first midterm. history and religion.
who were the pilgrims
'Pilgrim' became (by the early 1800s at least) the popular term applied to all the Mayflower passengers - and even to other people arriving in Plymouth in those early years - so that the English people who settled Plymouth in the 1620s are generally called the Pilgrims.
who was lyman beecher
A Presbyterian clergyman, Lyman Beecher (1775-1863) was one of the outstanding American preachers and revivalists before the Civil War. He achieved national fame as reformer, educator, and central figure in theological controversies.
what was shays rebellion
A group of protestors, led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays, began a 6 month rebellion by taking over the Court of Common Pleas in Northampton; the goal was to prevent the trial and imprisonment of debt-ridden citizens. James Bowdoin, the governor of Massachusetts, was clearly in the latter group. Shay's Rebellion showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. When the central government couldn't put down the rebellion, the first stirrings of federalism began to gather strength. ... The government gave most powers to the states, and the central government consisted only of a legislature.
who was ann lee
Ann Lee (29 February 1736 - 8 September 1784), commonly known as Mother Ann Lee, was the leader of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, or the Shakers. In 1774 Ann Lee and a small group of her followers emigrated from England to New York.
what was the seneca falls convention
At the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, N.Y., a woman's rights convention-the first ever held in the United States-convenes with almost 200 women in attendance. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two abolitionists who met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The American women's rights movement began with a meeting of reformers in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Out of that first convention came a historic document, the 'Declaration of Sentiments,' which demanded equal social status and legal rights for women, including the right to vote. The Seneca Falls Convention Begins. Stanton took the task of writing the document that would be debated and signed by the attendees. She based the Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence, listing 18 grievances and 11 resolutions demanding the recognition of women as equal members of society.
what was american anti Catholicism.
Bigotry against Roman Catholics, Anti-Catholicism in United States is historically deeply rooted in the anti-Catholic attitudes of Protestants in Great Britain and Germany after the Reformation. Immigrants brought that hostility with them to the American colonies.
what was bible communism
Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system.
what is covenant theology
Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism, Federal theology, or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall structure of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of a covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology. The standard form of covenant theology views the history of God's dealings with mankind, from Creation to Fall to Redemption to Consummation, under the framework of three overarching theological covenants: those of redemption, of works, and of grace. In Reformed theology, a sacrament is usually defined as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. Since covenant theology today is mainly Protestant and Reformed in its outlook, proponents view Baptism and the Lord's Supper as the only two sacraments in this sense, which are sometimes called "church ordinances."
who was george fox
English preacher and missionary and founder of the Society of Friends (or Quakers); his personal religious experience made him hostile to church conventions and established his reliance on what he saw as inward light or God-given inspiration over scriptural authority or creeds. He recorded the birth of the Quaker movement in his Journal.
where did unitarianism originate
In England, Unitarian ideas were being discussed by the mid 1600s in the writings of John Biddle (1615-62), and the first Unitarian congregation came into being in 1774 at Essex Chapel in London, founded by a former Church of England minister, Theophilus Lindsey.Sep 21, 2009
what was the catholic restoration.
James II was a catholic king and he tried to restored Catholicism for a brief time in England.
who was james madison
James Madison Jr. was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817
what is the definition of john calvins predestination
John Calvin held a view on predestination sometimes referred to as "double predestination." This is the view that God has actively chosen some people for damnation as well as for salvation.
who was john humphrey noyes
John Humphrey Noyes (September 3, 1811 - April 13, 1886) was an American preacher, radical religious philosopher, and utopian socialist. He founded the Putney, Oneida, and Wallingford Commu
who was john wesley
John Wesley (/ˈwɛsli, ˈwɛzli/; 28 June [O.S. 17 June] 1703 - 2 March 1791) was an English cleric and theologian who, with his brother Charles and fellow cleric George Whitefield, founded Methodism.
what was the know nothing party and anti immigration
Know-Nothing party, byname of American Party, U.S. political party that flourished in the 1850s. The Know-Nothing party was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s. A rising tide of immigrants, primarily Germans in the Midwest and Irish in the East, seemed to pose a threat to the economic and political security of native-born Protestant Americans. In 1849 the secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner formed in New York City, and soon after lodges formed in nearly every other major American city
what wass john lockes natural rights?
