FLUID MECHANICS

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Horsepower

a unit of measurement of power, equivalent to 33,000 ft-lb/min or 550 ft-lb/ sec

Density, ρ

mass per unit volume

Gauge pressure

measure above the existing atmospheric pressure. It is the excess of absolute pressure

Vacuum gauge

measure vacuum pressure

Pressure gauge

measures gauge pressure

Laminar flow

occurs when Reynolds number (Re) is 2000 or less

Nonuniform flow

occurs when the depth of flow changes along the length of the open channel. It may be steady or unsteady.

10^-12

pico

Vacuum pressure

pressure below atmospheric pressure

Uniform flow

refers to the condition in which the depth, slope, velocity, and cross section remain constant over a given length of channel

Steady flow

refers to the condition in which the flow characteristics (velocity, depth, etc) at any point do not change with time.

Pressure

refers to the effects of a force exerted by a solid, liquid, or gas against and distributed over a surface

pressure

s commonly given in units 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2 (𝑝𝑠𝑓), 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑝𝑠𝑖), 𝑃𝑎 (𝑁/𝑚2 ), or sometimes expressed in terms of depth of a liquid (cm, in, ft, or m).

Total energy (E)

s the sum of its potential energy (PE), Kinetic energy (KE), and pressure/flow energy (FE)

Mechanics

science that deals or describes and predicts the conditions of rest or motion of bodies under the action of forces.

1

specific gravity of water

13.57

specific gravity of water

101.325 kPa

standard atmospheric pressure

Archimedes' principle

states that "A body floating or submerged in a fluid is buoyed (lifted) upward by a force equal to the weight of the fluid that would be in the volume displaced by the fluid".

Momentum

term applied to a body which is in motion. This is the product of its mass and the velocity at any instant

Energy

the capacity for doing work.

Kinetic Energy (KE)

the energy possessed by an object or body by virtue of its motion.

Potential Energy (PE)

the energy possessed by an object or body by virtue of its position.

Absolute pressure

the measure of pressure above zero.

Atmospheric pressure

the pressure due to the force exerted in the atmosphere

Mass (m)

the quantity of matter a body contains irrespective of the kind of material of which it is composed.

Specific Weight

the weight of a unit volume of the substance.

displacement

this is the distance when movement is being measured.

Vapor Pressure

this is the pressure created by the vapor molecules when evaporation takes place within an enclosed space.

Specific Volume, p

this is the reciprocal of the density.

laminar flow turbulent flow

two types of flow of fluids

Contracted Weir

weir where its length is less than the width of the channel

Suppressed Weir

width of crest almost equal to width of channel.

𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝑃 𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃(𝑎𝑡𝑚)

𝑃 𝑣𝑎𝑐

𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃(𝑎𝑏𝑠)

P abs

= 𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃 𝑎𝑡m

Pressure measuring devices

Barometer Piezometer Manometer Pressure gauge Vacuum gauge

Pressure Difference

Difference in pressure between any two points at different levels in a liquid

Francis Weir

Rectangular Weir

english system (mass)

Slug = lb-sec^2/ft

gravity force

The force exerted on a body by gravitation

center of buoyancy

The point through which the buoyant force acts

Power (P)

The rate at which work is done

Work (W)

The results of force acting (or moving) through a distanc

Viscosity (𝝁)

This is the term used to describe the resistance of fluid to flow

Cipolletti Weir

Trapezoidal weirs where its side slopes are equal to ¼ (1 horizontal, 4 vertical)

V-notch Weir

Triangular weir

Weirs

are structures built across open channels to measure the rate of flow of liquid usually water.

Fluid

are substances which are capable of flowing and which conform to the shape of containing vessels. It may be divided into liquids and gases.

Fluid Mechanics

branch of applied mechanics dealing with the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion

Barometer

device for measuring atmospheric pressure

Manometer

device for measuring fluid pressure. It consists of a bent tube (or tubes) containing one or more liquid of different SG.

Piezometer

device use to measure pressure of liquid by means of tube attached to the wall of the container or conduit

Pressure

expressed as force (F) divided by area

Laminar flow

fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in layers

Turbulent flow

fluid particles move in haphazard fashion in all directions.

metric system (mass)

g, kg

Specific energy

is defined as the energy per unit weight (ft-lb/lb or N-m/N) relative to the bottom of the channel.

Force (F)

is the action which causes or tends to cause motion of an object.

orifice

it is an opening with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows.

Time (T)

it is defined as interval of duration

Nonuniform flow

it occurs when the depth of flow changes along the length of the open channel. It may be steady or unsteady.


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