Food and Culture | Midterm

French Flavorings & Seasonings

butter, cream, wine, tarragon, thyme, bay leaf

Mediterranean Food Guide Pyramid

centered around vegetables, whole grains, fruits, beans and fish

The physical environment includes that...features of the local landscape. People can eat only what is available, so they develop systems of preferred foods and tastes that reflect both the available foods, as well as, the preparation methods developed to make the foods edible.

climate, soil, & water resources, plant & animal life, and other

________ often provide a historical account of meal patterns & foods indigenous to a region or time.

cookbooks

sacred animals for Hindus/Buddhists

cows

________ is a given set of foods, preferred preparation technique, and tastes that characterize a particular culture. ________ is influenced by the socio-cultural & physical environments in which they develop.

cuisine

When analyzing the "________" of a culture, discussion must include the food resources of a collective group of people, as well as discussion of how the food and resources of a culture affect the food intake and health of individuals living in that setting.

diet

Social organization influences...

diet & the access to food & the resources to obtain food

Technology is the...

knowledge, practices, & tools used by a group to cope with the physical environment & to meet its needs for shelter and subsistence

geography and food patterns

learned to sail and fish, creative methods for fish, learned to preserve fish, they traded their staple crops for things they could not grow

Greek Flavorings & Seasonings

lemons, onions, garlic, oregano, olive oil

All living things must ingest nutrients to...

live, grow, & reproduce

1st Fermented Beverages

mead, wine beer

Sites of earliest civilization

mesopotamia, which is located along the tigris and Euphrates rivers in present day Iraq

Cultural Pluralities

no ethnic group is a majority

Mormon Laws of Health

no tobacco no drinking no caffeine diet based on grains; limited use of met one year supply of food and clothing fast one day per month

Social organization includes ________ in which regulate relationships & provide a template for the way work is organized.

norms

how geography affected economic life

not a lot of gaming land, big traders

Humans around the world share similar ________ requirements and ________.

nutrient, restrictions

Food is more than...

nutrition or pleasure for the senses

Jewish Dietary Laws

only animals with cloven feet may be eaten kosher no birds of prey may be eaten Fish must have fins and seals Shellfish are unclean or not kosher Meat and milk must be separate only front part of cow is eaten

The ________ of living things offers constraints and opportunities for achieving optimal nutritional status.

physiology

French Paradox

refers to the fact that people in France suffer relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease despite their diet being rich in saturated fats. Irish physician Samuel Black first noted the phenomenon in 1819

relationship between lifestyle and health among Seventh-Day Adventists

religion organized in the united states thet views human body as a temple of the holy spirit and ecounrages memebers to practice a vegetarian diet

Social Environment may be connect to...

religious belief & local medical knowledge

Ceres

roman goddess of the harvest or agriculture

1st Domesticated Animals

sheeps, goats, pigs and cows

most common used agriculture method

slash and burn agriculture

how geography affected the political life

small local governments as a result of terrain

Discuss advantages of the Family Meal

socializes, teachers manners, teaches conversation and helps to teach children dinner etiquette

Native-Born

someone who was born in the U.S.

Foreign-Born

someone who was not a U.S. citizen at birth

Social organization results from...

the ways a culture arranges or categorizes it members into families, social strata, communities, & other groups

mezze definition and foods

these dishes are tasty appetizers or small dishes that are served on small plats. it is also the name given to mediterranean traction of hospitality. some of the foods served at this meal include: hummus, baba ganouj, dolmas, pita bread, lavash, tabouli, lamb

Italian Flavorings & Seasonings

tomatoes, garlic, basil, oregano, olive oil

________ are used by a society for producing, processing, and preparing food.

tools & techniques

geography and personal relationships in ancient Greece

travel was difficult and the guest-host relation became sacred

Social Environment is largely influenced by the ideology of a people. In this context, ideology includes the....that groups of people share with respect to food. Social Environment is largely influenced by the ________ of people.

values, preferences, meanings, & beliefs ideology

Sparta Diet

very mitilartistic- they had no luxury. major food was pork broth

Apicius

wrote the 1st cookbook called De re coquinaria (cooking matters) described many game meats, sauces, spices, fruits and flavorings that were eaten by the rich

Describe the history and characteristics of "soul food".