LIFE LIBERTY AND THE RIGHT TO OWN PROPERTY Among these fundamental natural rights, Locke said, are "life, liberty, and property." Locke believed that the most basic human law of nature is the preservation of mankind. To serve that purpose, he reasoned, individuals have both a right and a duty to preserve their own lives.
what was john lockes empiricism
Locke's approach to empiricism involves the claim that all knowledge comes from experience and that there are no innate ideas that are with us when we are born. At birth we are a blank slate, or tabula rasa in Latin. Experience includes both sensation and reflection
what was the long parliament
Long Parliament. The Long Parliament was an English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660. It followed the fiasco of the Short Parliament which had convened for only three weeks during the spring of 1640, and which in turn had followed an 11-year parliamentary absence.
what was the temperance movement
Temperance movement, movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor. Although an abstinence pledge had been introduced by churches as early as 1800, the earliest temperance organizations seem to have been those founded at Saratoga, New York, in 1808 and in Massachusetts in 1813. The movement spread rapidly under the influence of the churches; by 1833 there were 6,000 local societies in several U.S. states.
what was the anti mason society
The Anti-Masonic Party, also known as the Anti-Masonic Movement, was the first third party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a single-issue party and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues.
what was the cane ridge revival
The Cane Ridge Revival was a large camp meeting that was held in Cane Ridge, Kentucky from August 6 to August 12 or 13, 1801. It has been described as the "[l]argest and most famous camp meeting of the Second Great Awakening."
what was james madison's federalist 10
The Federalist Papers Summary and Analysis of Essay 10. Madison begins perhaps the most famous of the Federalist papers by stating that one of the strongest arguments in favor of the Constitution is the fact that it establishes a government capable of controlling the violence and damage caused by factions. Madison defines a faction as "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community"
what was the know nothing party
The Know-Nothing Party, also known as the American Party, was a prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. The American Party originated in 1849. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church Although the Know-Nothing party or the American Party was a national political organization, it was strongest in Massachusetts. This party was based on nativistic beliefs and its members were native born male Protestants who were opposed to immigrants being able to vote or hold political office
what is the stone campbell movement
The Restoration Movement (also known as the American Restoration Movement or the Stone-Campbell Movement, and pejoratively as Campbellism) is a Christian movement that began on the United States frontier during the Second Great Awakening (1790-1840) of the early 19th century
what were the salem witch trials
The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The trials resulted in the executions of twenty people, fourteen of them women, and all but one by hanging.
what came from the seneca falls convention
The Seneca Falls Convention Begins. Stanton took the task of writing the document that would be debated and signed by the attendees. She based the Declaration of Sentiments on the Declaration of Independence, listing 18 grievances and 11 resolutions demanding the recognition of women as equal members of society.
who was bloody mary
The daughter of King Henry VIII, Mary, a devout Catholic, ascended to the throne in 1553. During her five-year reign, she worked to restore Catholicism as England's state religion and sanctioned the persecution of Protestants, hundreds of whom were burned at the stake, earning her the nickname Bloody Mary
what was king james' divine right of kings
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.
federalists vs. democratic republicans
These men would form the Republican party under Thomas Jefferson. By the early 1790s, newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters "Federalists" and their opponents "Democrats," "Republicans", "Jeffersonians" or—much later—"Democratic-Republicans". These men would form the Republican party under Thomas Jefferson. By the early 1790s, newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters "Federalists" and their opponents "Democrats," "Republicans", "Jeffersonians" or—much later—"Democratic-Republicans". federalists believd in a loose translation of the constitution the democratic republicans believed it should be followed word for word. federalists are the equivalent to modern day republicans
what was the whiskey rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Revolt against the US government in w Pennsylvania. It was provoked by a tax on whisky, and was the first serious challenge to federal authority. Collection of the tax met violent resistance, but when President Washington called out the militia, the rebellion collapsed. Whiskey Rebellion, (1794), in American history, uprising that afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell an uprising of settlers rebelling against the liquor tax.
who was william penn
William Penn, (born October 14, 1644, London, England—died July 30, 1718, Buckinghamshire), English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the American Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe.
name three founding fathers who were deists
benjamin franklin, thomas jefferson, and deist.
who founded the society of friends
george fox
what were newtons religious beliefs
he believed God was God alone and to say that Christ or the holy spirit were God as equal and yet the same was blasphemy.
