FON241 Final

Which of the following foods is most often the cause of allergies? Eggs, peanuts, and milk Bananas, juice, and cola Apples, noodles, and rice Pears, oatmeal, and chocolate

Eggs, peanuts, and milk

What is the name given to the human organism two to eight weeks after fertilization and the stage at which the digestive system is formed? Fetus Embryo Ectoderm Mesoderm

Embryo

Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells? Protein and chromium Calcium and vitamin A Vitamin E and vitamin C Folate and vitamin B12

Folate and vitamin B12

When a marathon runner experiences the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall," what nutrient is most likely depleted? Water Protein Glucose Fatty acids

Glucose

What is the recommended composition of the post-game meal of the athlete? High-carbohydrate Low-protein Low-carbohydrate High-protein

High-carbohydrate

What type of meal and time of its ingestion promote the most rapid replenishment of glycogen stores after physical activity? Mixed meal taken within 4 hours Mixed meal taken within 30 minutes High-carbohydrate meal taken within 2 1/2 hours High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes

High-carbohydrate meal taken within 15 minutes

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding? It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby. There is no limit to the supply. It provides immunological protection. The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk.

It provides immunological protection.

Which of the following is a common product of anaerobic metabolism? Lactic acid Phytic acid Phosphoric acid Hydrochloric acid

Lactic acid

Which of the following is generally not associated with a regular program of physical fitness? Lowering of bone density Lowering of blood pressure Lowering of blood cholesterol Lowering of resting pulse rate

Lowering of bone density

What term defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle? Juice bottle erosion suckling enamelosis Formula-induced gingivitis Nursing bottle tooth decay

Nursing bottle tooth decay

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics in the development of atherosclerosis? Fatty streaks may begin to form within the first 10 years of life Once plaque is formed, it can be contained but cannot regress It is possible for people to age with little arterial plaque formation Heart disease rates due to atherosclerosis rise most dramatically at around age 45 in males and 55 in females

Once plaque is formed, it can be contained but cannot regress

Which of the following is a feature of water metabolism during exercise? The maximum loss of fluid per hour of exercise is about 0.5 liters. In cold weather, the need for water falls dramatically because the body does not sweat. Sweat losses can exceed the capacity of the GI tract to absorb water resulting in some degree of dehydration. Heavy sweating leads to a marked rise in the thirst sensation to stimulate water intake which delays the onset of dehydration.

Sweat losses can exceed the capacity of the GI tract to absorb water resulting in some degree of dehydration.

To lower the risk of obesity in children, which of the following practices should parents institute for their children? Serve them smaller portions Serve them three meals a day without dessert Teach them to take appropriate food portions Serve them more beverages and less solid food

Teach them to take appropriate food portions

Which of the following is a characteristic of oxygenated water use in athletes? The oxygen in the water is without benefit. Regular use reduces risk for sports anemia. The water's oxygen can more easily traverse the GI tract. It increases blood oxygen levels but only for about 15 minutes.

The oxygen in the water is without benefit.

According to several recognized health organizations, about how many grams of protein per day are recommended for a male, 70 kg strength athlete? 56 112 140 168

112

What is macrosomia? A neural tube defect A high-birthweight infant Excessive weight gain of the mother Abnormal cravings for carbohydrate during pregnancy

A high-birthweight infant

What is the Cori cycle? The coordinated muscle contraction sequence of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers. A process in the liver that regenerates glucose from lactic acid released by muscles. An exercise machine that allows development of both aerobic and anaerobic capacities A group of enzymatic reactions to accelerate muscle glycogen replacement in the trained athlete.

A process in the liver that regenerates glucose from lactic acid released by muscles.

Which of the following is a characteristic of alcohol and lactation? Alcohol easily enters the breast milk. Alcohol actually stimulates lactation. Infants drink slightly more breast milk when the mother consumes up to one drink per day The small amounts of alcohol that are secreted along with breast milk stimulate infant digestion.

