Food Science Exam 3

Foods containing all of the essential amino acids are considered "______________" proteins

"complete"

Foods lacking one or more amino acid are considered "_________________."

"incomplete"

The Geneva Protocol of 1925 that prohibited the use of biological/chemical agents was ineffective because it did NOT prohibit:

-The research and development of the agents. - The use of agents as retaliation if a nation was first attacked with the agents. -The stockpiling of the agents.

developed the equipment and the processes for producing small units of frozen foods for consumer use.

. Clarence Birdseye

Regarding Fiber, For liquid dairy products like milk and yogurt,

1 cup or 8 ounces is a serving

How many egg yolks should your have per day

1 egg yolk

Current recommendations are that adults consume __ to __ mg of boron per day.

1 to 3 mg

reasons for the popularity of fermented foods today include:

1) The enhanced nutritional value 2) The enhanced functionality 3) Increased organoleptic value 4)Uniqueness 5) Increased economic value

Maximizing the water-holding capacity are affected by

1) the PH of the meat 2) Rigor Mortis 3) Exchange of Ions

woman that lost sixty pounds and kept it off for twelve years. This patient followed a very simple plan as her mental retardation made reading and writing impossible. Two things were key to her weight loss success

1. walk as much as possible everyday 2. Follow the rule of one

Adults should consume ___-_____ mg of manganese per day.

1.8-2.3 mg

Regarding Fiber, For most grains, nuts and legumes,

1/2 cup is one serving.

Should consume less than ____% of Saturated fatty acids

10%

The DRI recommends consuming ___% or less of total calories from saturated fat.

10%

The current DRI for protein intake is

10-35% of total calories

People with atherosclerosis should keep their LDL level below

100 mg/dL

A group approved by the USDA certifies the product that it contains no ingredients produced using sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation, or antibiotics.

100% organic

Adults should continue to consume ________ to ________ mg of calcium per day.

1000 to 1200 mg

Human needs are estimated to be in the range of ___ to ___ µg of arsenic per day

12 to 25 µg

Dieters, regardless of their plan, should consume at least ___________ calories per day

1200

Older children and teens should consume ________ mg per day while adults should consume _____ mg per day.

1250 mg; 700 mg

teens should consume at least ________ mg of calcium a day

1300 mg

Adults should consume _____ mg per day of Vitamin E

15 mg

monounsaturated fats, recommended up to ____% of total calories and polyunsaturated fats up to ____% of total calories

15%;10%

Dietary recommendations have not been made, but average consumption is ____.__ mg per day in the United States and Canada.

15.5 mg

Translate weight in pounds (lb.) to weight in kilograms (kg).

150 lbs. ÷ 2.2 kg/lb. = 68 kg

Iodine consumption is most common through iodized salt and should be at least _____ µg per day.

150 µg

For adults ages 51+, African Americans ages 2+ and people ages 2+ with high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease reduce sodium intake to _________mg per day

1500 mg

_______ mg a day is recommended for people 51 and older, those of any age who are African-American or have hypertention, diabetes, and/or chronic kidney disease.

1500 mg

The Reinheitsgebot Beer Purity Laws are passed in Germany. Beer is defined as a product derived from only water, malt and hops*. This is the first known food law and is still in effect. *Yeast was later added to the list of permissible ingredients

1516 AD

Flavor changes, color changes, nutrient losses, and texture losses occur fairly rapidly at

15°F

Adult women should consume ___ mg per day and ____ mg per day during pregnancy.

18mg; 27 mg

A chemical reaction rate is cut in half for every ____________ that the temperature is reduced.

18°F (10°C)

It is recommended to consume _____ grams or less a day of trans fats.

2 grams

The current Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for fats is ____-____% of total calories

20-35%

A high protein diet according to the DRI is

20-35% of total calories

one's total cholesterol level should be under

200 mg/dL

The genomes of 10 lactic acid bacteria are sequenced. Scientists hope that by sequencing the microorganisms utilized in food fermentation, additional control, efficiency and effect can be achieved

2004

The _________________ ended the alcohol prohibition in the US.

21st Amendment

An average adult needs ______ mg of chloride per day

2300

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommendations for sodium consumption is _______ mg a day for individuals under the age of 51

2300 mg

odium intake levels for people with high blood pressure should be

2300 mg or less a day

should reduce intake to less than _______ mg of Sodium per day

2300mg

Overweight individuals have a BMI above

25

The DRI for fiber is _____ grams for women

25

The current adequate intake level for chromium ranges from ____ to ____ µg per day for adults.

25 to 35 µg

The recommended upper limit for calcium is ________ mg per day

2500 mg

Obese individuals have a BMI greater than

30

Magnesium stimulates over _____ enzymes throughout the body, including DNA replication.

300

recommend _______ mg or less as the daily dietary intake of cholesterol for healthy people, _______ mg of less for individuals with heart disease or at risk for heart disease.

300 mg; 200mg

Should consume less than ______ mg of Cholesterol per day

300mg

Adults should consume ______-_____ mg/d; foods including nuts, greens, and whole grains are rich in magnesium.

320-420 mg/d

Each pound of body fat equals

3500 calories

The DRI for fiber is _____ grams for men

38

Adults are encouraged to consume _____ µg per day with slightly higher levels recommended for pregnant and lactating women.

45 µg

Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) for carbohydrates is

45-65% of total calories

The DRI's recommend consuming _________ mg of potassium per day.

4700 mg

For Floride, Children under the age of nine should ingest .__-__ mg per day while older children, teens, and adults should ingest __-__ mg per day.

5-2 mg;3-4

Keeping meat farther from __.__ will help retain water-holding capacity. Water-holding capacity is also diminished if the post-harvest change in pH is too rapid.

5.3

Adults are encouraged to consume ______ mg per day of choline

500 mg

Beer, wine, cheese and bread-making are established in the Middle East. Documentation indicates that a large, commercial-style bakery existed to produce bread for workers building the pyramids in Egypt.

5000 BC

Adults should consume ___ µg per day; pregnant and lactating women should increase their intake to ___-____ µg per day.

55 µg ; 60-70 µg

should have 60 minutes of physical activity a day.

6-17 years of age

Optimal HDL levels are above

60 mg/dL

Vitamin D recommendations according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines are ______ IU (15 mcg) a day for children and most adults. For individuals 70 and older, it is recommended to consume _____ IU (20 mcg) a day.