did william penn believe in religious toleration
he believed in full religious toleration as was his duty as a believer
what was whitfields role in the first great awakening
he spoke against established clergy and promoted a message of a democratic religion
who was oliver cromwell
he was a general with great support from the puritans. he oversaw the execution of king charles the first and declared england a commonwealth and himself as lord protector over england and wales.
who was George Whitfield
he was an anglican clerk and one of the founders of the methodist movement
what was the newburgh address
it was the nine page speech that washington gave his men to prvent them from a mutiny and marching on congress to demand back pay and pensions.
who wrote federalist #10
james madison
what is new lights versus old lights
terms to define the two sides of belief during the great awakening. new lights: • Part of the new "revivals" • Felt that religious message had run astray. • Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians Old Lights • Traditional "old" beliefs within the colonies. • Congregationalists • Quakers • Anglicans
what are martin luther's 95 theses?
the Ninety-five Theses were propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences. they were posted by Martin Luther on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, on October 31, 1517. This event came to be considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
who won the english civil war
the revolutionary party.
Who was king james I
James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 - 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625.
who was john winthorp
John Winthrop (12 January 1587/88 - 26 March 1649) was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England, following Plymouth Colony
who was jonathan edwards
Jonathan Edwards, (born Oct. 5, 1703, East Windsor, Conn. [U.S.]—died March 22, 1758, Princeton, N.J.), greatest theologian and philosopher of British American Puritanism, stimulator of the religious revival known as the "Great Awakening," and one of the forerunners of the age of Protestant missionary expansion in the 19th century.
what is mormonism
Mormon, member of any of several denominations that trace their origins to a religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. (1805-1844), in the United States in 1830. The term Mormon, often used to refer to members of these churches, comes from the Book of Mormon, which was published by Smith in 1830. Now an international movement, Mormonism is characterized by a unique understanding of the Godhead, emphasis on family life, belief in continuing revelation, desire for order, respect for authority, and missionary work. Mormons also obey strict prohibitions on alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea and promote education and a vigorous work
what is millennialism
Millennialism, also called millenarianism or chiliasm, the belief, expressed in the book of Revelation to John, the last book of the New Testament, that Christ will establish a 1,000-year reign of the saints on earth (the millennium) before the Last Judgment. More broadly defined, it is a cross-cultural concept grounded in the expectation of a time of supernatural peace and abundance on earth.
what is the definition of unitarianism
a person who maintains that God is one being, rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity. (initial capital letter) a member of a liberal religious denomination founded upon the doctrine that God is one being, and giving each congregation complete control over its affairs.Compare Unitarian Universalism.
what was the restoration
after oliver cromwell executed charles I he ruled as lord protector and when he died before declaring himself king. charles I son was invited to rule by the nobles and thus the prior monarchy was restored.
what is anglicism
anglicism is a subset denomination that arose as one if the protestant groups during the reformation. one of the first evangelist sects. they use the 39 articles as an outline of their faith.
who was william laud
archbishop of Canterbury (1633-45) and religious adviser to King Charles I of Great Britain. His persecution of Puritans and other religious dissidents resulted in his trial and execution by the House of Commons. Born into modest surroundings in Reading, William Laud became a leading hate figure for Puritans during the 1630s and 1640s. His determination to promote and enforce a 'high church' style of worship created many enemies and contributed to his downfall. Laud was executed following an Act of Attainder in January 1645
what are baptists
baptists are similar to anabaptists in regards to their views on baptism for both infants and adults concerning their faith as individuals however baptists believe in a more evangelical and inclusive stance on society and taking a more active political role.
king charles the first and his view on the divine right of kings
because charles was not granted the fundage and freedom by parliament to pay for whatever he wanted and whoever he wanted to attack he maneuvered himself into several disputes with parliament which bordered outright war and he tried to declare his word as the ultimate law.
what is deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.
who was brigham young
brigham young, American religious leader, second president of the Mormon church, and colonizer who significantly influenced the development of the American West.
what is english anti catholicism?
it is an aggressive stance amongst the english that staunchly opposed catholicism.
what was Winthrop's "city on a hill" ideology
it was the belief that the Massachusetts bay colony was to be the model for righteous living according to God's will for his chosen children.
who was james II
james II and VII (14 October 1633O.S. - 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland.