Alcohol easily enters the breast milk.

What is the term given to the child who is hyperactive with severe and impulsive behavior? Food hypersensitivity Fetal alcohol syndrome Caffeine hypersensitivity Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Which of the following body structures helps to regulate thirst? a. Brain stem b. Cerebellum c. Optic nerve d. Hypothalamus

d. Hypothalamus

Which of the following is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin? a. Beriberi b. Diarrhea c. Keratomalacia d. Inflamed mouth membranes

d. Inflamed mouth membranes

Which of the following describes an effect of caffeine use in the athlete? a. It enhances performance for almost all athletes. b. It raises blood pH to counteract the buildup of lactic acid. c. It promotes absorption of electrolytes from the intestinal tract. d. It induces fluid losses.

d. It induces fluid losses.

Which of the following is NOT a known danger of taking vitamin supplements? a. Vitamin toxicity b. The taker may ignore warning signs of a disease c. The taker may feel a false sense of security and consume a poor diet. d. Pathogenic bacteria may grow unchecked in the large intestine leading to infections.

d. Pathogenic bacteria may grow unchecked in the large intestine leading to infections.

Which of the following activities depletes glycogen most quickly? a. Hiking b. Jogging c. Walking d. Quarter-mile run

d. Quarter-mile run

All of the following factors are known to enhance the absorption of iron except a. sugars. b. stomach acid. c. ascorbic acid. d. calcium from milk.

d. calcium from milk.

Gestation is generally divided into equal periods of a. four weeks, called quarters. b. nine weeks, called quartiles. c. four months, called semesters. d. three months, called trimesters.

d. three months, called trimesters.

Edema in a pregnant woman who does not have high blood pressure or protein in the urine is expected and normal. a sign of dietary deficiencies. very rare and life threatening. a warning signal of a difficult labor.

expected and normal.

The amount of vitamin D recommended in pregnancy can be obtained by consumption of fortified milk and low-mercury fish. exposure to the sun. tropical fruit juices. vitamin D supplements.

exposure to the sun.

Goat's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of iron. folate. protein. calcium.

folate

The appearance of euphoria in a person engaged in outdoor sports activities may be an early sign of heat stroke. dehydration. hypothermia. exertional distress.

hypothermia

In comparison with cow's milk, breast milk contains less protein and calcium. less lactose and vitamin c. less fat and more carbohydrate. more energy and less vitamin

less protein and calcium.

Studies report that folate supplements for women may lower the incidence of neural tube defects of infants when the vitamin is taken during the last trimester of pregnancy. second trimester of pregnancy. second and third trimester of pregnancy. month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.

month before conception through the first trimester of pregnancy.

Athletes can safely add muscle tissue by tripling protein intake. taking hormones duplicating those of puberty putting a demand on muscles by making them work harder. relying on protein for muscle fuel and decreasing intake of carbohydrates.

putting a demand on muscles by making them work harder.

To maintain physical fitness during pregnancy, all of the following activities are considered acceptable except saunas. swimming. playing singles tennis. 45-minute balanced exercise sessions 3 times/week.

saunas

Hyponatremia refers to low blood levels of water. sodium. potassium. glucose.

sodium

What substance contains the chemical energy that drives immediate muscle contraction? a. ATP b. NAD c. Glucose d. Fatty acids

a. ATP

What is the placenta? a. An organ from which the infant receives nourishment. b. A muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth. c. The developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth. d. The developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception.

a. An organ from which the infant receives nourishment.

