionary time c. uncommitted time d. committed time

d. committed time

What type of police relations encompasses actions initiated by the police or by community members, whether positive or negative? a. public relations b. human relations c. social relations d. community relations

d. community relations

After a 911 operator takes a call from a citizen, the operator codes the information into the computer, and the information immediately flashes on the dispatcher's screen using which typical type of system? a. IP b. VoIP c. mobile digital terminals d. computer-aided dispatch (CAD)

d. computer-aided dispatch (CAD)

Which of the following contributes to increased cynicism among police officers? a. having a college education and receiving a promotion b. helps the relationship between the police and the public c. decreased length of service d. constant contact with offenders

d. constant contact with offenders

An unarmed suspect died while being transported to jail by two police officers. If they are found guilty of murdering the suspect, the officers will be held __________. a. federally liable b. civilly liable c. administratively liable d. criminally liable

d. criminally liable

Which of the following has been used successfully to address less serious but demanding crime problems and traffic violations in the least resource-intensive way? a. aggressive patrol b. saturation patrol c. crackdown d. decoy operations

d. decoy operations

What type of forensics is used to identify, collect, and analyze evidence from electronic devices? a. criminalistics b. document analysis c. serology d. digital forensics

d. digital forensics

Police departments with tight budgets have been able to acquire equipment they could otherwise not afford through __________. a. state government grants b. fines and fees charged to defendants c. federal government grants d. donations from businesses

d. donations from businesses

Which term describes the simultaneous expectation from white officers that African American officers would give African American suspects better treatment and from members of the African American community that African American officers were traitors to their race? a. duplicate discrimination b. reverse racism c. "can't win for losing" d. double marginality

d. double marginality

After adjusting for age variations, the National Crime Victimization Survey determined that physically challenged individuals ___________. a. are more than 25 percent as likely as nondisabled people to commit nonviolent crimes b. are more likely to be victims of nonviolent crime than violent crime c. exaggerate the likelihood that they will experience violence d. experience violence at twice the rate of people who are not disabled

d. experience violence at twice the rate of people who are not disabled

The imam of a local mosque has asked the police for extra protection because he, like many Muslims in the United States, __________. a. has no civil rights b. is paranoid c. is a terrorist d. fears hate crimes

d. fears hate crimes

A recent study showed little difference between arrest rates for male and female police officers EXCEPT ____________. a. female officers were less likely to arrest if the suspect was of the same race as the officer b. male officers arrested more drug offenders, whereas female officers arrested more sex offenders c. male officers were more likely not to arrest if a crowd had gathered d. female officers were more likely to arrest if supervisors were watching

d. female officers were more likely to arrest if supervisors were watching

The IRS (Internal Revenue Service) does NOT ________. a. investigate tax fraud, unreported income, and hidden assets b. assist law enforcement agencies to prosecute criminals who have large amounts of undeclared income c. enforce laws regulating federal income tax and its collection d. focus primarily on small businesses with the goal of preventing tax evasion

d. focus primarily on small businesses with the goal of preventing tax evasion

Which of the following gives police officers responsibility for all policing activity by requiring them to walk around a defined geographic area? a. tactical patrol b. smart patrol c. defined patrol d. foot patrol

d. foot patrol

Overlapping shifts allows for ________. a. reduced overtime pay b. unifying personnel c. greater scheduling flexibility d. frequent training time

d. frequent training time

After reviewing the Christopher Commission report on the riots in Los Angeles following the Rodney King incident, what action did a city councilmember recommend to reduce incidents of police violence in the LAPD? a. promoting more white male police officers b. adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward officers using excessive force c. hiring more African American police officers d. hiring more women police officers

d. hiring more women police officers

Twelve-hour shifts have the advantage of ________. a. creating fatigue b. reduced effectiveness c. improving overtime d. increased morale

d. increased morale

The number of federal law enforcement officers has ________. a. dropped by over half since 1982 b. held steady since 2002, after a dramatic increase in the months after 9/11 c. increased. but expenditures have dropped d. increased steadily since 9/11

d. increased steadily since 9/11

Defendants can plead entrapment if they can show that the police __________ commit crimes they otherwise would not have committed. a. tempted them to b. gave them the opportunity to c. suggested they d. induced them to

d. induced them to

Which of the following is NOT a role played by Interpol? a. serving as a clearinghouse and depository of intelligence information on wanted criminals b. answering requests from police officials of any member country for assistance on a case that extends beyond their country's jurisdiction c. tracking and providing information that may help other law enforcement agencies apprehend criminal fugitives d. integrating policing units across the world to assist with active enforcement of cross-national laws

d. integrating policing units across the world to assist with active enforcement of cross-national laws