600 IU (15 mcg); 800 IU (20 mcg

Today, almost _____% of Americans are overweight or obese.

65%

Multiply the kg weight by a constant factor determined by age, lifestyle and health.

68 kg × .8 g/kg = 55 g of protein per day

Dietary recommendations have not been made, but average consumption is approximately ____ µg per day.

78 µg

Men have greater iron-storing ability than women and require only __ mg per day.

8 mg

Adults should consume __-__ mg of zinc per day, with increased levels during pregnancy and lactation.

8-11 mg

Current recommended intake is ____ mg per day with citrus fruits being the best sources.

90 mg

Adults should consume ____-______ µg of vitamin K daily

90-120 µg

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adult men and women is _______ g per day.

900 g

The RDI for vitamin A recommends ______ µg RE a day.

900 µg RE

Food Sensitivity/Allergy

A food component that has an adverse effect on sensitive individuals.

Infection, Viral Infection, Toxin Mediated Infection

A living microorganism.

Food Intoxication

A natural substance in the food that has a harmful effect on all who eat it.

Chemical Intoxication

A non-microbial chemical.

Infestation

A parasite.

Intoxication

A toxin produced by a microorganism.

have affected both the consumer and the industry perception of consumer acceptance by using scare tactics.

Activist organizations

they can include transportation systems (trucks, rail, and ships), water supplies, farm workers, producers, food handlers, grain elevators or other storage facilities, restaurants, grocery stores, food and agriculture research laboratories, and possibly others.

Agricultural targets are not just animals or plants;

is the "targeting of animals or crops with disease causing agents with the purpose of disrupting the economy.

Agroterrorism

These attacks could trigger quarantines, food shipment cutoffs, destruction of exposed animals, public panic and huge losses to the $230 billion-a-year American agriculture industry.

Agroterroristic Attacks

If alcohol is consumed, consume in moderation For men, up to 2 drinks per day For women, up to 1 drink per day Specific guidance for breast-feeding women and circumstances in which people should not drink alcohol.

Alcohol

During brew making the process of malting produces what enzyme?

Amylase

a type of food intolerance that is often confused with a true food allergy

Anaphylactoid reactions

a severe type of allergic reaction that involves two or more body systems

Anaphylaxis

An iron deficiency is called

Anemia

is the most common copper deficiency symptom,

Anemia

Biological weapon used on prisoners of war during World War II.

Anthrax

work like plastic wrap to guard cells against anything that could potentially damage the cells including free-radicals, toxins, medications and alcohol. example is beta-carotenoids

Antioxidants

involved heating foods in boiling water baths for long periods of time

Appert's process for canning

encompasses many conditions including coronary heart disease (heart), peripheral vascular disease (arms and legs), carotid artery disease (neck) and cerebral vascular disease (stroke).

Atherosclerosis

meat is also an important source of

B12

Biological Warfare

BW

A bioterrorism incident involving this pathogen resulted in the Washington D.C. U.S. Post Office irradiating incoming mail destined for government offices.

Bacillus anthracis

Vitamin K can be produced by

Bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans

-Enjoy your food, but eat less -Avoid oversized portions

Balancing Calories to Manage Weight

This grain is the source of amylase enzymes in brewing beer.

Barley

a cereal grain from the grass family, that is germinated in large holding tanks

Barley

Which fermented product is made with the following 4 ingredients: hops, malt, yeast, and water?

Beer

the most powerful carotenoid

Beta-carotenoids

an emulsifier made by the liver but stored in the gall bladder, coats the lipids in the small intestine, allowing them to move through the watery intestinal tract.

Bile

is evident by the acid and gas produced by bacterial growth; and the amount of pressure is sufficient to swell and even burst cans.

Biological

A term to describe the use of rockets filled with biological agents.

Biological Warheads

In 1972, the United States, UK, and USSR signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, commonly referred to as the ....

Biological Weapons Convention

Term for the use of biological weapons in warfare.

Bioterrorism

a form of energy usable by cells. All carbohydrates are broken down into this

Blood Glucose

Healthcare professionals define overweight and obesity using the

Body Mass Index or BMI.

function is unknown however, it is believed to be involved in vitamin D metabolism and affects calcium and magnesium levels in the body

Boron

comprises only four to five percent of the water in meat. It is held tightly in the proteins and has little effect on juiciness or risk of escaping

Bound water

1. Determine the daily caloric intake for Ex: 1600 cal/day 2.Multiply by the desired fat level (25%) ------> 1600 cal/day × .25 = 400 cal/day 3. Divide by 9 cal/g to determine recommended grams of fats per day ------> 400 cal/day ÷ 9 g/cal = 44 g of fats per day

Calculating grams of fat based on diet

1. Determine the daily caloric intake and the daily fats grams consumed Ex: 1600 cal/day and 44 g/day fats 2. Determine calories of fats consumed by multiplying g/day by 9 cal/g -----> 44 g/day × 9 cal/g = 396 cal/day 3. Find the percentage of fats consumed by dividing fat calories by total calories. -----> 396 cal/day ÷ 1600 cal/day = .25 × 100 = 25% calories from fats

Calculating percent fats from grams of fats consumed

1. Determine the daily caloric intake and the daily carbohydrate grams consumed. For example, 2000 cal/day and 275 g/day carbohydrates 2. Determine calories of carbohydrates consumed by multiplying g/day by 4 cal/g --------> 275 g/day × 4 cal/g = 1100 cal/day 3. Find the percentage of carbohydrates consumed by dividing carbohydrate calories by total calories -------> 1100 cal/day ÷ 2000 cal/day = .55 × 100 = 55% carbohydrate

Calculating percent of carbohydrates from grams of carbohydrates consumed

1. Determine the daily caloric intake and the daily protein grams consumed ---------> 2000 cal/day and 100 g/day protein 2. Determine calories of protein consumed by multiplying g/day by 4 cal/g ---------> 100 g/day × 4 cal/g = 400 cal/day 3. Find the percentage of protein consumed by dividing protein calories by total calories ------> 400 cal/day ÷ 2000 cal/day = .2 × 100 = 20% protein calories

Calculating percent protein from grams of protein consumed

the key to achieving a healthy body weight.

Calorie Balance

Flavor Tenderness Juiciness Texture

Carbohydrates

are the preferred and major energy source for the body.

Carbohydrates

an adverse reaction to the protein gluten, which is present in wheat, rye, barley, and, to some extent, oats

Celiac disease

These swellings occur when defects in the tin plating or lacquered coating on the can allow acid to come in contact with the iron of the can. This chemical process results in the production of hydrogen gas.