As far as is known, vitamin A does NOT play an important role in which of the following processes? a. Blood clotting b. Growth of bones and teeth c. Synthesis of visual pigment d. Maintaining mucous membranes

a. Blood clotting

In which of the following body functions does vitamin K participate? a. Blood clotting b. Energy metabolism c. Calcium utilization d. Epithelial tissue renewal

a. Blood clotting

Which of the following symptoms would indicate a vitamin D deficiency? a. Bowed legs b. Rupture of the red blood cells c. Frequent respiratory infections d. Abnormally high blood calcium level

a. Bowed legs

If muscle work is anaerobic, which of the following cannot serve as fuel? a. Fat b. Protein c. Carbohydrate

a. Fat

What type of chemicals are DHEA and androstendione? a. Hormones b. Estrogens c. Phytonutrients d. Herbal extracts

a. Hormones

Which of the following is not derived directly from cardiorespiratory conditioning? a. Increased flexibility b. Slowed resting pulse c. Increased breathing efficiency d. Increased blood volume and oxygen delivery

a. Increased flexibility

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status? a. Infant's birth weight b. Mother's weight before pregnancy c. Mother's weight gain during pregnancy d. Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy

a. Infant's birth weight

What is the principal reason that intake of alcohol is not beneficial to athletic performance? a. It is not metabolized in muscle. b. It inhibits glycogen breakdown. c. It inhibits creatine-phosphate synthesis. d. It interferes with ATP synthesis in the liver.

a. It is not metabolized in muscle.

Which of the following is NOT true of older pregnant women in comparison with younger pregnant women? a. Maternal mortality rates are lower. b. Fetal mortality rates are twice as high. c. Cesarean delivery is twice as common. d. Complications that arise typically reflect chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension.

a. Maternal mortality rates are lower.

What is the name of the condition characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman? a. Preeclampsia b. Gestational diabetes c. Teratogenic hypertension d. Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis

a. Preeclampsia

What is the greatest single source of sodium in the diet? a. Processed foods. b. Unprocessed foods. c. Salt added during cooking and at the table. d. Sodium bonded to calcium in the food we eat.

a. Processed foods.

When a person loses fluid by sweating or bleeding, what minerals are lost in the greatest quantity? a. Sodium and chloride b. Bicarbonate and sulfate c. Calcium and magnesium d. Potassium and phosphate

a. Sodium and chloride

Expressions of vitamin quantities in foods and in the body include all of the following except a. grams. b. milligrams. c. equivalents. d. micrograms.

a. grams.

All of the following are characteristics of heat stroke except a. it is rarely fatal. b. it is due, in part, to dehydration. c. it is caused by heat buildup in the body. d. its symptoms include headache, nausea, and mental changes.

a. it is rarely fatal.

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has a. spina bifida. b. macrosomia. c. anencephaly. d. neural tube seizure.

a. spina bifida.

General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following EXCEPT a. they must be consumed daily. b. toxic levels in the body are rarely found. c. they are absorbed directly into the blood. d. excesses are eliminated from the kidneys.

a. they must be consumed daily.

What is gestational diabetes? a. A severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns. b. Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy. c. Reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy. d. A temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy.

b. Abnormal blood glucose maintenance during pregnancy.

During pregnancy, which of the following nutrients show a dramatic increase in absorption? a. Salt and sugar b. Calcium and iron c. Protein and fat d. Thiamin and ascorbic acid

b. Calcium and iron

Which of the following is a major function of chloride? a. Participates in wound healing b. Helps maintain gastric acidity c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte d. Protects bone structures against degeneration

b. Helps maintain gastric acidity

Which of the following is a feature of niacin nutrition? a. Low doses may lead to kidney stones. b. High doses may lower blood cholesterol. c. Low doses may lead to heartburn and low blood pressure. d. High doses may elevate red blood cell count in mildly anemic individuals.

b. High doses may lower blood cholesterol.

Which of the following is a feature of sodium and health? a. Salt sensitivity is generally low in African-Americans. b. High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion. c. High sodium intake over many years leads to hypertension in most people. d. Sodium alone and sodium in salt have nearly equivalent effects on blood pressure.

b. High sodium intake is known to promote calcium excretion.