who was joseph smith
joseph smith Mormon prophet and founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
who was john knox and what was his role in the first reformation
knox was a follower of john calvin and became the chief force in the introduction and establishment of the Presbyterian form of Calvinism in Scotland as a minister after leaving the roman catholic church
who founded the first baptist church in america
roger williams
scotch irish immigrants
scotch-Irish Americans. Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) Americans are American descendants of Presbyterian and other Ulster Protestant Dissenters from various parts of Ireland, but usually from the province of Ulster, who migrated during the 18th and 19th centuries.
what is the society of friends
society of Friends, also called Friends Church, byname Quakers, Christian group that arose in mid-17th-century England, dedicated to living in accordance with the "Inward Light," or direct inward apprehension of God, without creeds, clergy, or other ecclesiastical forms. As most powerfully expressed by George Fox (1624-91), Friends felt that their "experimental" discovery of God would lead to the purification of all of Christendom. It did not; but Friends founded one American colony and were dominant for a time in several other
who was king william and queen mary
William and Mary, both Protestants, became king and queen regnant following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the adoption of the English Bill of Rights and the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII.
what was virginia house of burgesses
With its origin in the first meeting of the Virginia General Assembly at Jamestown in July 1619, the House of Burgesses was the first democratically-elected legislative body in the British American colonies.
what was john winthrops city on a hill
the "City upon a Hill" section of the sermon called "A Model of Christian Charity" was written in 1630 by the Puritan leader John Winthrop while the first group of Puritan emigrants was still onboard their ship, the Arbella, waiting to disembark and create their first settlement in what would become New England. it was the belief that the mass. bay colony was to be the example for all settlements and civilizations due to their lives reflecting their religious beliefs.
what is sola scriptura and sola fides?
the are two of the five solas of protestant belief. The Five Solas are: Sola Scriptura ("Scripture alone"): The Bible alone is our highest authority. Sola Fide ("faith alone"): We are saved through faith alone in Jesus Christ. Sola Gratia ("grace alone"): We are saved by the grace of God alone. Solus Christus ("Christ alone"): Jesus Christ alone is our Lord, Savior, and King. Soli Deo Gloria ("to the glory of God alone"): We live for the glory of God alone.
what is puritanism
the beliefs or principles of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church under Elizabeth I as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.
what is the belief of the inner light
the inner Light, also called Inward Light, the distinctive theme of the Society of Friends (Quakers), the direct awareness of God that allows a person to know God's will for him. It was expressed in the 17th century in the teachings of George Fox, founder of the Friends, who had failed to find spiritual truth in the English churches and who finally experienced a voice saying, "There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition." A phrase used by Fox, "that of God in every man," has often been used to describe the Inner Light. Robert Barclay, Scottish author of the influential systematic statement of the doctrines of the Friends, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity (1678), stated that "the Inner Light is never separated from God nor Christ; but wherever it is, God and Christ are as wrapped up therein." Most Friends believe, however, that the Inner Light should not simply be a mystical experience but should result in a person's working for the good of others.
the magna carta
the magna carta was a charter created under king john placing english kings and rulers under a set of laws. (those laws also inspired the founding fathers in 1776 in their search for independance.)
who founded unitarianism
theophilus lindsey
what are anabaptists?
they are a denomination that arose during the reformation that believed in Christians living apart from the world and a second baptism as an outward confession of the acceptance of faith as an adult and shunned the idea of infant baptism. such beliefs gave rise to separatist groups as the Mennonites, Amish, and Quakers. however of the three listed groups the quakers tended to be the most open minded and inclusive as well as being more likely to love and witness to all peoples.
what is Transcendentalism
tran·scen·den·tal·ism ˌtran(t)ˌsenˈden(t)lˌizəm/Submit noun 1. an idealistic philosophical and social movement that developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures. 2. a system developed by Immanuel Kant, based on the idea that, in order to understand the nature of reality, one must first examine and analyze the reasoning process that governs the nature of experience.
what is A Model of Christian Charity.
