FND Practice Exam 12
What is the UL for sodium for adults?
2300 mg
Water derived daily from beverages, food, and metabolism averages about how many milliliters?
2500
What is the UL for phosphorus?
4000 mg
Of the following, which person most likely at risk for potassium depletion?
A teenager who eats few fruits and vegetables
Of the following, which person is most likely to experience a chloride imbalance?
A teenager with bulimia nervosa
Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high?
Calcitonin
Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in ________
Calcium tetany
Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition?
Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
How is the concentration of electrolyte charges measured?
In milliequivalents
Which two organs control the buffer system that regulate the body's acid-base balance?
Kidneys and lungs
Of the following, which food contains a phytate?
Legumes
Where is intracellular fluid found?
Within cells
Which of the following accurately describes minerals?
When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
What is the RDA of calcium (mg/day) for college-aged adults?
1000
At what age is peak bone mass typically reached?
30
On average, adults absorb what percentage of the calcium they ingest?
30%
About how many people never walk or live independently again after sustaining an osteoporosis-related hip fracture?
33%
Obligatory water excretion is a minimum of about how many milliliters of water each day?
500
Water constitutes about what percentage of an adult's body weight?
60%
The pH of the blood is maintained at which of the following ranges?
7.35-7.45
Aldosterone is released by the ________
Adrenal glands
What is the strongest predictor of bone density?
Age
Water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water is under pressure is called ________
Artesian water
What does phosphorus do in the body?
Assists in energy metabolism
Which of the following accurately describes magnesium as it relates to nutrition?
Average intakes from food are below recommendations
What does a DEXA scan measure?
Bone mineral density
More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ________
Bones
Compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added are called "________."
Buffers
Which of the following electrolytes is concentrated primarily outside the body's cells?
Calcium
Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water?
Carbonated water
Positively charged ions are called "________."
Cations
Salts that dissociate into ions are called ________
Electrolytes
What does chloride do in the body?
Helps maintain gastric acidity
Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium?
Corn on the cob
What is hydroxyapatite?
Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
Where in the body is sulfur concentrated and found in larger amounts?
Skin, hair, and nails
Which term describes substances that are dissolved in a solution?
Solutes
A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________
Hypoantremia
What toxic substance may be contained in calcium supplements made form bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite?
Lead
Which type of water is generated as an end product during condensation reactions and the oxidation of energy yielding nutrients?
Metabolic
The process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone is termed "________."
Mineralization
What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane?
Osmotic pressure
A bone condition in which bone loss is significant, but not as severe as in osteoporosis is termed ________
Osteopenia
The DASH diet plan may prevent hypertension and ________
Osteoporosis
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Which mineral is the second most abundant?
Phosphorus
What is the principal intracellular cation?
Potassium
The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________
Processed foods
Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur?
Protein
Which of the following is NOT true about drinking caffeinated beverages?
They contribute about the same amount of fluid as noncaffeinated beverages
The inner, lacy matrix of bone is called "________."
Trabecular bone
The body's total acid burden remains nearly constant, and the acidity of which of the following substances fluctuates to accommodate that balance?
Urine
Which of the following helps make the calcium-binding protein needed for calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
Which of the following accurately describes water balance and recommended intakes?
Water intoxication is rare but can result in death
Calcium supplements should be taken ________
With a meal to enhance absorption of calcium
What is the main extracellular anion?
Chloride
Which are the principle minerals of soft water?
Sodium or potassium
Aldosterone and renin each promote ________
Sodium retention
Which is an example of a protein that regulates the flow of fluids and ions in and out of cells?
Sodium-potassium pump
What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium?
90%
What does potassium do in the body?
Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
Among the following, which is a powerful vasoconstrictor?
Angiotensin II
Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________
Anions
On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted?
Intake and excretion are equal
What term describes water that resides between cells?
Interstitial fluid
Fluid within blood vessels is called ________
Intravascular fluid
Which of the following is present in highest concentration in hard water?
Magnesium
Which of the following is an enzyme released from the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
What is the principal extracellular cation?
Sodium