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) has issued several training keys on a topic that is crucial to police-community relations to help maintain the community's faith in the police department. The topic of the IACP key trainings is __________. a. proper arrest procedure b. building the community arrest rate c. face-to-face role-play d. investigating police misconduct

d. investigating police misconduct

According to the Rokeach study, the police personality _______. a. begins to change shortly after their induction into the policing environment b. is a result of the officer's socialization and experiences in the department c. is associated with social values such as family security and mature love d. is an existing characteristic that police departments seek in recruiting

d. is an existing characteristic that police departments seek in recruiting

The DEA's (Drug Enforcement Agency) primary responsibilities are NOT associated with ________. a. tracking chemicals used to manufacture illegal drugs b. conducting surveillance operations c. registering manufacturers, distributors, and dispensers of pharmaceutical drugs d. leading the nation's marijuana legalization program

d. leading the nation's marijuana legalization program

In assessing the value of private policing on the frontier, most experts contend that private police officers were __________. a. only moderately effective as public police officers b. not as effective as public police officers c. as effective as public police officers d. more effective than public police officers

d. more effective than public police officers

Which system digitizes a picture of a suspect and stores the image on a computer so that it can be retrieved later? a. digital photography b. latent print photos c. age-progression photos d. mug shot imaging

d. mug shot imaging

Which of the following strategies were used in early English history to address crime? a. treasonous act b. vigilantism c. crime reporting d. mutual pledge system

d. mutual pledge system

Routine police patrols help to reduce crime by establishing the feeling of police ________. a. friendliness b. oppression c. rights d. omnipresence

d. omnipresence

According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) report, what did at least 50 percent of municipal police agencies use in the recruitment process? a. written aptitude test and physical agility test b. polygraph exam and psychological evaluation c. medical exam and voice stress analysis d. physical agility test and background investigation

d. physical agility test and background investigation

In the applicant screening process, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) considerations apply to __________. a. background checks, psychological tests, and medical exams b. interviews, drug testing, and physical agility tests c. physical agility tests, psychological tests, and medical exams d. physical agility tests, psychological tests, and drug testing

d. physical agility tests, psychological tests, and drug testing

Use of a polygraph for screening applicants is __________. a. known to be reliably accurate b. an effective mechanism to determine truth c. recommended by the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA) d. prohibited in some states and mandated in others

d. prohibited in some states and mandated in others

The African American community continues to feel unfairly treated by law enforcement because of things such as __________. a. Black Lives Matter protests b. chronic anger or rage c. the growth of the Hispanic population d. racial profiling

d. racial profiling

What refers to an officer driving around a designated geographic area? a. retroactive investigation b. foot patrol c. rapid response d. random routine patrol

d. random routine patrol

Which one of the following short-term, cost-saving measures was NOT implemented after the financial downturn in 2008? a. slowdown or reduction in response time to certain types of calls b. reduction in sworn positions, replaced by nonsworn c. increased use of Volunteers in Police Services (VIPS) in place of officers d. reduction of technology use

d. reduction of technology use

Who are required to register so that local, state, and federal authorities can track their whereabouts, and communities can be made aware of their presence? a. gang members b. burglars c. substance abusers d. sex offenders

d. sex offenders

Sir Robert Peel originally organized the London police differently from previous forms of law enforcement. These differences included __________. a. badges to be easily concealed b. an informal horizontal structure c. weapons to protect police officers from criminals d. specific areas of responsibility (beats) for officers

d. specific areas of responsibility (beats) for officers

Justin receives word that he has won a prize and just needs to go to a particular address to pick it up. When he arrives, he finds the police are waiting to arrest him on an outstanding warrant; this is a(n) __________. a. entrapment b. stakeout c. decoy d. sting

d. sting

After what event were the order maintenance and social service roles of the police more emphasized because police are "first responders"? a. the Vietnam War protests b. World War II c. Hurricane Katrina d. the 9/11 attacks

d. the 9/11 attacks

The mother of a crime victim is angry with the police for taking so long to run DNA samples. She thinks it should be done before the end of the day, like on her favorite crime shows, and is surprised to hear that it could take months. She is exhibiting __________. a. modern forensic expectations b. irrationality c. crime lab accreditation d. the CSI effect

d. the CSI effect

Title VII of which act was designed to prohibit all job discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin? a. the Fourteenth Amendment b. the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 c. the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 d. the Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The protective barrier that results when police officers protect each other from investigations into wrongdoing is known as _________. a. the brotherhood of the badge b. the thin blue line c. police cynicism d. the blue wall of silence

d. the blue wall of silence

A 1981 Police Research Forum Study showed that police have about a 33 percent chance of making an arrest if ____________. a. the case is turned over to a detective b. no less than 15 minutes have elapsed since the report c. forensic science is used d. the crime is reported while still in progress

d. the crime is reported while still in progress

Internship programs provide a criminal justice student __________. a. a job offer at the end of the internship b. membership in the Fraternal Order of Police c. free time to search for a job d. the opportunity to see firsthand what working in a particular agency is like

d. the opportunity to see firsthand what working in a particular agency is like

What is a combination of shared norms, values, goals, career patterns, lifestyles, and occupational structures held among police officers that is somewhat different from those of the rest of society? a. the correctional system b. the peacekeeping way of life c. the mental orientation d. the police subculture

d. the police subculture

The quasi-official practice of beating a confession out of a suspect was known as __________. a. a Miranda warning b. custodial interrogation c. business as usual d. the third degree

d. the third degree

What is the purpose of affirmative action programs? a. to ensure that everyone has the same opportunity for employment or promotion b. to apply reverse discrimination to punish formerly privileged groups c. to increase the number of positive interactions between people of different races d. to make up for or undo past discrimination

d. to make up for or undo past discrimination

One study found that offenders who were what were 90 percent less likely to abscond or reoffend than those who were not? a. given a smartphone b. on probation c. on the National Sex Offender registry d. tracked by GPS

d. tracked by GPS

Nonsworn applicants __________. a. are required to pass a physical agility test b. are not required to pass a drug screening or written examination c. rarely undergo a background investigation d. typically receive preemployment screening similar to that of police officers

d. typically receive preemployment screening similar to that of police officers