"A Model of Christian Charity" is a 1630 sermon by Puritan layman and leader John Winthrop, who delivered it on board the ship Arbella while en route to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. the "City upon a Hill" section of the sermon called "A Model of Christian Charity" was written in 1630 by the Puritan leader John Winthrop while the first group of Puritan emigrants was still onboard their ship, the Arbella, waiting to disembark and create their first settlement in what would become New England
who were the main partys in the english civil war
1.) there was king charles I and the archbishop of the anglican church, william laud, most anti puritan anglicans and most of the nobility. VS. 2.) puritans, parliament, and the scottish presbyterians. also known as the revolutionary parliamentary party.
what was an established church
A state religion (also called an established religion or official religion) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state.
who was anne hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson soon organized weekly meetings of Boston women to discuss recent sermons and to give expression to her own theological views. Before long her sessions attracted ministers and magistrates as well. She stressed the individual's intuition as a means of reaching God and salvation, rather than the observance of institutionalized beliefs and the precepts of ministers. Her opponents accused her of antinomianism—the view that God's grace has freed the Christian from the need to observe established moral precepts. Hutchinson's criticism of the Massachusetts Puritans for what she considered to be their narrowly legalistic concept of morality and her protests against the authority of the clergy were at first widely supported by Bostonians. John Winthrop, however, opposed her, and she lost much of her support after he won election as governor. She was tried by the General Court chiefly for "traducing the ministers," was convicted in 1637, and was sentenced to banishment.
what was bacon's rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony in North America, led by a 29-year-old planter Nathaniel Bacon. About a thousand Virginians rose because they resented Virginia Governor William Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Native Americans.
what are the seven catholic sacraments
Baptism. Eucharist. Confirmation. Reconciliation. Anointing of the sick. Marriage. Holy orders. are the life of the Catholic Church. All of the sacraments were instituted by Christ Himself, and each is an outward sign of an inward grace.
what is the definition of universalism
CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY the belief that all humankind will eventually be saved. "Christian universalism would insist that Christ's atonement did atone for everyone's sins" 2. loyalty to and concern for others without regard to national or other allegiances. "a tendency towards universalism and inclusion"
who was charles g. finney
Charles Grandison Finney (August 29, 1792 - August 16, 1875) was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. he first served as a Presbyterian, then Congregationalist, minister and religious writer. Finney's significance was in innovative preaching and service procedure. Although ordained by the Presbyterians, he ignored the high Calvinism of the Westminster Confession of Faith and declared that every "sinner, under the influence of the Spirit of God, is just as free as a jury under the arguments of an advocate." He dismissed original sin as a doctrine unworthy of God. He threw overboard the conventional understanding of Christ's atonement (in which the life and death of Jesus are imputed to the elect) in favor of a governmental theory of the atonement, which merely held that Jesus' death made it allowable for God to forgive sinners if they made themselves righteous by faith.
who was charles II
Charles II (29 May 1630 - 6 February 1685) was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.
what was the glorious revolution and the english bill of rights
Definition of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 The Meaning and Definition of the English Bill of Rights: The 1689 English Bill of Rights was a British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1689 that declared the rights and liberties of the people and settling the succession in William III and Mary II following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when James II was deposed. Note: The date of the English Bill of Rights is referred to as either dated as March 1689 or as February 13, 1688 in Old Style dating. Summary of the English Bill of Rights The 1689 English Bill of Rights had a massive influence on the colonies in North America and the Constitution of the United States. The most important Articles of the 1689 English Bill of Rights are as follows: A frequently summoned Parliament and free elections Members should have freedom of speech in Parliament No armies should be raised in peacetime No taxes could be levied, without the authority of parliament Laws should not be dispensed with, or suspended, without the consent of parliament No excessive fines should imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted
what were thomas jefferson's beliefs
He was not an orthodox Christian because he rejected, among other things, the doctrines that Jesus was the promised Messiah and the incarnate Son of God. Jefferson's religion is fairly typical of the American form of deism in his day.
where did universalism originate
Image result for where did universalism originate As a formal Christian denomination, Christian universalism originated in the late 18th century with the Universalist Church of America.
what was laudianism
Laudianism was an early seventeenth-century reform movement within the Church of England, promulgated by Archbishop William Laud and his supporters. It rejected the predestination upheld by the previously dominant Calvinism in favour of free will, and hence the possibility of salvation for all men
what was john Locke's on the reasonableness of Christianity
Locke's The Reasonableness of Christianity(1695) is the most important of his many theological writings. Central to all of them is his belief that every individual has within him the abilities necessary to comprehend his duty and to achieve salvation with the aid of the Scriptures. Locke was constantly trying to steer a course that would allow individuals to accept the essential doctrines of Christianity while retaining a certain freedom of conscience. According to Locke, all Christians must accept Jesus as the Messiah and live in accordance with his teachings. Within this minimum framework, however, differences of worship could and should be tolerated. Locke was thus in many ways close to the Latitudinarian movement and other liberal theological trends. His influence on Protestant Christian thought for at least the next century was substantial
what was a pilgrim separatist
Many of the Pilgrims were members of a Puritan sect known as the Separatists. They believed that membership in the Church of England violated the biblical precepts for true Christians, and they had to break away and form independent congregations that adhered more strictly to divine requirements.