"Soul food" was first associated with the African American slave diet. It then became more characteristic of the food eaten in the southern part of the U.S. African American "soul food" is a cuisine which uses wholesome, fresh, available ingredients. Nothing is wasted in the African American kitchen. All ethnic groups have a "soul food", which merely means foods that evoke comfort.

Natural Resources Available

- Food sources (fruits, vegetables, starch, meat/animal products) - Spices/condiments - Water - Sources of sugar

Preparation of food and beverages

- Includes raw ingredients portions ready to eat - Untensils/equipment used - Methods of preparation

Acculturation

- adaptation by an ethnic group to a new majority culture. - occurs when people of one ethnicity move to an area with different cultural norms - takes place along a continuum of behavior patterns - moving back and forth between traditional practices and adopted customs

Intra-Enthnic Variation

- always will be diversity within an ethnic or a cultural group. - may be in the form of a variation of status and power within an ethnic group - may be variation due to racial, regional, or economic divisions within the group - Variation may be due to differing rate of acculturation to the majority culture

Enculturation

- cultural habits/norms that are passed from generation to generation - occurs through language acquisition and socialization - a collective adaptation to a specific set of environmental conditions

Culture

- norms, beliefs, values, attitudes, practices, and other conventional understandings accepted and shared by members of a group or community - learned; it is not inherited. - Norms regarding what is appropriate/not appropriate to eat

Assimilation

- people from one cultural group shed their ethnic identity and fully merge into the majority culture - often difficult for first-generation immigrants - usually takes place in subsequent generations

Ethnicity

- social identity or cultural membership that is associated with shared behavior patterns, including food habits, dress, language, family structure, and often religious affiliation - Usually share a common heritage

Food choices may indicate...

1. social status 2. religious beliefs 3. celebrations 4. gender

Athens Diet

3 meals a day- light breakfast and midday meal, 2 course dinner that included protein and vegetables with nuts, fruits and olives- reloaded most on fish, goats, sheep, cheese, olives and olives oil

Describe a common Nigerian meal.

A common Nigerian meal consists of roast chicken, jollof rice (a dish comprised of layers of meat, tomatoes and other vegetables, and steamed rice), and fried plantains (a starchy vegetable that resembles a banana; it is usually fried in palm oil). Fufu is a common food.

What is the typical daily meal pattern for the Greeks?

A typical meal pattern includes three meals a day: light breakfast of coffee or tea with bread, cheese, and olives main meal at lunch in the early afternoon light supper at the end of the day Snacking is common in Greece

Kwanza

AA holiday Created in 1966 Celebrates the unity of all people of African heritage December 26- January 1 Seven principles

Explain the tradition of afternoon tea in Great Britain.

Afternoon tea in England began as a small snack to "tide" the Queen over until the late dinner was served. "High" tea is a meal that is larger than what is served at a traditional "tea". "High" tea may often replace dinner. Afternoon tea is one of the most appealing food traditions from England. It is considered a refined, upper class event. Tea is usually served with milk and sugar.

Who was the God of the Grape, and what did he symbolize?

Also known as the God of Wine, Dionysus symbolized resurrection and immortality to the Greeks. This paralleled the dying and rebirth of the grapevine each year. Men were known to commit terrible acts when under Dionysus' influence.

Discuss the following concepts from the "Food Culture of Northern Europeans"

American food patterns are European "melting pot" There are many united states citizens today of European descent many American foods actually have European origins the American meal pattern was adopted from the

Use of foodstuff and beverages at meal time

Amounts/portion sizes Food/drink variations Styles of food/drink

Who was the primary author of a landmark study conducted in the 1960s that provided evidence of the healthfulness of the Mediterranean Diet? What were the results of this study?

