FINALS TEST 1 GEOLOGY
Type of metamorphism caused by high pressure due to tectonic forces
regional
if an atom of carbon has a mass number of 14 and an atomic number of 6 how many neutrons are located in the nucleus
8
all of the following are true about compaction and cementation EXCEPT
Occur at temperatures and pressures similar to the formation of igneous rocks
the relative violence of volcanic eruptions are controlled by
Si content, amount of gasses and relative ease of escaping, temperature, viscosity
Index minerals can be used to understand the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism.
True
The Earth's internal heat engine is the primary driver of plate tectonics.
True
which is NOT true of a single silicate tetrahedron?
a silicate tetrahedron has four silicon oxygen atoms
process of magma evolution where hot magma incorporates melted country rock into the magma
assimilation
an outcrop of an igneous pluton with an area greater than 100 square km is a
batholith
in order of INCREASING size smallest listed FIRST sedimentary grain sizes include
clay, silt, sand, gravel
which of the following factors is most important for controlling the composition (or mineral content) of a metamorphic rock
composition of the protolith
type of metamorphism caused by high temperature due to nearby magma bodies
contact
mafic magma is generated at divergent boundaries because of
decompression melting
the settling and or accumulation of sediments and organic material
deposition
the three types of sedimentary rocks are
detrital chemical organic
sedimentary rocks and structures provide important information about
environment of deposition, source area for the sediments, means by which the sediment was transported
the physical picking up of sediment by water, wind, or ice
erosion
Chemical weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces without affecting the composition of the minerals.
false
Most rock-forming minerals are carbonates, such as calcite.
false
Plate tectonics ultimately controls the distribution of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but is not important in the formation and distribution of sedimentary rocks.
false
The terms "mineral" and "rock" are synonyms and can be used interchangeably.
false
Volcanism occurs most frequently away from plate tectonic boundaries at plate interiors.
false
When minerals and rocks are removed from the environment in which they formed, they remain stable and are not broken down into new materials.
false
process of magma formation due to the addition of volatiles such as water
flux melting
which of the following igneous rocks has a phaneritic texture meaning that the rock cooled slowly at depth
gabbro
rhyolite and andesite
have the same textures
if increasing heat and pressure change granite into gneiss the rock has changed from an_____ rock into a______ rock
igneous, metamorphic
which of the following is NOT part of the definition of minerals
liquid
______ is an example of confining pressure, where pressure is _____ in all directions
lithostatic pressure, equal
which of the following is true concerning bowens reaction series? as temperature and pressure fall
minerals that form are more stable at the Earth's surface
the two most common elements in the earths crust are
oxygen and silicon
process of magma evolution where minerals with higher Si content are the first to melt from rocks
partial melting
if sandstone is composed of over 90% of this mineral the rock is called
quartz sandstone
all of the following affect the mineral composition of intrusive igneous rocks EXCEPT
rate of cooling
All of the following are examples of sedimentary rocks where minerals have precipitated out of an aqueous solution EXCEPT
sandstone
all of the following rocks have a non-foliated texture EXCEPT
schist
What are the three major rock types defined in the rock cycle?
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
Covalent bonding involves the _____ of valence electrons between atoms and an example of a mineral with this type of bonding is ___________
sharing, diamond
the correct sequence of rocks that are formed when shale undergoes prograde metamorphism is
slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
process by which sediment grains are separated according to grain size
sorting
imagine two magmas that are identical in all respects for example same chemical composition except that one magma is hotter than the other. which magma will have the higher viscosity?
the cooler magma will be more viscous
all of the following are true regarding Mount St. Helens EXCEPT
there has not been any igneous activity at the volcano since 1980
the movement of sediment away from its source
transportation
All minerals are crystalline, but not all mineral samples are crystals.
true
The three major rock types are identified primarily by texture and mineral composition.
true
shield volcanoes have the following characteristics EXCEPT
violent eruptions despite their smaller size cinder
processes that change the physical and chemical character of rocks at the Earth's surface
weathering