first aid/CPR: chapter 6- cardiac emergencies
a person in cardiac arrest is...
not responsive, not breathing, and has no heartbeat
What can help thin blood?
asparin
nauseous
dizziness or light-headedness
How long do breaths last for during CPR?
1 second
True or false: people can touch the unconscious person when a shock is delivered
false
skin discoloration
pale or ashen (gray) skin
What is the rate of compressions?
100-120 per minute, 30 compressions should take about 18 seconds
Most people who die of a heart attack die within _ hours of first experiencing signs and symptoms
2
Without oxygen, brain damage can begin in about _ minutes, and the damage may become irreversible after about _ minutes
4-6, 8-10
What does an AED kit usually contain?
Aed, AED pads, breathing barrier, latex-free disposable gloves, absorbent towel, scissors, razor
How should you use an AED if 2 or more responders are available and trained in CPR and using an AED?
Both should identify themselves as being trained First responder starts CPR while the second calls 911 or emergency number, obtains an AED, and redies AED for use. First responder shouldn't pause CPR until the device is ready to analyze the person'ß heart rhythm and the second responder tells everyone to stand clear Responder should switch
What accounts for about 1/2 of all cardiovascular-disease-related deaths in adult Americans each year?
CHD
Should you allow AED pads to contact a metal surface?
no
Should you ever do more than 2 rescue breaths in a row?
no
When should you call 911 when performing CPR on a child or and infant?
If you are alone, after you perform 5 sets. If someone is with you, as soon as you know they are unconscious.
Does everyone have the same symptoms of a heart attack?
No, people may experience them differently, not everyone will have every one of them, and people who have had more than one heart attack may experience them differently every time
Should you use an EAD around flammable/combustible materials?
no
Do you need to remove the person's jewelry or body piercings before using an AED?
no, but avoid placing the AED pads directly over any metallic jewelry or piercings
What should you do when you give CPR and rescue breaths aren't making the chest rise?
Retilt head and ensure mouth and nose are sealed correctly. If 2nd breath doesn't go in, immediately stant chest compressins. do 30 chest compressions look for object in the victim's mouth, if you see it, do a finger sweep to get the object out. If you don't see it, give 2 rescue breaths. Give 30 chest compressions, and repeat until the object is out of the airway.
What should you do to give CPR to a person who has a tracheostomy or stoma?
USe a mouth-to-stoma breathing instead. Remove anything covering the stoma. Wipe away any secretions from the stoma and make a complete seal over the person's stoma or tracheostomy tube with your mouth and blow in for 1 second to make the chest rise. If it doesn't rise, the tracheostomy tube may be blocked. Remove the inner tube and try rescue breaths again. If you hear or feel air escaping from the person's mouth or nose, the person is a partial neck breather. Seal the person's mouth and nose with your hand or a tight fitting mask so the air doesn't escape out of the mouth or nose when you give rescue breaths into the stoma.
What should you do if you can't form a tight seal over the person's mouth?
Use mouth-to-breathing instead. With the person's head tilted back, close the person's mouth by pushing on the person's chin. Make a complete seal over the person's nose with your mouth and blow in for 1 second to make the chest rise.
How should you give CPR to a child?
When opening the airway, tilt the head of a child slightly past neutral, compressions should be about 2 inches, give normal CPR. For smaller children, you may only need to give compressions with one hand
When and how should you give compression-only CPR?
You should do it when you can/aren't willing to give full CPR. Give continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute until EMS arrives.