Ancel Keys conducted the Seven Countries Study. His team studied the diet, lifestyle, and incidence of coronary heart disease among 12,763 middle-aged men from the U.S., Japan, Italy, Greece, Netherlands, Finland, and Yugoslavia. Results showed that in the Mediterranean and Asian regions of the world (where vegetables, grains, fruits, beans, and fish are consumed), heart disease was rare. In countries where red meat, cheese, and other high fat foods were consumed, heart disease was very high. This study was one of the first to indicate that diet plays a key role in the onset of coronary heart disease.

Seven Countries Study

Ancel keys conducted the study. His team studied the diet lifestyle and incidence of coronary heart disease young 12,736 middle aged men from the US, Japan, Italy, Greece, netherlands, Finland and yugoslavia. Provided evidence of the helpfulness of the mediterranean diet.

In ancient Egypt, the Jews were persecuted because they practiced a monotheistic religion. Many foods still eaten today by the Jews have symbolism dating back to this ancient time of slavery. What are the symbols of the following foods eaten during various Jewish holidays?

Apples and nuts: symbolized the bricks the Jews had to make for the pyramids Horseradish: symbolized the bitterness of slavery Hard-boiled egg dipped in salt water: symbolized the tears cried by Jewish slaves Matzoh: symbolized the quick exodus from Egypt - no time to prepare leavened bread

Differentiate between the diet of the people in ancient Athens and the diet eaten by the Spartans.

Athens: 3 meals/day; light breakfast and midday meal, 2 course dinner that included protein and vegetables with nuts, fruits, and olives. Common foods included fish and sea creatures, goats and sheep, cheese, olives and olive oil, and figs/grapes. Sparta: very militaristic; they denied themselves luxury. Although food was available, their major food was a pork broth. From this lifestyle comes the word "spartan" - rigorously self-disciplined or self-restrained

Differentiate between the immigration patterns of the Greeks to the United States and the immigration patterns of people from the Middle East to the United States.

Beginning in the late 1800s, the Greeks sought economic independence in the U.S. They opened small businesses: many candy shops and restaurants. Self-employment was common. Unemployment was low. After WW II, people from the Middle East came to the U.S. to seek a college education. They sought professional, technical, and managerial jobs. A spirit of entrepreneurship exists among Middle Eastern immigrants.

commonalities/diversities among countries in the Mediterranean region:

Commonalities Mountainous terrain provides barriers from other countries Aird and in Greece and middle east limits agriculture the balkans are temperate in climate Optimal farming exists along fertile crescent countries are bordered by the sea Diversities: Religion plays fundamental role in daily life in mediterranean region judaism, Christianity and island have many followers Each region has dietary laws that are the foundation of the diet and food preparation

Name two reasons why cows are sacred in the Hindu religion.

Cows are sacred because they produce oxen, which are sturdy work animals that can pull plows. Cows produce dung, which is used for fuel and fertilizer, and it is free. Cows are sacred because they may be someone's reincarnated relative As a result, cows are not eaten by Hindus

Explain how prehistoric humans communicated about food through dance, speech, and art.

Dance - in religious ceremonies, humans danced for rain, healthy crops, a good hunt. When they got what they wanted through the dance, they believed that the gods brought it to them. Speech - when humans learned to talk, they could communicate where food was, were danger was. They could name foods. Art - early cave art depicted food, fertility, hunts. Prehistoric humans practiced "sympathetic magic".

Explain the importance of etiquette and hospitality for people in the Mediterranean region.

Hospitality is a duty - a centuries-old practice from the guest-host relationship. Status of a family is determined by how a guest is treated. Guest should bring a gift for the host. Foods given to a guest reflect the status of that guest. Always wash hands before eating. Only stop eating when everyone else does

A very powerful goddess in ancient Greek life was Demeter. What did she represent, and what modern custom had its origins during this ancient time?

Demeter was the Goddess of Grain, also known as the Goddess of the Harvest or the Goddess of All Living Things. Barley was sprinkled around her temple to assure the earth would be fertile. This grew into a custom of using wheat, then rice. The custom spread from the temple to the wedding ceremony to assure fertility in marriage.

