FND Practice Exam 12

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What is the UL for sodium for adults?

2300 mg

Water derived daily from beverages, food, and metabolism averages about how many milliliters?

2500

What is the UL for phosphorus?

4000 mg

Of the following, which person most likely at risk for potassium depletion?

A teenager who eats few fruits and vegetables

Of the following, which person is most likely to experience a chloride imbalance?

A teenager with bulimia nervosa

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high?

Calcitonin

Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in ________

Calcium tetany

Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition?

Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown

How is the concentration of electrolyte charges measured?

In milliequivalents

Which two organs control the buffer system that regulate the body's acid-base balance?

Kidneys and lungs

Of the following, which food contains a phytate?

Legumes

Where is intracellular fluid found?

Within cells

Which of the following accurately describes minerals?

When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash

What is the RDA of calcium (mg/day) for college-aged adults?

1000

At what age is peak bone mass typically reached?

30

On average, adults absorb what percentage of the calcium they ingest?

30%

About how many people never walk or live independently again after sustaining an osteoporosis-related hip fracture?

33%

Obligatory water excretion is a minimum of about how many milliliters of water each day?

500

Water constitutes about what percentage of an adult's body weight?

60%

The pH of the blood is maintained at which of the following ranges?

7.35-7.45

Aldosterone is released by the ________

Adrenal glands

What is the strongest predictor of bone density?

Age

Water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water is under pressure is called ________

Artesian water

What does phosphorus do in the body?

Assists in energy metabolism

Which of the following accurately describes magnesium as it relates to nutrition?

Average intakes from food are below recommendations

What does a DEXA scan measure?

Bone mineral density

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ________

Bones

Compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added are called "________."

Buffers

Which of the following electrolytes is concentrated primarily outside the body's cells?

Calcium

Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water?

Carbonated water

Positively charged ions are called "________."

Cations

Salts that dissociate into ions are called ________

Electrolytes

What does chloride do in the body?

Helps maintain gastric acidity

Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium?

Corn on the cob

What is hydroxyapatite?

Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus

Where in the body is sulfur concentrated and found in larger amounts?

Skin, hair, and nails

Which term describes substances that are dissolved in a solution?

Solutes

A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________

Hypoantremia

What toxic substance may be contained in calcium supplements made form bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite?

Lead

Which type of water is generated as an end product during condensation reactions and the oxidation of energy yielding nutrients?

Metabolic

The process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone is termed "________."

Mineralization

What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane?

Osmotic pressure

A bone condition in which bone loss is significant, but not as severe as in osteoporosis is termed ________

Osteopenia

The DASH diet plan may prevent hypertension and ________

Osteoporosis

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Which mineral is the second most abundant?

Phosphorus

What is the principal intracellular cation?

Potassium

The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________

Processed foods

Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur?

Protein

Which of the following is NOT true about drinking caffeinated beverages?

They contribute about the same amount of fluid as noncaffeinated beverages

The inner, lacy matrix of bone is called "________."

Trabecular bone

The body's total acid burden remains nearly constant, and the acidity of which of the following substances fluctuates to accommodate that balance?

Urine

Which of the following helps make the calcium-binding protein needed for calcium absorption?

Vitamin D

Which of the following accurately describes water balance and recommended intakes?

Water intoxication is rare but can result in death

Calcium supplements should be taken ________

With a meal to enhance absorption of calcium

What is the main extracellular anion?

Chloride

Which are the principle minerals of soft water?

Sodium or potassium

Aldosterone and renin each promote ________

Sodium retention

Which is an example of a protein that regulates the flow of fluids and ions in and out of cells?

Sodium-potassium pump

What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium?

90%

What does potassium do in the body?

Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Among the following, which is a powerful vasoconstrictor?

Angiotensin II

Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________

Anions

On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted?

Intake and excretion are equal

What term describes water that resides between cells?

Interstitial fluid

Fluid within blood vessels is called ________

Intravascular fluid

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in hard water?

Magnesium

Which of the following is an enzyme released from the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?

Renin

What is the principal extracellular cation?

Sodium


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