Atherosclerosis
a condition in which deposits of plaque, including cholesterol build up on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden and narrow, reducing the amount of blood that can flow through; develops gradually and can go undetected for many years
Asystole
a condition in which the heart has stopped generating electrical activity
coronary heart disease (CHD)
a disease in which cholesterol and plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart; also called coronary artery disease (CAD)
cholesterol
a fatty substance made by the liver and found in foods containing animal or animal products; diets high in cholesterol contribute to the risk of heart disease
ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)
a life-threatening heart rhythm in which the heart is in a state of totally disorganized electrical activity, and doesn't pump blood effectively
ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)
a life-threatening heart rhythm in which there is a very rapid contraction so the ventricles, causing the heart to pump blood ineffectively or not at all
cardiovascular disease
abnormal condition that affects the heart and blood vessels
How deep should chest compressions be for an infant?
about 1.5 inches
How deep should chest compressions be for a child?
about 2 inches
How long should a full cycle of CPR take?
about 24 seconds (18 for compressions, stop, breath takes 1 second, stop, breath takes one second, reposition)
What should you do if the person has an implanted device?
adjust pad placement to avoid placing the AED pads directly over the device
When opening the airway, how far should you tilt the head back for different ages?
adult-past neutral child-slightly past neutral infant-neutral
In many cases, V-fib and V-tach can be corrected by...
an electrical shock delivered by an AED
defibrillation
an electrical shock that disrupts the electrical activity of the heart long enough to allow the heart to spontaneously develop an effective rhythm of its own
Who should you use pediatric pads on?
anyone who weighs under 55 lbs or is 8 or younger
When someone is experiencing a heart attack, should you offer the person an aspirin-containing combination product meant to relieve multiple conditions, or another type of pain medication?
no, only offer them aspirin. These medications don't work the same way aspirin does and aren't beneficial for someone who's experiencing a heart attack.
What does AED stand for?
automated external defibrillator
coronary arteries
blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood
What are the most common causes of cardiac arrest for kids and infants?
breathing emergencies, chest trauma, and congenital heart disease
What should you do if someone's pain of angina lasts longer than normal?
call 911, it might mean the angina has progressed to a heart attack
What should you do if you think someone is experiencing a heart attack?
call 911/designated emergency number immediately, be prepared to give CPR and use an AED, help the person rest in a comfortable position and loosen any tight clothing, offer to get any prescribed medication, reassure the person and monitor their condition until emergency medical services arrive and take over
What are causes of cardiac arrest?
cardiovascular disease, severe trauma, breathing emergencies, electric shock, drug overdose
What is the number one killer in the US?
cardiovascular disease. It's also a major cause of disability. Causes Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).
What is Angina Pectoris?
chest pain that comes and goes at different times. It usually doesn't last longer than 3-5 minutes. Patients may have prescribed medication, usually nitroglycerin. If pain lasts longer than 3-5 minutes. call 911.
chest pain
chest pain, discomfort, pressure, or squeezing that lasts longer than 3-5 minutes and isn't relieved by resting, changing position, or taking medication, or that goes away and then comes back
What are symptoms of a heart attack for men?
chest pain, pain that spreads around heart, skin discoloration, trouble breathing, nauseous. Men tend to experience more obvious, "classic" symptoms, such as pain in chest, pain in arms, etc.
What are symptoms of a heart attack for women?
chest pain, pain that spreads around heart, skin discoloration, trouble breathing, nauseous. Women tend to experience milder chest pain and more flu-like symptoms than men.
risk factors
conditions or behaviors that increase the chance that a person will develop a disease
pain that spreads around the heart
discomfort/pain that spreads to one or both arms, the back, the shoulder, the neck, the jaw, or the upper part of the stomach
What are people with cardiovascular diseases also likely to have?
disease of other blood vessels, which can cause strokes
What are some things you can do to help avoid getting heart disease?
don't smoke cigarettes, have a good diet, control high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure, exercise regularly
How do you give CPR to an adult?
ensure the person is lying face up on a firm, flat surface position your hands in the center of the person's chest and interlace your fingers so they aren't resting on the chest give a set of 30 compressions, push down at least 2 inches at a rate between 100-120 compressions per minute Give a set of 2 rescue breaths, open the airway by tilting the head to a past neutral position continue this until you see obvious signs of life
What should you do if you lose track of the amount of compressions you have done while performing CPR?
estimate how many you have done, but focus on the rate and depth of compressions.
true or false: you can use an AED to treat any medical condition
false, an AED should only be used on someone in cardiac arrest
What are 2 of the most common cardiac emergencies?
heart attack, cardiac arrest
cardiac arrest
heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to circulate blood to the brain and other vital organs. It usually happens suddenly, without any signs and symptoms.