Slave diet

Depended on what the owners gave them Salt pork and corn Rice, salted fish, molasses Greens, legumes, milk, sweet potatoes Foods eaten depended in availability and surplus Hunger was common among slaves Corn was a staple Boiling and frying were common methods of cooking Food had to be portable Some slaves given gardens and hogs Chitterlings = Pig intestine

Food preservation

Drying, Salting, Smoking, Pickling, Canning, Jams/jellies/preserves, Cheese making, Freezing/cooling

Many English words are derived from Indian root words. Name some foods that have their word origin from India. Name some common foods associated with early Indian civilization.

English food words with Indian roots include pilaf, rice, pepper, mango, orange, curry, sugar. Indian food associated with the early civilization included peas, chickpeas, lentils, coconuts, pomegranates, dates, lemons, melons.

The Buddhist religion has its foundation in the Four Noble Truths. These truths, in turn, influence eating patterns. What are the Four Noble Truths?

Existence is suffering. Suffering is caused by craving pleasure and possessions Suffering is cured if cravings are relinquished. Cravings are extinguished and suffering ceases if the Eight Fold Path is followed. (The Eight Fold Path is concerned with doing 8 things the "right" way.)

African American Family

Extended family has been important since tribal times Extended family provides support for dislocated parents and children during times of slavery Many families today are headed by single women

Define fasting and abstinence as it pertains to the Roman Catholic church in the United States, and name the two main fast days that are observed today

Fasting: consuming only one full meal per day Abstinence: refraining from eating meat Two main fast days include Ash Wednesday and Good Friday

Describe the significance of the discovery of fire on the eating habits of prehistoric humans

Fire transformed food. It was more palatable. It was safer to eat. It provided a variety of ways for humans to cook food (roasting, pit roasting, spit roasting). It was a method of preserving food. Fire was considered sacred to early man. They did not know where it came from. They believed the gods controlled fire.

West African Cuisine

Foods are boiled or fried The backbone of the diet is fufu Foods are eaten by hand Palm oil is the predominant fat used for frying.

Food Tasting of Western African Diet

Fried plantains Jollof rice Garlic cheese grits Collard Greens

What are two factors that determine where life is hospitable to plants and humans, and thus civilizations may form? What and where was the earliest civilization?

Geography and climate are the most important factors that determine where life is hospitable to plants and humans. The first civilization was Mesopotamia (The Fertile Crescent), which was located along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, in present day Iraq.

Greek and Middle East worldviews

Greek: greek orthodox church, family is patriarchal and extended families are very important middle east: early arab immigrants were christian recent arab immigrants are muslims, immigrants from Israel are mostly jewish, men provide economic security, women provide socialization, love and comfort

Islamic Dietary Laws

Halal are permitted foods Haram and not permitted- swine, four, birds of prey, improperly slaughtered animals, blood and blood products, alcohol

The Need for Cultural Competency

Health professionals (really everyone in the work force) must be able to discover relevant cultural patterns and differences among their clients and be able to incorporate a knowledge of these patterns into their interventions and communications. Effective intercultural communication is essential for health professionals to appropriately understand and accept a client's/patient's perspective and life experiences.

History indicates that early humans were primarily herbivores. Research shows that humans then evolved into carnivores and omnivores. Define:

Herbivore: plant eater Carnivore: meat eater Omnivore: meat and plant eater

Which Eastern religion groups its followers into caste systems? What caste is the highest and most respected?

Hindu Brahman

Worldview: Religion

Important It provides sanctuary from trials of life Provides hope and fellowship 75% belong to a church National Baptist Convention is the largest denomination A small % are Muslim

Describe the Ethiopian food culture.

In Ethiopia, people eat with their hands. They do not use forks. Staple items include millet (teff), sorghum, plantains, lentils, peanuts, chickpeas. The common bread is called injera - a spongy flatbread made of teff. A spice mixture, called berbere, is used. It consists of allspice, cinnamon, cayenne, cloves, coriander, cumin, fenugreek, ginger, nutmeg, and black pepper.

For both the Greeks and people from the Middle East, the family is strongly patriarchal. What does this mean? How does this impact socialization within the family?