Chemical

Influences fluid balances in the body and acts as an electrolyte. Is also an important component of hydrochloric acid (HCl), an important digestive agent in the stomach.

Chloride

a substance which is a sterol rather than a triglyceride. It is found in any animal based food or food product that contains an animal based ingredient. The primary food sources are beef, pork, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, yogurt and cheese.

Cholesterol

is the newest vitamin and is needed to synthesize important molecules and is a source of carbon atoms in biochemical reactions

Choline

The Dietary Guidelines provide the basis for the visual,__________ _____ _____________, which replaced the My Pyramid in 2011.

Choose My Plate

assists insulin in metabolizing sugars and starches

Chromium

comprise connective tissue found between muscles.

Collagen proteins

was achieved in the 1800s using an ice and salt system

Commercial freezing

who must also learn to recognize various terms that may indicate the presence of the allergen or ingredients that were derived from the offending food

Consumers

helps to restore, replace and improve the balance of healthy bacteria in the intestinal tract, especially the mouth. Some probiotics promote good peristaltic (muscle) movement of the intestinal tract.

Consuming probiotic products

A group approved by the USDA certifies the product and at least 70% of the ingredients were produced without using sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation or antibiotics.

Contains Organic Ingredients

component of many enzymes and proteins used in metabolizing iron and lipids, synthesizing connective tissues, maintaining heart muscle, and immune and central nervous system functions and is also utilized by blood clotting agents and has been shown to relieve anemia

Copper

Which allergenic food source has the highest prevalence of food allergies in adults?

Crustacean shellfish

Adults are recommended to consume at least 3 cups of fat-free or low-fat milk, milk based desserts, cheese, fat-free or low-fat yogurt or soy milk a day.

Dairy

term used to describe foods that are dried by modern technological processes.

Dehydration

is an abnormal blood glucose condition in which the blood glucose level is generally too high

Diabetes

is the sixth leading cause of death.

Diabetes

Another approach to hypertension management is the

Dietary Approached to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan

-Growth, repair and maintenance. -Regulation of fluids. -Transportation. -Production of hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies and enzymes. -Acid-base balance.

Different functions that proteins help with

a challenge for these individuals, as there are no ingredient statements for them to check, and the food server may not always know how the chef prepares the meal or if any cross-contamination may have occurred in the kitchen.

Dining out

are steam heated rotating drums used to dehydrate fluid products. Slurry is deposited as a thin film and heat is transferred through the drum wall to the fluid product

Drum driers

one of the oldest methods of food processing and works on the principle of lowering water activity (aw) of the food so microbial growth is either inhibited or prevented

Drying

This viral pathogen attacks blood vessels and causes internal bleeding:

Ebola

Excessive fluoride consumption often results in mottled teeth referred to as

Enamel Fluorosis

This should be administered as soon as there is indication an individual is experiencing a severe allergic reaction.

Epinephrine

can be a life-sustaining treatment of a severe reaction, but must be administered in the early stages of the allergic reaction to be effective; this, however, does not guarantee a positive outcome

Epinephrine

increases the risk of becoming obese and developing diabetes, and high blood pressure.

Excess insulin

The food contains less than 5 grams of fat per serving and less than two grams of saturated fat per serving.

Extra Lean

most often used in the food industry to produce breakfast cereals, pasta products, snacks, and pet foods Relatively recent development

Extrusion

Health and processing claims made on food packaging are also regulated by the

FDA

provides additional flavors and are different in each species of animal.

Fat

Juiciness Flavor Tenderness (limited)

Fat Factor

Saturated fatty acids—less than 10% of calories; Less than 7% reduces risk of cardiovascular disease Replace with poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids (not with sugar or refined grain) Trans fats—as low as possible Cholesterol—less than 300 mg per day, however, the effect of reducing cholesterol is small compared to saturated and trans fats. Egg yolks—up to 1 per day

Fats

a non-digestible polysaccharide.

Fiber

is a unique component of plant based foods and provides few to no calories.

Fiber

The top two factors that influence food choices made by consumers

Flavor and Convenience

is important for bone and dental health. Dental caries are reduced by flouride's ability to strengthen the enamel, attract additional calcium ions, and reduce the acid produced by bacteria in the mouth and also has been shown to stimulate new bone formation.

Floride

is also recognized for preventing birth defects because it assists with DNA replication.

Folate

-are essential to DNA synthesis, particularly in the production of red blood cells. -are essential to DNA synthesis, particularly in the production of red blood cells.

Folate and vitamin B12

a process in which food is exposed to ionizing radiation

Food Irradiation

-Make half your plate fruits and vegetables -Make at least half your grains whole grains -Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk

Food to Increase

any domestic or imported packaged food regulated by the FDA as well as those found in flavorings, colorings or other additives.

Foods that require the new labeling

- Sodium - Fats - Calories - Calories from Solid fats and added sugars - Refined Grains - Alcohol

Foods to Reduce

-Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread, ad frozen meals, choose foods with lower numbers -Drink water instead of sugary drinks

Foods to Reduce

- Vegetables - Fruits - Whole Grains - Dairy - Seafood - Oils

Foods to increase

A disease naturally found in livestock that could easily be weaponized by terrorists against the agricultural industry.

Foot and Mouth Disease

US program that made deadly biological weapons

Fort Detrick

Vitamins and/or minerals have been added to the product in amounts in excess of at least 10% of what is normally present.

Fortified or Enriched

A food contains 0 or a trace amount of the nutrient.

Free

is held loosely by weak surface forces and accounts for about 85% of water in meat. Retaining this water is important in maintaining juiciness.

Free water

process used to produce high quality foods such as coffee, dried fruit in cereal, and freeze dried meals commonly purchased by campers. After the product is frozen, it is subjected to a high vacuum pressure and mild heat. Because of the vacuum, the water goes directly into the vapor state

Freeze Drying

alters the color, texture, flavor, and nutritive value of frozen foods.

Freezer burn

Should fill up about ¼ of the plate. General recommendations for adults is to consume 1 ½ - 2 cups a day of these and their juices.

Fruit

contain "active natural products which may reduce chronic disease risk or promote optimal health". Foods that provide benefit beyond macro- and micronutrients are classified as

Functional Foods

- Lipids provide flavors to foods and provide a feeling of satiety when eating. - Fat-soluble vitamins are transported and stored in lipids. - The body and its internal organs are insulated by lipids. - Infants and young children need lipids to aid in the development of the brain, eyes and lungs. - Lipids are important in the production of hormones.