who was menno simons
Menno Simons (1496 - 31 January 1561) was a former Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the Low Countries who became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as Mennonites.
what were english dissenters and noncomformists
Nonconformist. Nonconformist, also called Dissenter, or Free Churchman, any English Protestant who does not conform to the doctrines or practices of the established Church of England.
what is revivalism
Revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or society, with a local, national or global effect. This should be distinguished from the use of the term "revival" to refer to an evangelistic meeting or series of meetings (see Revival meeting). Toward the end of the 18th century another revival, known as the Second Great Awakening (c. 1795-1835), began in the United States. During this revival, meetings were held in small towns and the large cities throughout the country, and the unique frontier institution known as the camp meeting began. The Second Great Awakening produced a great increase in church membership, made soul winning the primary function of the ministry, and stimulated several moral and philanthropic reforms, including temperance, emancipation of women, and foreign missions.
what do the Anabaptists believe
The Anabaptists were a radical religious group that developed from the teachings ofUlrich Zwingli and Martin Luther. However, both Zwingli and Luther rejected the Anabaptists because they deemed them to be too radical The beliefs of the Anabaptists were considered threatening to local governments and other religious groups such as Protestants and Catholics. Many groups held differing beliefs but had several core issues that all agreed upon. For instance, most Anabaptists believed in the separation of church and state
what was newtons involvement with deism
The Deists who presented purely rationalist proofs for the existence of God, usually variations on the argument from the design or order of the universe, were able to derive support from the vision of the lawful physical world that Sir Isaac Newton had delineated. Indeed, in the 18th century, there was a tendency to convert Newton into a matter-of-fact Deist—a transmutation that was contrary to the spirit of both his philosophical and his theological writings
what was the glorious revolution
The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain
what was the glorious revolution
The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig (those opposed to a Catholic succession) history of Britain.The major importance of the Glorious Revolution was to destroy any chance that England would have an absolute monarchy like that of France. Instead, the Glorious Revolution ensured that England would have a constitutional monarchy in which Parliament had the majority of the power.
what happened to the long parliament
The Long Parliament sat throughout the First and Second Civil wars until December 1648, when it was purged by the New Model Army. The Purged Parliament (or the "Rump" of the Long Parliament) was expelled by Oliver Cromwell in April 1653.
who are the mennonites
The Mennonites are members of certain Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496-1561) of Friesland (which today is a province of the Netherlands). Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders.
what was new england congregationalism
The New England settlement was rooted in the Separatism of Plymouth colony and in the Puritanism of Massachusetts Bay. The first Separatists arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 from the exiled church at Leiden, Holland. The Puritans, unlike the Separatists, wished to reform the Church of England rather than to leave it.Congregationalism, Christian movement that arose in England in the late 16th and 17th centuries. It occupies a theological position somewhere between Presbyterianism and the more radical Protestantism of the Baptists and Quakers. It emphasizes the right and responsibility of each properly organized congregation to determine its own affairs, without having to submit these decisions to the judgment of any higher human authority, and as such it eliminated bishops and presbyteries. Each individual church is regarded as independent and autonomous.
what do methodists believe
The United Methodist Church affirms the real presence of Christ in Holy Communion, but does not hold to transubstantiation. The church believes that the bread is an effectual sign of His body crucified on the cross and the cup is an effectual sign of His blood shed for humanity. Methodists stand within the Protestant tradition of the worldwide Christian Church. Their core beliefs reflect orthodox Christianity. Methodist teaching is sometimes summed up in four particular ideas known as the four alls. All need to be saved - the doctrine of original sin All can be saved - Universal Salvation All can know they are saved - Assurance All can be saved completely - Christian perfection Methodist churches vary in their style of worship during services. The emphasis is often on Bible reading and preaching, although the sacraments are an important feature, especially the two instituted by Christ: Eucharist or Holy Communion and Baptism. Hymn singing is a lively feature of Methodist services. The founder's brother, Charles Wesley, was a prolific hymn writer and many of his works are still sung today both in Methodist and other churches. works play a heavy part in the measure of salvation
what was the shaker society
The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, is a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded in the 18th century in England. They were initially known as "Shaking Quakers" because of their ecstatic behavior during worship services.