In a patriarchal social system, the male is the unquestioned authority of the family. He is honored. Often times, extended families may live together, and the oldest male is the head of the family. Respect for elders is often emphasized. The men are in charge of providing economic security. The females provide socialization, love, and comfort for the children and family.

Western India was the site of another early civilization. Along what river was this civilization?

Indus River

Name the Jewish New Year, and state one symbolic food that is eaten during this time.

Jewish New Year: Rosh Hashanah Symbolic foods include apples and honey - to represent a sweet new year

What is Juneteenth?

Juneteenth is the celebration of the emancipation of the slaves. The origin of the celebration was in Galveston, TX on June 19, 1865. It has evolved into a yearly celebration in over 150 cities in 30 states. It is the oldest known celebration of the ending of slavery.

What is Kwanzaa?

Kwanzaa is an African American holiday that began in 1966. It celebrates the unity of all people of African heritage. The holiday runs from December 26 until January 1. It celebrates seven principles important to African American culture. The holiday culminates with a feast that includes traditional African American foods.

Define the following traditional Jewish dishes, and state at what holiday they are usually consumed.

Latke - fried potato pancake (Hanukkah) Gefilte Fish - fish balls (Sabbath) Matzo - unleavened bread (Passover) Hamantashen - fruit-filled cookie (Purim) Challah - braided egg bread (Sabbath, Rosh Hashanah) Kreplach - "Jewish wonton" (Purim) Honey cakes/Teiglach - honeyed dessert (Rosh Hashanah)

In Spain, meals are not rushed. Dinner is often late in the evening. Eating is an important social activity for the Spanish. What is the typical meal pattern in Spain? What is a tapa? The typical meal pattern in Spain is:

Light breakfast Lunch - main meal of the day Supper Tapas throughout the day A rest time is often taken after the large, substantial lunch is eaten. A tapa is a small snack.

Customs/rituals

Likes/dislikes for various food/beverages Food preparation Foodservice Eating patterns Drink consumption

Food presentation

Methods of service Utensils used Table settings Plate presentation Garnishing

Define mezze, and name several foods that would be served at a traditional mezze.

Mezze are tasty appetizers or small dishes that are served on small plates. Mezze is also the name given to the Mediterranean tradition of hospitality. Foods that are traditionally served at a mezze include hummus, baba ganouj, dolmas, pita bread, lavash, tabouli, lamb.

The origin of what grain is traced back to the earliest civilization in China - along the Yellow (Huang He) River?

Millet came from China.

What geographic commonalities exist among the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea?

Mountainous terrain provides barriers from other countries. Arid land in Greece and Middle East limits agriculture. The Balkans are temperate in climate. Optimal farming exists along Fertile Crescent. Countries are bordered by the sea.

Food played many roles in ancient Greek mythology. Name two foods that the gods/ goddesses ate that were forbidden by the mortals to eat. Explain Aphrodite's relationship with food. Who was Tantalus, and what influence did he have on food?

Nectar and ambrosia were foods of the gods that were forbidden by humans. They were "heavenly" foods. Aphrodite was the Goddess of Love. She gave her name to foods that were thought to stimulate the senses: oysters, caviar, champagne, chocolate (aphrodisiacs). Tantalus was a mortal who ate with the gods. He practiced cannibalism and was punished by the gods. "Tantalize" means to drive someone crazy with desire.

Omnivores Paradox

Neo-philia Neo-phobi

Name the five Mormon Laws of Health

No tobacco, strong drinks, hot drinks. No caffeine. Diet based on grains; limited use of meat. One year supply of food and clothing. Fast one day per month.

Differentiate between Northern Italian, Central Italian, and Southern Italian cuisines.