Functions of Lipids

Aspergillus, which is used to make soy sauce and Penicillium, which has many uses including making Roquefort cheese and the common antibiotic penicillin.

Fungi

can also play a role in those who develop IgE mediated food allergie

Genetics

found in soy products is thought to improve heart and bone health in women;

Genistein,

This growth of the thyroid gland, is caused by an iodine deficiency.

Goiter

A food contains 10-19% of the Daily Value.

Good Source

results in production of metabolic end-products (acids, alcohols) that inhibit competing organisms. Fermented foods have a much longer shelf-life than the ingredients used to make them.

Growth on sugars

Is beneficial because it can help remove plaque from the blood vessels.

HDL

the "good cholesterol," are also made in the liver and carry cholesterol back to the liver for disposal. HDL's help reduce the risk of heart disease.

HDL's (high-density liporoteins),

regulated claim more and more food companies are using on food labels are

Health Claims

are a leading killer of Americans.

Heart Diseases

is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body including muscles

Hemoglobin

microorganisms produce gas

Heterofermentive

are currently used only for spices and dried vegetable seasonings.

High doses of kilograys

A food contains 20% or more of a nutrient.

High or Excellent Source:

In this treatment, carcasses are stored at a higher temperature for a designated length of time at the beginning of the aging period.

High temperature conditioning (HTC)

microorganisms produce acids

Homofermentive

This flower contributes to the bitter taste in beer

Hops

used where the product is brought to a boil then canned.

Hotfill

1. An Awesome weight training program 2. Sleep 3. Fluids 4. Energy and Protein

How to build Muscle Mass

1. Determine the daily caloric intake ----> 2000 cal/day 2. Multiply by the desired protein level (20% is average)----> 2000 cal/day × .20 = 400 cal/day 3. Divide by 4 cal/g to determine recommended grams of protein per day ------> 400 cal/day ÷ 4 g/cal = 100 g of protein per day

How to calculate grams of protein bad on diet

-Reduce saturated fat and trans fatty acids; -Reduce dietary cholesterol to less than 200 mg per day; -Increase soluble fiber intake; -Consume two servings of plant stanols/sterols per day; -Reduce calories and increase exercise to reach a healthy fit weight.

How to reduce your LDL

food sources include shortening, stick margarine, processed snack foods and desserts, and fried foods in restaurants. They have replaced many animal fats in commercial uses.

Hydrogenated or trans fatty acid

is a condition related in part to a constant high sugar intake, resulting in a large amount of glucose in the bloodstream.

Hyperinsulinemia

is often referred to as "the silent killer" because many who suffer from it are unaware they have it.

Hypertension

Although the mechanism of Celiac disease involves the immune system, _______ is not the cause

IgE

The offending food triggers the production of B cells to produce ______ _____________ that are specific to that food

IgE antibodies

gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The skin and respiratory system can also be affected. Itching, hives, eczema, edema (swelling), intestinal disturbances, sneezing, wheezing, and most severe anaphylactic shock are some typical symptoms of

IgE-induced food allergy

accounts for ten to twelve percent of water in meats and is held in hydrogen bonds.

Immobilized water

Food Allergies

Immunological =

Primary Food Sensitivities, which can be divided into

Immunological and Non-Immunological (food intolerance) response

This category of food allergy includes hypersensitive reactions caused by protein components of food called allergens

Immunological response

sugar, dextrose, dextrin, glucose, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, honey, maple syrup, cane or cane sugar.

Ingredients to avoid in foods

do not absorb water, typically resulting in foods with a crunchy texture present in foods such as bran, whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruit skins and seeds

Insoluble fibers

foods that have an Aw range between 0.60 and 0.85. soft-moist pet food

Intermediate-moisture

marbling in meat and lipids added to processed foods.

Invisible lipids

Accumulates in the thyroid gland where it synthesizes thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate basal metabolic rate, growth and development and promote protein synthesis.

Iodine

has higher energy; high enough to change atoms by knocking an electron from them to form an ion, but not high enough to split atoms and cause exposed objects to become radioactive

Ionizing Radiation

is an important mineral used in the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Iron

1. Balancing Calories to Manage Weight 2. Foods to Increase 3. Foods to Reduce 4. Build healthy eating patterns 5. Make healthy food choices

Key recommendations from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines are:

The liver also manufactures _______'_(_____-___________ __________________), which are often recognized as the "bad cholesterol." The LDL's are believed to deposit trans fatty acids and saturated fats in pathways including the blood vessels, which contributes to the development of heart disease.

LDL's (low-density lipoproteins)

Examples include the Lactobacillus and Streptococcus bacteria used to convert milk into yogurt. These bacteria produce lactic acid as a product of fermentation.

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Organisms responsible for fermentation

Lactic Acid bacteria, Other bacteria, Fungi, Yeast

The product contains less than 10 grams of fat per serving and less than 4.5 grams of saturated fat per serving.

Lean

is approximately seventy-five percent water

Lean meat

A food contains 20% less of a nutrient.

Less/Reduced

found in yellow vegetables is thought to improve eye health;

Leutinin

A food contains 1/3 fewer calories or 1/2 the fat of the "regular" product.

Light

are primarily digested in the small intestine by the enzyme lipase, which is released from the pancreas.

Lipids

A food contains less than 3 grams of fat per serving.

Low Fat

found in watermelon and tomatoes is thought to reduce the risk of prostate and colon cancers in men;

Lycopene

for each serving is listed in the top half of the nutrition facts.

Macronutrient content

also contributes to bone structure and strength, but is especially important for aiding nerve impulses and directing ATP

Magnesium

occurs mostly in premature infants and adults with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney disease, untreated diabetes, and those taking diuretics. Deficiency symptoms include nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, irritability, and changes in blood pressure and heartbeat

Magnesium deficiency

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and sulfur.

Major minerals

begins with barley

Malting

are involved in amino acid, carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism; cartilage formation; urea synthesis and antioxidant protection. It acts as a constituent of some enzymes and an activator of others.

Manganese

The malt is ground and water is added, also sometimes sugars or starches

Mashing

distinct lines of mold.

Maytag

was once used to make pet food appear as though it had increased protein levels.