what is virginia's act for establishing religious freedom
The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom is a statement about both freedom of conscience and the principle of separation of church and state. Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly on January 16, 1786, it is the forerunner of the first amendment protections for religious freedom.
what do mennonites believe
The early teachings of the Mennonites were founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus, which the original Anabaptist followers held to with great conviction despite persecution by the various Roman Catholic and Protestant states.
roger williams and religious tolerance
The political and religious leader Roger Williams (c. 1603-1683) is best remembered for founding the state of Rhode Island and advocating separation of church and state in Colonial America. His views on religious freedom and tolerance, coupled with his disapproval of the practice of confiscating land from Native Americans, earned him the wrath of his church and banishment from the colony. Williams and his followers settled on Narragansett Bay, where they purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and established a new colony governed by the principles of religious liberty and separation of church and state. Rhode Island became a haven for Baptists, Quakers, Jews and other religious minorities. Nearly a century after his death, Williams' notion of a "wall of separation" between church and state inspired the founders of the United States, who incorporated it into the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.
what was the mayflower compact
The significance of the Mayflower Compact is illustrated as it was the first democratic government to be established in the colonies - The colonists agreed to choose their leaders and make their own laws which they agreed to follow.The Mayflower Compact was the first agreement for self-government to be created and enforced in America. On September 16, 1620 the Mayflower, a British ship, with 102 passengers, who called themselves Pilgrims, aboard sailed from Plymouth, England. They were bound for the New World The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. ... The Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11, 1620. They used the Julian Calendar, also known as Old Style dates, which was ten days behind the Gregorian Calendar
who founded universalism
The term Christian universalism was used in the 1820s by Russell Streeter of the Christian Intelligencer of Portland - a descendant of Adams Streeter who had founded one of the first Universalist Churches on September 14, 1785.
What is the definition of evangelicalism?
The term evangelical derives from the Greek word euangelion meaning "gospel" or "good news." Technically speaking, evangelical refers to a person, church, or organization that is committed to the Christian gospel message that Jesus Christ is the savior of humanity.
what was the glorious revolution and religious toleration
Toleration Act. Toleration Act, (May 24, 1689), act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting Protestants such as Baptists and Congregationalists). It was one of a series of measures that firmly established the Glorious Revolution (1688-89) in England.
what was the enlightenment
a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness. The Impact of Enlightenment in Europe. The Age of Reason, as it was called, was spreading rapidly across Europe. In the late 17th century, scientists like Isaac Newton and writers like John Locke were challenging the old order. ... Europe would be forever changed by these ideas.
what is a dissenter
a christian man or woman who was not converted to puritanism
what are quakers
a member of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian movement founded by George Fox c. 1650 and devoted to peaceful principles. Central to the Quakers' belief is the doctrine of the "Inner Light," or sense of Christ's direct working in the soul. This has led them to reject both formal ministry and all set forms of worship.
what was henry the eigth's role in the reformation?
when henry grew tired of his first wife catherine, because she had not produced a male heir to throne and had become too old to bear anymore children, he went to the catholic church, first he went to the pope, and demanded a divorce, which was illegal through the church at the time. henry was angry so he went to the archbishop and received it against the pope's wishes. the english people were angry that the church forced them to pay for weddings, baptism, and burials so they could go to heaven according to their preachings. when henry recieved an exception because he was the king, on something that was preached as morally wrong, the people were outraged. thus began a series of events that would spark the reformation.
who was john woolman
woolman was a quaker and an abolitionist who helped to spark the antislavery sentiment amongst the quakers and many puritan and reformed groups. woolman's Journal, published in 1774, was begun in his 36th year and continued until his death; it is a major document of his religious experience, written in a style distinguished by purity and simplicity of expression. He also wrote several other works expressing his spiritual and antislavery convictions. All his writings were collected in The Works of John Woolman (1774). The most complete edition of the Journal is that of A.M. Gummere (1922).