Northern: beef, veal, butter, rice, polenta, Parmigiano, fresh egg pasta, wine, balsamic vinegar Central: tomatoes, pasta, alfredo, gnocchi, Romano, Ricotta Southern: pasta, yeast doughs (pizza, calzone, focaccia), olive oil, pork, Mozzarella, sardines, anchovies

Health status of Western African Diet

Nutritional deficiencies are prevalent among the poor Most common fiber, iron, calcium, vitamins A and C. Intake of F/V and whole grains are low Calories from animal proteins and fats are high High sodium intake Obesity, type II diabetes and hypertension occur at a high rate among AA. Pica

What are the nutritional concerns of African Americans today?

Nutritional deficiencies are prevalent among the poor. The most common deficiencies are fiber, iron, calcium, vitamins A and C. Intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is low. Intake of calories from animal proteins and fats is high. Sodium intake is high. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure (hypertension) are prevalent among African Americans. The incidence of pica is high.

Name at least four aspects of the Jewish Dietary Laws (Kashrut).

Only animals with cloven feet may be eaten. They are "clean" or kosher. No birds of prey may be eaten. Fish must have fins and scales. Shellfish are "unclean" or not kosher. Meat and milk must not be eaten in the same meal. Only the front part of the cow is eaten. Nothing behind the sciatic nerve is eaten. Eggs, fruit, vegetables, and grains are pareve, and they may be eaten with either milk or meat products.

Juneteenth

Origins- Galveston, TX: June 19, 1865 Slaves were free Emancipation proclamation Evolved into a yearly celebration

What is the origin of the word "mezze"?

Persian - maza: "taste, relish" Arabic - mazmiz: "nibble at food"

Soul Food

Pork, pork products, corn, and greens are still the foundation of the diet Greens cooked in water flavored with salt pork The flavorful broth is called Pot Likker Chicken, local fish, and shellfish are eaten Lard is used to fry chicken and fish Thick stews called gumbo, combine meats, veggies, and rice. They are made thick with okra and file powder Corn bread

What foods form the foundation of the African American Southern "Soul Food" cuisine?

Pork, pork products, corn, and greens form the foundation of the diet. Foods include pig's feet, pig's ears, head cheese, cracklings, chitterlings, ham hock. Lard (pig fat) is used to fry foods. Greens are cooked in water flavored with salt pork. The flavorful broth is called pot likker. Other protein foods eaten are chicken, local shellfish and fish. Gumbos and thick stews are popular.

Explain what is commemorated during the Muslim holiday of Ramadan. When does it occur? How long does it last? What association does food have with Ramadan?

Ramadan commemorates the first revelation to Mohammad by the angel Gabriel. It is celebrated during the 9th lunar month of the Islamic calendar. The exact dates will be different every year. Fasting is observed from dawn to sunset each day. It is the major fast of the Islamic religion. The fast is broken each night with a community dinner. The end of Ramadan is celebrated with a major feast called Eid al-Fitr - "Feast of Fast Breaking".

What is the primary diversity among countries in the Mediterranean region that contributes to food and meal patterns?

Religion plays a fundamental role in the daily life among people in the Mediterranean region. The main religions are very diverse. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have many followers. Each religion has dietary laws that are the foundation of the diet and food preparation.

What was the family and religious worldview of African American slaves?

Religion was valued; it provided a sanctuary from trials of daily life. It provided hope and fellowship. Extended family is valued; extended family provided support for dislocated parents and children during slavery.

Typical Nigerian Meal

Roasted chicken Jollof rice Fried plantains Ethiopian cuisine Teff, sorghum, plantains Legumes- lentils, chickpeas, peanuts Injera- spongy flatbread made from teff Berbere- spice mixture

food customs during/and foods associated with

Rosh Hashanah: jewish new year, challah bread is eaten on that day and a honeyed dessert Passover/Sabbath: no technology- unleavened bread.

"Via Solaria" was the name of the road into ancient Rome. This is the name of a valuable trade item which had deposits along the banks of the river. What was this valuable trade item?

Salt was a valuable trade item.

What Protestant religion, officially organized in 1863 in the United States, views the "human body as a temple of the Holy Spirit" and encourages its members to practice a vegetarian diet?

Seventh-Day Adventist

What are common protein foods consumed in various Mediterranean cuisines?