Melamine

occurs when an individual lacks a specific enzyme, or does not have enough of it, to utilize a specific food component

Metabolic food disorders

electromagnetic waves of radiant energy and are absorbed by water and other polar molecules but are reflected by metals, while glass and plastic allow the passage of these through the container to the food

Microwaves

are essential, organic substances that are needed in small amounts.

Minerals

is needed to activate certain enzymes.

Molybdenum

_________ body mass puts more pressure on the heart to circulate blood throughout the body; _______ body mass reduces heart stress and often, blood pressure.

More; Less

is part of a larger communication initiative based on 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans to help consumers make better food choices

MyPlate

are the skeletal muscle; their fiber length and use are associated with tenderness

Myofibrillar proteins

which are the most plentiful and responsible for muscle contraction;

Myofibrillar proteins

carries oxygen from the hemoglobin to the muscle cells. Muscles are substantial consumers of oxygen, especially during times of heavy use

Myoglobin

No colors, synthetic flavors or other substances were added to the food product.

Natural

is a national leader in meat production and processing

Nebraska

a level at which to establish a "low carbohydrate" designation.

Net Carbs

It is believed that this functions in enzymes and may play a role in the metabolism of certain fatty acids, amino acids, and folate and may also transport vitamins and other minerals in the body.

Nickel

claimed the reward, developing the process of heating food in sealed containers.

Nicolas Appert

No genetically modified organisms were used in producing the product.

No GMO

Allergy-like intoxications Anaphylactoid reactions Metabolic reactions Idiosyncrasies

Non-Immunological =

The adult recommendation is to consume between 5-7 teaspoons of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated oil a day.

Oils

A group approved by the USDA certifies the product and at least 95% of the ingredients were produced without using sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation or antibiotics.

Organic

Is the condition that occurs when a person is deficient in vitamin D.

Osteomalacia

is also known as "brittle bone disease" and is first seen in the hips, spine, and wrist. Symptoms do not reveal themselves until the disease is advanced and late in the disease, symptoms include bone fractures, especially in vertebrae, hips and the wrists; neck and back pain; bone pain and tenderness; loss of height over time; and stooped posture.

Osteoporosis

Examples include Propionibacterium, which is responsible for the holes or "eyes" in Swiss cheese, and Brevibacterium, which is used to produce an orange pigment, found in cheeses. Bacteria in this group produce carbon dioxide and/or acids

Other Bacteria

may also list that the product may have come in contact with the offending food during processing and, therefore, may not be safe for the allergic individual

Packaged foods

used with calcium to provide structure and support to the bones and is also active in soft tissues by providing structure to cell membranes.

Phosphorus

The contents of the can are sealed under vacuum. This is achieved by allowing a small amount of head space (space between the food and the top of the can). The air in the head space is warm during the sealing operation, but eventually cools, contracts, and creates a vacuum

Physical

- Working with other nutrients — vitamins, minerals and fiber. - Working as an antioxidant. - Enhancing immune response. - Enhancing cell-to-cell communication. - Mimicking hormones. - Repairing damage to DNA by environmental toxins. - Detoxifying carcinogens. - Reducing the production of unhealthy substances in the body.

Phytochemical functions

health-promoting chemicals from plant, cannot be made by the body

Phytochemicals

found in tea is thought to prevent cancer;

Polyphenols,

Are broken down into groups of two and then broken down again into monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

is closely linked with hypertension.

Potassium

Food sensitivity can be broken down into

Primary Food Sensitivity and Secondary Food Sensitivity

The front of the package is known as the

Principal Display Panel or PDP

beneficial microorganisms that are found particularly in fermented dairy products.

Probiotics

subjects a material to conditions of high heat and pressure through an auger system

Process of Extrusion

primary in low-income populations, homeless, hospitalized patients, older Americans and people with chronic diseases.

Protein Deficiences

beef, pork, poultry, eggs, fish and seafood and dairy products Legumes, which include foods such as kidney, pinto, black, navy, white and garbanzo beans, lentils, black-eyed peas and soy products, nuts and seeds

Protein dense foods sources

Color Tenderness Juiciness Flavor Texture

Protein factor

protein malnutrition is often called

Protein-Calorie Malnutritoin

as a blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic pressure or greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure.

Qualification of Hypertension

Products labeled "___________ ____________" have had the bran removed and are lower in fiber.

Quick Cooking

Under the RDI's are a category of recommendations referred to as the

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's)

found in red wine, grapes, and cranberries is thought to be an antioxidant improving kidney health.

Red anthocyanins and reservatrol,

Limit consumption of refined grains, especially those that contain solid fats, added sugars, and sodium Refined grains should be replaced with whole grains

Refined Grains

a short-term method of preservation to slow both the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical reactions

Refrigeration

1. No Sewer sludge 2. No synthetic fertilizer 3. No synthetic pesticides 4. No GMOs 5.No hormones given to animals 6. Not irradiated 7. No antibiotics for animals that aren't ill.

Requirements for a food to be organic

The president who stopped biological and toxin weapon research and production by executive order in 1969.

Richard Nixon

has mold growing evenly throughout

Roquefort Cheese

1) Tell the FDA when a foreign food is being imported and what kind of food it is. 2) companies importing into the US needs to register with the FDA

Rules to prevent Bioterrorism in America

_____________ increases the amount of ions and increases the ability of meat to hold water. The ions are attracted to the polar water molecules.

Salting

are responsible for the metabolism within muscle

Sarcoplasmic proteins

This neurotoxic agent was developed in Germany and was used in the subway attack in Japan.

Sarin

includes only naturally occurring saturated fats.

Saturated Fat

are generally considered the most unhealthy of all lipids

Saturated and trans fatty acids

is an antioxidant working primarily with proteins called selenoproteins. Some of these help to prevent the formation of free radicals. Selenium is also an essential component of an enzyme required to synthesize some thyroid hormones.

Selenium

Is believed to contribute to collagen synthesis and bone mineralization

Silicon

One teaspoon of salt contains 2300 mg of

Sodium

Reduce intake to less than 2300 mg per day Further reduce intake to 1500 mg per day for adults ages 51+, African Americans ages 2+ and people ages 2+ with high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease.

Sodium

probably the oldest of the drying methods. The easiest way to achieve this was to put the product in the sun.