Which of the following is a characteristic of sports anemia? a. It requires a prolonged treatment period. b. It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment. c. It responds to treatment only with high doses of iron. d. It is due primarily to increased iron loss via perspiration.

b. It is a temporary condition requiring no treatment.

How is vitamin E thought to play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease? a. It inhibits dietary absorption of cholesterol b. It slows oxidation of Low-density lipoproteins c. It interferes with cholesterol synthesis by the liver d. It speeds removal of blood cholesterol by the liver

b. It slows oxidation of Low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy? a. Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women. b. Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy. c. Sudden, large, weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension. d. Overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women.

b. Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy.

What is the oxygen carrying protein of muscle cells? a. Transferrin b. Myoglobin c. Hemoglobin d. Cytochrome

b. Myoglobin

What is the major source of dietary sulfur? a. Fats b. Protein c. Mineral salts d. Carbohydrates

b. Protein

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? a. Lubricant b. Source of energy c. Maintains protein structure d. Participant in chemical reactions

b. Source of energy

What is meant by the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? a. The total amount available from plant and animal food. b. The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body. c. The amount that escapes destruction from food processing. d. The number of different chemical forms of the same vitamin.

b. The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body.

Which of the following is a characteristic of free radicals? a. They are destroyed by cigarette smoking. b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions. c. They typically stop chain reactions associated with the production of peroxides. d. They are known to accumulate even in the presence of abundant antioxidant nutrients.

b. They arise from normal metabolic reactions.

Groups of people who are at risk for developing marginal deficiencies and may benefit from taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except a. vegans. b. athletes. c. food faddists. d. habitual dieters and the elderly with low energy intakes.

b. athletes.

In pregnancy, a large weight gain over a short time is usually an indication of a. excessive fat deposition. b. excessive fluid retention. c. abnormal fetal development. d. normal pregnancy only if it occurs during the second trimester.

b. excessive fluid retention.

In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by combining a a. low number of repetitions with lighter weight. b. low number of repetitions with heavy weight. c. high number of repetitions with heavy weight. d. high number of repetitions with lighter weight.

b. low number of repetitions with heavy weight.

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to a. provide energy for cells. b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. c. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. d. maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits.

b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.

An athlete who believes in soda loading as a means of improving performance would, right before the event, consume a. caffeine tablets. b. sodium bicarbonate. c. a carbonated beverage. d. a lactose containing beverage.

b. sodium bicarbonate.

Dietary antioxidants minimize free radical damage by a. supporting further free radical formation. b. stimulating repair enzyme activity. c. slowing down antioxidant enzyme activity. d. stimulating enzymes that enable free radicals to work more effectively.

b. stimulating repair enzyme activity.

The neural tube forms the early parts of the umbilical cord. liver and pancreas. gastrointestinal tract. brain and spinal cord.

brain and spinal cord.

What is a precursor? a. A conditionally essential vitamin b. A sign or symptom of a vitamin deficiency disorder c. A substance that is used to synthesize another compound d. A substance that is recycled through the liver and intestines

c. A substance that is used to synthesize another compound

What is the source of whey protein sold as supplements to body builders? a. An alkaline extract of brewer's yeast. b. An acid extract of soybean processing. c. A waste product of cheese manufacturing. d. A complementary protein composed of animal and legume extracts.

c. A waste product of cheese manufacturing.

Which of the following is the primary function of potassium? a. Participates in wound healing b. Helps maintain gastric acidity c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte d. Protects bone structures against degeneration

c. Acts as principal intracellular electrolyte

Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? a. Milk b. Spinach c. Broccoli d. Pinto beans

c. Broccoli

What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations? a. Fats b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Vitamins and minerals

c. Carbohydrates

Which of the following is a major function of magnesium? a. Transport of oxygen b. Prevention of anemia c. Catalyst in energy metabolism d. Production of thyroid hormone

c. Catalyst in energy metabolism

Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements? a. Itching b. Diarrhea c. Constipation d. Black tongue

c. Constipation

Which of the following is a characteristic of the fat-soluble vitamins? a. Most of them are synthesized by intestinal bacteria. b. Intestinal transport occurs by way of the portal circulation. c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet. d. Toxicity risk is higher for vitamins E and K than for other fat soluble vitamins.

c. Deficiency symptoms may take years to develop on a poor diet.

Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to rehydrate? a. "Sweat" replacers b. Salt tablets and tap water c. Diluted juice or cool water d. Water warmed to body temperature

c. Diluted juice or cool water

Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin? a. Blood coagulation b. Formation of red blood cells c. Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients d. Formation of epithelial cell polysaccharides

c. Energy release from energy-yielding nutrients

Which of the following is a characteristic of human growth hormone use in athletes? a. Low cost accounts for some of its popularity b. Laboratory tests can differentiate between the naturally occurring form and the drug form of growth hormone c. Excessive use shortens life span d. Excessive use leads to shrinking of internal organs

c. Excessive use shortens life span

What is another term for hypertension? a. High blood sodium b. Excessive mental stress c. High blood pressure d. Excessive muscular contraction

c. High blood pressure

Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body? a. High blood calcium levels correlate with tetany. b. Abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor. c. Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness. d. Efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults.

c. Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness.

What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? a. Inadequate intake. b. Increased excretion. c. Inadequate absorption. d. Increased losses in food preparation.

c. Inadequate absorption.

Normally, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium excreted to the amount ingested that day? a. Intake is higher. b. Excretion is higher. c. Intake and excretion are equal. d. Excretion is unrelated to intake.

c. Intake and excretion are equal.

What is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentrations are separated by a membrane? a. Hypotension b. Hypertension c. Osmotic pressure d. Hypertonic pressure

c. Osmotic pressure

What organ functions to prepare the mother's breasts for lactation? a. Uterus b. Ovaries c. Placenta d. Amniotic sac

c. Placenta

Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion? a. Niacin b. Vitamin E c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin B12

c. Vitamin C

Vitamins differ from proteins, carbohydrates and fats in that they a. offer twice as much energy per gram as any other nutrient. b. are needed in greater quantities than measurements of other nutrients. c. are individual units and are not joined together. d. they contain energy available to do work in the cell.

c. are individual units and are not joined together.

All of the following are normal body responses to pregnancy except a. breast size increases. b. blood volume increases. c. body water level decreases. d. joints become more flexible.

c. body water level decreases.

Keratinization is the result of a. toxicity of vitamin A. b. toxicity of vitamin D. c. deficiency of vitamin A. d. deficiency of vitamin D.

c. deficiency of vitamin A.

Two definitive indicators of the physical fitness of older adults are strength and a. VO2 max. b. jumping ability. c. walking endurance. d. resting heart rate below 70.

c. walking endurance.

You are presenting a talk on the benefits of breastfeeding to a group of new mothers with a Peace Corps group in Zimbabwe. There have been numerous cases of infant diarrhea within this population over the past several years. Why is breastfeeding especially important under these circumstances? The emotional bonding enhances the overall health of the infant The lactoferrin protein present in breast milk stimulates T-cell immunity The lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses Breast milk as a source of nutrition limits the feeding of other foods, which may be contaminated

The lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses

Which of the following substances is converted to vitamin A in the body? a. Cholesterol b. Chlorophyll c. Xanthophyll d. Beta-carotene

d. Beta-carotene

Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition? a. Dietary sources include fresh vegetables. b. Absorption is known to be reduced by soft drink consumption. c. Its participation in bone synthesis requires equivalent intake of dietary calcium. d. Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown.

d. Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown.

Which of the following can the body use to synthesize vitamin D? a. Bone b. Carotene c. Tryptophan d. Exposure to sunlight

d. Exposure to sunlight

What term is given to the developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth? a. Ovum b. Zygote c. Embryo d. Fetus

d. Fetus