Sheep, lamb, and mutton are commonly used meats. Legumes are very popular - chickpeas (garbanzo beans), lentils, fava beans. Sesame seeds are used as an ingredient in hummus. Tahini is sesame seed paste or sesame "butter". Yogurt and feta cheese are the common dairy products consumed.

How did the geography of Greece influence the resulting political system and personal relationships in this ancient civilization?

Small, local governments were formed as a result of the mountainous terrain and impassable areas. Travel was difficult, and the guest-host relationship became sacred. Only 15-20% of the land was fertile or flat enough for farming. Since they could not produce their own grain, they founded other colonies to produce grain for them. They traded.

What are the staple foods of West Africa?

Staple foods vary by locality. They include corn, millet, rice, yams, cassava, taro, plantains, sweet potatoes, potatoes, okra, pumpkin, and eggplant.

Describe the food patterns of the African American Southern "Soul Food" cuisine.

Sunday dinner is very important. It is a time to share with family and friends. Sharing food is integral to the food habits of African Americans. A large breakfast is common on the weekends.

The Catholic church played a central role in the life of what European immigrants to the United States?

The Catholic church played a central role in family and social life for the French immigrants. Family life centered around parish life for many Irish immigrants. Participation in the Catholic church helped with acculturation for many Spanish and Italian immigrants to the United States.

What ethnic groups, who settled in parts of southern Louisiana and the Mississippi region, are known for their own regional cuisine?

The Creoles were descendents with French, African, and Caribbean heritage. The Cajuns were descendents of French Canadians from Acadia.

Which ethnic group of French descent showed little assimilation in the United States for many generation? (They kept their own worldview, family/social patterns, and food habits.)

The French-Americans in New England, descendents from the French Canadians, showed little interest in assimilating for many years.

What is at the center of Greek community life?

The Greek Eastern Orthodox Church is the center of Greek community and family life. The church is traditional and resistant to change.

What foods are at the "center" of the Mediterranean Diet?

The Mediterranean Diet is centered around vegetables, whole grains, fruits, beans, and fish.

What river, in Egypt, runs north/south through the country for 4,000 miles and is known as the "giver of life", because it provided the early civilization with water to drink, fish to eat, fertile soil, and farming?

The Nile River - it is the longest river in the world.

The sacred writings which founded the religion of Islam are found in what book?

The Quran (Koran)

How did the African culture and the "Master" culture influence the African American Slave Diet?

The slaves ate foods they knew from the "New World", such as cassava, corn, chilies, peanuts, pumpkin, and tomatoes. The ate their native West African foods, such as black eyed peas, okra, tara, watermelon, and sesame. Slaves also learned to eat what was given to them by their masters, such as salt pork, corn, rice, salted fish, molasses, milk, sweet potatoes. The slaves ate what was available agriculturally, such as greens and legumes.

Christmas is the main holiday celebrated in most of the European countries. What foods are part of the traditional Christmas meal in England?

The traditional Christmas "feast" includes Roast beef with Yorkshire pudding Dressing Potatoes Vegetables Plum pudding Wassail (traditional beverage to toast the holidays)

The first leavened bread was believed to be produced in Egypt during the early civilizations. What are some theories as to how the leavened bread was created?

Theories about how leavened bread was created during early Egyptian civilizations: 1. Yeast fell on some dough that was left out to sit 2. Ale, instead of water, was mixed with flour to make bread

When the African American slaves were given "gardens" by their masters, what did they learn to grow and raise?

They experimented with indigenous vegetation. They grew okra, cow peas, cabbage, greens, and sweet potatoes. Some slaves raised hogs. This produced chitterlings, maw, and hocks.

The Mediterranean Sea was the center of economic life for the ancient Greeks. How did this affect their food life?

They learned to sail and fish. They learned creative cooking methods for fish. They learned to preserve fish. They traded their staple crops for things they could not grow. Their staple crops included olive oil and wine.

Name four different reasons why the British, Scottish, and Irish (in the 1600s) and then the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese (in the 1800s) began to immigrate to the United States.