Solar Drying

Foodborne Illness

Something in the food.

used to dry fluid products such as eggs and milk. The product is atomized into very fine droplets and sprayed into a large, hot chamber along with hot air. The droplets are suspended in the warm air where the liquid portion evaporates, leaving a powdered product

Spray Drying

electrical stimulation, stretching and high temperature conditioning

Steps to be taken in the industry to insure tenderness

is also important as it helps to build bone and muscle strength and should be done at least 2 times a week.

Strength training

which are not really part of muscle fibers but are the connective tissue harness that binds muscles to one another and to the skeleton.

Stromal proteins

process of going from a solid to a gas bypassing the liquid state;

Sublimation

The amount reported on the food label contains naturally occurring mono- and disaccharides and added sugars

Sugar

an important component in the buffer systems regulating acidity in the body. It is found in many meat and dairy products and is closely associated with protein and is also a component in many vitamins including thiamine and biotin.

Sulfur

to help assure optimal nutrient intake. Best for Individuals who may benefit from some level of supplementation include older Americans, people following a low-calorie diet, smokers, "picky eaters," women in child-bearing years and individuals with specific health conditions requiring additional vitamins and minerals for disease prevention or management.

Supplementation of vitamins and minerals

another method used during slaughter to prevent cold shortening and toughening of the meat. In this procedure, carcasses are held in an extended position during rigor mortis to prevent extensive contraction of muscle fibers.

Tenderstretch

panel has strict specifications that must be met. All components of this feature are supposed to be the same on every food package ... the font, size, colors, etc.

The "Nutrition Facts"

a set of evidence-based recommendations which provide nutrition guidance to promote health, reduce the risk of chronic diseases and reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States of America.

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines

is an umbrella term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences.

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

is the carrier of saturated fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream. It deposits plaque in blood vessels throughout the body

The LDL

to provide the appropriate amount of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin that is injected into the bloodstream.

The Primary nutritional goal for Type I diabetes

measures the amount of pressure required to "bite" mechanically through meat samples.

The Warner-Bratzler Shear Test

endorsed irradiated foods as safe and wholesome

The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the American Dietetic Association, and the food safety agencies of the federal government

are the most fiber-rich component of the grain kernel.

The bran layers

more at risk than infrastructures such as skyscrapers, bridges, nuclear power plants or other high-profile targets

The food supply

Grains have three naturally occurring components.

The outer bran layers, the inner endosperm and a seed.

How do plant stanols and stanol esters work?

These products prevent the absorption of cholesterol and some fats in the intestinal tract contributing to lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels

Why did the pilgrims stop at Plymouth Rock?

They needed beer

include fresh produce, fresh meat and certain highly refined oils or types of food that may unintentionally come into contact with a food allergen during the growing or harvesting process or during manufacturing.

Those foods that do not require allergen labels

1. Determine the daily caloric intake. In this example we will use 2000 cal/day 2. Multiply by the desired carbohydrate level (55%)------> 2000 cal/day × .55 = 1100 cal/day 3. Divide by 4 cal/g to determine recommended grams of carbohydrates per day -----> 1100 cal/day ÷ 4g/cal = 275 g of carbohydrates per day

To calculate grams of carbohydrates based total calorie intake

include complex carbohydrates, mono- and disaccharides, added sugars, and fiber.

Total Carcohydrates

includes monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated and trans fatty acids.

Total Fat

arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon and zinc

Trace minerals

represents the amount of trans fatty acids or hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated fats in the food.

Trans fat

1.) 6th century BC, with the Assyrians poisoning enemy wells with rye ergot 2.) In 1346, plague broke out in the Tartar army during its siege of Kaffa as a result of the attackers hurling the corpses of plague victims over the city walls

Two of the earliest reported uses of biological weapons

the pancreas does not make insulin. In this instance, insulin is injected to correspond with dietary consumption to help the body utilize glucose.

Type I diabetes

is often the result of obesity. The body's insulin does not work effectively, causing chronic elevated blood glucose levels due to ineffective insulin activity that is due to excess body fat.

Type II diabetes

A japan army that used chemical to attack enemy's in WWII -poisoned water supply -dropped pathogens over cities -dropped plane infested rats on cities

Unit 731

Every five years, new dietary guidelines are written and released by

United States Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services

are generally soft or liquid in form, come from plant sources and are considered healthy.

Unsaturated Fat

The liver packages unsaturated fats, trans fats and saturated fats into _______ which takes extra fats to the fat stores.

VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins)

This organism is responsible for small pox

Variola Virus

Should fill a little more than ¼ of the plate. General recommendations for adults are to consume 2 ½ - 3 cups a day from a variety of these including dark green, red and orange, beans and peas, starchy and others along these lines

Vegetables

butter, margarine, salad dressings, gravy and poultry skins,

Visible Lipids

is a concern worldwide and is one cause of night blindness.

Vitamin A deficiency

work together to create energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fat including thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and biotin.

Vitamin B

is especially important in processes related to blood including metabolizing proteins, amino acids and hemoglobin and forming white blood cells.

Vitamin B6

also an antioxidant that is helpful in wound healing and immune function and attaches itself to a virus, limiting the virus' growth and the severity of symptoms related to the virus

Vitamin C

a hormone that regulates the movement of calcium throughout the body

Vitamin D

reduced risks for cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease, and improved immune function to name a few, is also an antioxidant useful in protecting cells and protects cell membranes and is important in maintaining the integrity of red blood cells, neural cells and cells in the immune system.

Vitamin E

found in different forms in plant and animal tissues. Both are usable by the body, primarily in helping blood to clot. This is not a vitamin with the varied health claims associated with many other vitamins. Leafy green vegetables, liver, eggs and fortified products are the best sources

Vitamin K

Weapons of Mass Destruction

WMD

Juiciness Color Flavor Texture

Water factor

absorb water and often exhibit a gummy or juicy texture. Examples are oatmeal, barley, rice and the juicy part of fruits.

Water-soluble fibers

all of the B vitamins, vitamin C and choline

Water-soluble vitamins

-Getting physical -Consuming a reduced calorie, low fat diet with less than 24% of calories from fat -Keeping a record -Having a support system -Eating breakfast regularly

Ways to successfully lose weight

condition occurs when certain peptides from the ingested grains damage cells in the small intestine, resulting in inflammation, dying of the cells, and, therefore, the reduced absorption of nutrients

What happens if you have Celiac Disease

Big Eight

While any food may produce a specific reaction in a particular individual, there are eight foods that cause 90% of allergic reactions in the United States. These foods are known as the

Adults are recommended to consume 6-8 oz of grains a day, with half or more of the grains being these.