What should you do if the person has a lot of chest hair and it seems like it might interfere with pad to skin contact?
if there is a razor, quickly shave the area where the pads will be placed and attach the pads. If there is no razor, try to attach the pads, then rip them off like a band aid to remove some of the chest hair
In what weather conditions is it safe to use an AED?
in all weather conditions. Provide a dry environment if possible, but don't deny defibrillation to do so.
Does a family history of heart disease increase or decrease the risk of someone having it?
increase
For every 1 min AED is delayed...
it reduces chance of survival by 1%
Does heart disease generally affect men or women at a younger age?
men
What are other signs and symptoms of a heart attack?
nausea, vomiting, sweating, a feeling of anxiety/impending doom, extreme fatigue, unresponsivesness
Where is the AED kit often stored?
near the AED carrying case
Can asystole be corrected by defibrillation?
no
Can you use an AED in water or when there are puddles of water around you, the person, or the AED?
no
Can you use pediatric AED pads on an adult if adult AED pads aren't available?
no
How do you give CPR to an infant?
place the pads of 2 fingers on the center of infant's chest, just below the nipple line. Place the other hand gently on the infant's forehead. Compressions are about 1.5 inches. When you open the airway, tilt the head to neutral position. When giving rescue breaths, cover the infant's nose and mouth with you mouth to form a seal.
cardiac chain of survival (pediatric)
prevention, early CPR, activation of the EMS system, early advanced life support, integrated post cardiac arrest care
How deep are compressions during adult CPR?
push at least 2 inches then let the chest return to its normal position
What should you do if AED pads touch on an infant?
put one pad on center of the infant's chest and the other on the center of the infant's back
What should you do if you hear a rib crack while you give CPR?
reassess your hand position and correct it as needed
cardiac chain of survival for adults
recognize cardiac arrest and activation of the EMS system, early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced life support, integrated post-cardiac arrest care
What should you do if the person has any medication patches?
remove them before applying and using AED pads
What should you do before placing the AED pads on a person's chest?
remove wet clothing and wipe the person's chest dry.
What should you do if the person vomits or fluid is in the mouth while you give CPR?
roll the person onto their side and clear the mouth of fluid using a gloved finger or piece of gauze. Then roll the person onto their back and resume giving care.
heart attack
something is blocked in or around the heart, causing cells to die and leading to permanent damage of the heart muscle. blood flow to part of the heart is blocked
What is the relationship between heart attacks and cardiac arrest?
the 2 are different, but a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest
What are signs and symptoms of cardiac arrest?
the person may suddenly collapse, unresponsive, not breathing or gasping, no heartbeat
In what circumstances can you stop giving CPR?
the victim shows obvious signs of life AED arrives another trained responder can switch out and you have performed 5 sets (5 sets for you, 5 sets or the other trained responder) EMS arrives scene becomes unsafe you are too tired to continue you have performed 5 sets, you are alone, and need to call 911 (child and infant)
trouble breathing
trouble breathing, including noisy breathing, shortness of breathing, and breathing that's faster than normal
true or false: you should avoid getting the AED paddles wet
true
How do you perform AED on an adult?
turn the device on cut away clothing to expose the person's chest if needed, dry the chest with a towel or gauze pad apply the AED pads, place one in the upper right side of the person's chest and place the other on the lower left side of the person's chest plug the connector cable into the AED and follow the device's instructions After a shock is delivered, resume CPR, starting with compressions
Are men or women less likely to visit a doctor for signs/symptoms of a heart attack?
women
Do more men or women die each year from CHD in the USA?
women
Can Adult AED pads be used on a child or infant if pediatric AED pads aren't available?
yes
Can you use an AED on a pregnant woman?
yes