To flee religious persecution To serve as indentured servants To escape the potato famine (blight) To seek economic opportunity

How does religion impact the worldview of Middle Eastern immigrants to the United States?

Today, most Middle Eastern immigrants are Muslim. For assimilation into American life, the Islam faith has made many adaptations for practical reasons. Middle Eastern immigrants from Israel are most often of the Jewish faith. Jews in the United States observe centuries-old holidays and food customs.

Why study food and culture?

United States is moving toward cultural plurality

food patterns of the upper class Romans vs. food patterns of the lower class Romans

Upper class: 10% of population, elaborate dining rooms; elaborate multi-course dinners; lots of wine lower class: 90% of population, no kitchens, wheat was mainstay; drank diluted wine

Differentiate between the food patterns and cuisine of the upper class Romans and the lower class Romans. Who wrote the first cookbook, which details the banquets and conviviums of the upper class in ancient Rome?

Upper class: 10% of population; elaborate dining rooms; elaborate multi-course dinners (conviviums); lots of wine Lower class: 90% of population; no kitchens; wheat was mainstay; drank diluted wine Apicius wrote first cookbook - called De re coquinaria (Cooking Matters). It described many game meats, sauces, spices, fruits, and flavorings that were eaten by the rich.

Native West African Foods

Watermelon, black eye peas, okra, sesame, taro

Name three inventions that aided in the development of trade in the early civilizations, and name a commodity that was a very valuable trade item.

Wheel Plow Sail Salt was a very valuable trade item.

British/Irish/French worldviews British afternoon tea:

afternoon tea in England began as small snack for the queen to be full until diner high tea is a meal that is larger than what is served at a traditional tea high tea sometimes replaces dinner Afternoon tea is the most popular holiday foods in England,

1st Plants Cultivated

barrel wheat and millet

What we eat is influenced by a dynamic relationships between...

biological, cultural, environmental, & socio-economic components

traditional foods from the British Isles

biscuit, colcannon, crumptet, final haddie, haggis, shepards pie, trifle, Yorkshire pudding

French Seasoning Bunch

bouquet garni

Foods from the New World

Cassava, corn, chilies, peanuts, pumpkins, tomatoes

Greek slaves brought their cooking skills and customs to Rome. The Romans worshipped gods and goddesses, as did the Greeks, but they had different names for the gods and goddesses. Who was the Roman Goddess of the Harvest, whose name is the root word for grain?

Ceres was the Roman Goddess of the Harvest or Agriculture. Her name is the root word for grain or cereal

What grains and breads are common in the Mediterranean cuisines?

Common breads include pita bread and lavash. Phyllo dough is common. Wheat is an indigenous crop. Bulgur wheat is used to make tabouli. Couscous (a small pasta) is common in North Africa. Rice is a staple in the Middle East (pilaf, basmati).

Define the following foods that are traditionally from the British Isles: Biscuit Colcannon Crumpet Finnan haddie Haggis Shepard's pie Trifle Yorkshire pudding

a cracker or cookie mashed potatoes and cabbage bread similar to English muffin poached haddock with onions meat, oatmeal, spices encased in a sheep's stomach leftover meat topped with mash layered dessert (cake, pudding, fruit) popover baked in meat drippings

Neo-philia

excitement to try new things

Significance of fire

fire transformed food. it was more platable, safer to eat, new ways to cook food, method of preserving food, fire was sacred

Name the seasonings that are common in Mediterranean cuisines.

garlic, dill, mint, cinnamon, oregano, parsley, pepper, saffron, cardamom, and lemon.

Requirements for civilization

geography and climate are the most important factors that determine where life is hospitable to plants and humans

Dionysus

god of wine symbolized resurrection and immortality to the greeks

Demeter

goddess of grain, harvest and all living things

Neo-phobia

hatred of trying new things

Humans do not need to eat the same set of foods to promote...

health/longevity

Emphasis is placed on...aspects of food customs

historical, social, economic, religious, and aesthetic

Communication about food

in religious ceremonies, humans danced for rain, healthy crops, good hunt. when they got what they wanted from the dance they believed that the gods brought it to them