Whole Grains

have not had components removed in processing and is ground using the entire grain kernel verses the endosperm for refined flours.

Whole Grains

is an extensive movement that encourages supplementing specific amino acids for specific needs

Whole Health Nutrition

Saccharomyces is the most prevalent yeast used in food fermentations. Products include beer, bread and wine

Yeast

A term describing biological weapons incidents in Southeast Asia.

Yellow Rain

This organism caused the Black Plague, killing 75% of the European population.

Yersinia pestis

In April 1979, an incident occurred in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the former Soviet Union which appeared to be an accidental aerosol release of Bacillus anthracis spores from

a Soviet Military microbiology facility

Regarding Fiber, For many vegetables

a serving is equal to an average adult woman's fist.

food (particles suspended in water

a slurry

reducing excess carbohydrate calories, especially from added sugars, is important to

achieve a healthy body weight.

participate in moderate physical aerobic activity 2 hours and 30 minutes a week, or 1 hour and 15 minutes of vigorous aerobic physical activity a week.

ages 18-64,

ferment for a shorter period at a more moderate temperature

ale beer

In 1994 Congress passed an amendment requiring that

all food labels have a common format to make reading labels easier for consumers

do tend to be major proteins in the offending foods.

allergenic proteins

All other panels are called

alternate display panels

are the building blocks of proteins and the substances needed by the body to perform all of the functions listed earlier.

amino acids

produced from the nitrogen that is present in proteins. The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for ridding the body of nitrogen in the form of this though urine.

ammonia

The reason for malting is to use an enzyme called

amylase

where the person experiences symptoms that may include difficulty breathing due to constriction of the throat, a sudden drop in blood pressure, severe itching, unconsciousness, and possible death.

anaphylactic shock

food illness

any illness that results from the ingestion of food

helps metabolize the amino acid methionine into compounds affecting heart function and cell growth.

arsenic

The three basic groups of biological agents listed by FEMA that would likely be used as weapons are

bacteria, viruses and toxins

The lower the temperature the longer the food can

be stored and retain its quality

The total avoidance of wheat, rye, barley, as well as all products produced from these grains is the

best treatment for celiac disease

probiotics listed could be

bifidus, bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, streptococcus thermophilus, L. casei, S. florentinus or similar sounding names of bacteria

Hunger is a frequent cause of

binge-eating

is the berry of the Piper nigrum vine that has been harvested, fermented, and dried in the sun. It is one of the most commonly used spices world-wide, and has been used for centuries.

black pepper

can be seen easily and occurs quickly

bloom

Water exists in meat in three forms:

bound water, immobilized water and free water

Atherosclerosis is caused by the

build up of fats and cholesterol in the blood vessels resulting in a blockage

Medical procedures to fix Atherosclerosis include

by-pass surgery

major mineral essential for bone health; each cell requires this and also this contributes to nerve transmission, muscle contraction and blood clotting

calcium

Milk, yogurt, and fortified orange juice and soy milk are the primary source of

calcium in the diet

Weight loss will occur with a decrease in any type of

calorie

The guidelines emphasize that environmental factors contribute to weight gain, with the primary factor being

calories

Weight loss is really quite simple ...

calories taken in must be less than those used.

proportion recommendations of ______________________, ______________, and/or _________ ____ ____________ for weight loss

carbohydrates, protein and/or fats of macronutrients

used to produce energy at 4 calories per gram. These are converted to fat rather than glucose.

carbon skeleton

Plant sources of vitamin A are referred to as

carotenoids.

food allergic consumer would need to know that _________ is a milk protein and that "natural flavours" may be derived from such foods as milk or soy.

casein

The high energy of gamma rays creates ionizing radiation, which passes through the food causing a disruption of the _____________ ________________ of microorganisms, parasites, insects, and plant products.

cellular processes

After Kilning the Malt, you add water and

cereal adjuncts (corn, rice, wheat)

the solids in milk are concentrated to make a solid product. Whole milk consists of approximately four percent fat, three and three tenths percent protein, five percent lactose and seven-tenths percent minerals. The remaining eighty-seven percent is water. this process involves adding enzymes and lactic acid-producing bacteria to milk.

cheesemaking

Cells in the wall of the intestinal tract actually re-synthesize the monoglycerides and free fatty acids back into triglycerides and package them into

chylomicrons

Smallpox was spread to natives through

cloths and blankets

Most consumers are interested in zinc as a preventative for _______ and _____ because zinc does prevent the replication of the virus organism

cold and flu

Since the product is not heated, it has also been called

cold pasteurization

Vitamin C also is important in the formation of

collagen

The degree of roast of barley will influence the _________ and __________ of the final beer.

color and flavor

The amount of lactic acid produced directly impacts the ...

color and tenderness of the meat.

All animal proteins are considered

complete proteins

also be called starches or polysaccharides.

complex sugars

aging of beer

conditioning and maturation.

What fatty acid has been linked to cancer prevention, muscle metabolism, body fat regulation and weight control.

conjugated linolenic acid (CLA),

Unlike water that maintains a constant temperature until frozen, In food, the temperature must

continue to be lowered to achieve additional ice crystal formation

There is a fine line between spoilage and fermentation. The key is to.....

control the growth of micro-organisms

Many products have two names on the PDP

copyrighted trade name and the common name of the product

In adults the most common is

crustacean shellfish (shrimp, lobster, crab and crayfish

Agroterrorists could release

damaging insects, viruses, bacteria, fungi or other microbes aimed at wiping out crops.

More myoglobin produces a.....

darker meat

Ingredients in a product are listed in order of

decreasing predominice

is most important in combating atherosclerosis.

decreasing the LDL level

symptoms do not occur until 24 hours or longer after consumption of the food.

delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Companies that use "net carbs" must

designate somewhere on the package how "net carbs" were determined

The purpose of Irradiation is to

destroy microorganisms that cause illness and spoilage

Many times, these allergenic proteins resist

digestion and are stable during processing operations including heat processing.

provided in foods are maltose (found in grains and vegetables), lactose (found in dairy products) and sucrose (found in sweeteners and fruits).

disaccharides

the severity of the reaction is related to some extent to the

dose of exposure

achieved by folding over the can end (lid) and the flange of the can body. The curl on the can end containing sealing compound and the flange are indexed and rolled flat, forming folds of metal. Sealing compound between the folds provides an air-tight seal

double seam

carcasses are stored in a cooler.

dry aging

universal processes

drying, refrigeration, freezing, canning, extrusion, microwaves, irradiation, and fermentation.

