FINALS TEST 1 GEOLOGY

Type of metamorphism caused by high pressure due to tectonic forces

regional

if an atom of carbon has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 6 how many neutrons are located in the nucleus

8

all of the following are true about compaction and cementation EXCEPT

Occur at temperatures and pressures similar to the formation of igneous rocks

the relative violence of volcanic eruptions are controlled by

Si content, amount of gasses and relative ease of escaping, temperature, viscosity

Index minerals can be used to understand the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism.

True

The Earth's internal heat engine is the primary driver of plate tectonics.

True

which is NOT true of a single silicate tetrahedron?

a silicate tetrahedron has four silicon oxygen atoms

process of magma evolution where hot magma incorporates melted country rock into the magma

assimilation

an outcrop of an igneous pluton with an area greater than 100 square km is a

batholith

in order of INCREASING size smallest listed FIRST sedimentary grain sizes include

clay, silt, sand, gravel

which of the following factors is most important for controlling the composition (or mineral content) of a metamorphic rock

composition of the protolith

type of metamorphism caused by high temperature due to nearby magma bodies

contact

mafic magma is generated at divergent boundaries because of

decompression melting

the settling and or accumulation of sediments and organic material

deposition

the three types of sedimentary rocks are

detrital chemical organic

sedimentary rocks and structures provide important information about

environment of deposition, source area for the sediments, means by which the sediment was transported

the physical picking up of sediment by water, wind, or ice

erosion

Chemical weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces without affecting the composition of the minerals.

false

Most rock-forming minerals are carbonates, such as calcite.

false

Plate tectonics ultimately controls the distribution of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but is not important in the formation and distribution of sedimentary rocks.

false

The terms "mineral" and "rock" are synonyms and can be used interchangeably.

false

Volcanism occurs most frequently away from plate tectonic boundaries at plate interiors.

false

When minerals and rocks are removed from the environment in which they formed, they remain stable and are not broken down into new materials.

false

process of magma formation due to the addition of volatiles such as water

flux melting

which of the following igneous rocks has a phaneritic texture meaning that the rock cooled slowly at depth

gabbro

rhyolite and andesite

have the same textures

if increasing heat and pressure change granite into gneiss the rock has changed from an_____ rock into a______ rock

igneous, metamorphic

which of the following is NOT part of the definition of minerals

liquid

______ is an example of confining pressure, where pressure is _____ in all directions

lithostatic pressure, equal

which of the following is true concerning bowens reaction series? as temperature and pressure fall

minerals that form are more stable at the Earth's surface

the two most common elements in the earths crust are

oxygen and silicon

process of magma evolution where minerals with higher Si content are the first to melt from rocks

partial melting

if sandstone is composed of over 90% of this mineral the rock is called

quartz sandstone

all of the following affect the mineral composition of intrusive igneous rocks EXCEPT

rate of cooling

All of the following are examples of sedimentary rocks where minerals have precipitated out of an aqueous solution EXCEPT

sandstone

all of the following rocks have a non-foliated texture EXCEPT

schist

What are the three major rock types defined in the rock cycle?

sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic

Covalent bonding involves the _____ of valence electrons between atoms and an example of a mineral with this type of bonding is ___________

sharing, diamond

the correct sequence of rocks that are formed when shale undergoes prograde metamorphism is

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

process by which sediment grains are separated according to grain size

sorting

imagine two magmas that are identical in all respects for example same chemical composition except that one magma is hotter than the other. which magma will have the higher viscosity?

the cooler magma will be more viscous

all of the following are true regarding Mount St. Helens EXCEPT

there has not been any igneous activity at the volcano since 1980

the movement of sediment away from its source

transportation

All minerals are crystalline, but not all mineral samples are crystals.

true

The three major rock types are identified primarily by texture and mineral composition.

true

shield volcanoes have the following characteristics EXCEPT

violent eruptions despite their smaller size cinder

processes that change the physical and chemical character of rocks at the Earth's surface

weathering