The impact of a devastating attack on our food supply (Like in cases of BSE) can....

effect farm suppliers, transportation companies, grocery stores, restaurants, equipment distributors, and in the end consumers, all pay the price in an agricultural crisis

Myoglobin contributes approximately ________-_________ percent of meat's red color

eighty-five

Weight loss and increased physical activity can often

eliminate Type II diabetes

Foods that are high in sugar are often referred to as ________ _________ meaning that they provide few nutrients for the amount of calories.

empty calories

cannot be produced by the body so, therefore, must be consumed in the diet.

essential amino acids

What are to two groups amino acids are divided into?

essential and non-essential

most commonly mentioned include omega-3 (alpha-linoleic) and omega-6 (linoleic), fish, eggs, flaxseed oils, plant oils in general and whole grains.. The body cannot produce these.

essential fatty acids

Cases of excessive chloride consumption are often in conjunction with

excessive sodium

Meat that experiences ________________ contraction will have reduced water-holding capacity

extensive

normally makes up three to nine percent of meat.

fat

the amount of ________ and __________ influence juiciness

fat and water

Vitamins fall into two classes:

fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Vitamins A, D, E and K are

fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin E is found in

fats

A process in which microorganisms transform simple raw materials into unique and complex foods

fermentation

Nearly every raw food can be

fermented

MyPlate serves as a model, for how to

fill the plate at mealtime and begin to build a healthy diet.

Direct harm to humans is more likely to occur if terrorists contaminate_____________ _________ _____ __________ ___________ rather than targeting livestock or crops.

finished food or food products

fats can be found in seeds, whole grains, soy, cottonseed, corn, sunflower, sesame and flaxseed oils, fish oils and most liquid and tub margarines.

food sources of Polyunsaturated fats

include avocados, nuts, canola, olive oil and safflower oils.

food sources of monounsaturated fats

Foods with added vitamins are labeled

fortified

maintaining body structures and functions, fluid balance, nerve impulses, growth and development, enzyme co-factors and antioxidants

functions of minerals

The amount of collagen in meat is influenced by the

gender of the animal

Foods that are highly acidic (pH<4.6) are often

given a hotfill instead of a pressure process

Where are Carbohydrates found?

grains such as breads, cereals, rice, pasta and crackers; vegetables, fruits, dairy products such as milk and yogurt; nuts and seeds.

Dehydration is not a perfect process because

he heat used to drive off water can result in the destruction of many nutrients

Vitamin D is a primary component of

healthy bones

Meats contain a form of iron referred to as

heme-iron

is the brown to gray color found in cooked meats.

hemichrome

The genetic disorder ___________________ may also increase the risk of iron toxicity.

hemochromatosis

Anemia is detected by testing the amount of __________ in the blood

hemoglobin

Meat color is caused by the enzyme

hemoglobin and myoglobin

transport oxygen in the bloodstream and cells, respectively. Iron is also important in energy production as a part of the citric acid cycle and is a part of several proteins involved in the electron transport chain.

hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Babies, especially those born prematurely, are at risk for ______________ ____________ caused by bursting red blood cells because of the lack of Vitamin E

hemolytic anemia

Reducing obesity should be the first-line of defense against

high blood pressure (hypertension),heart disease, lipid disorders, and diabetes

People getting more than twenty percent of their calories from protein are following a

high protein diet

Asthma induced sulfite sensitivity and food-induced migraine headaches are examples of

idiosyncratic reactions

symptoms develop within minutes to up to an hour or so after consumption of the offending food.

immediate hypersensitivity reactions

true food allergies can be divided into two categories:

immediate hypersensitivity reactions or delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Food intolerance is an abnormal reaction to foods or food components that do not involve the immune system

immune system

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are

immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated, and can be quite severe

The wort is pitched and the mixture is held in a fermentation vessel for five to seven days for the fermentation to occur

in Beer Fermentation

Proteins from plant sources are

incomplete proteins

Most allergic reactions occur among

infants

The panel to the right of the PDP is the

information panel

Celiac disease is an ________________ _________ that is poorly understood

inherited trait

Fibers are classified as either

insoluble or soluble

Agricultural terrorism is not about killing animals...

it is about crippling an economy

Some side effects of increased ketones in the bloodstream are headaches, nausea, tiredness, decreased appetite, bad breath, and a condition called

ketoacidosis

When the body breaks down fat stores, it begins by converting fatty acids into acetyl co-A. Without adequate carbohydrate, the acetyl co-A is unable to enter into the citric acid cycle to produce triglycerides. The acetyl co-A is then converted to _________ by the liver

ketones

When people consume less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrates a day, fats are unable to be metabolized efficiently causing a condition known as

ketosis

The absorbed dose (the amount of energy absorbed) is measured in units

kilograys (kGy)

As muscle is converted to meat, glycogen stores are converted to ___________ ___________ reducing carbohydrates to trace amounts.

lactic acid

where afflicted persons either do not have the enzyme lactase, or have reduced levels of it.

lactose intolerance

ferment for a longer period of time at cooler temperatures,

lager beer

Darker Malts produce

les alchohol

Chickens and other domestic birds that do not fly will have

lighter meat

Cholesterol is produced by the

liver

Deficiencies in choline can lead to

liver damage

Inhibit the sprouting of tubers; delay the ripening of some fruits and vegetables; control insects in fruits, vegetables, and grains; and reduce the problems of parasites in products of animal origin

low does of kilograys

foods have an Aw that ranges up to 0.6. Freeze-dried foods

low-moisture

Fiber helps reduce the risk of heart disease by

lowering blood cholesterol and LDL.

the twenty minerals are classified as either

major or trace minerals

The brewing process has four distinct stages

malting, mashing, fermentation and post-fermentation.

Malnutrition in undeveloped nations is also very common and is commonly identified as

marasmus or kwashiorkor

Food processors have taken soy fat and extracted part of the fat to make

margarine

MyPlate illustrates the five food groups using a familiar

mealtime visual, a place setting.

control pathogenic microbes and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated foods.

medium doses of kilograys

mixed with grain and made into pet food. In China it was used in infant formula

melamine

Pre-menopausal women generally have higher HDL levels than

men

A term that can be used to describe the conversion of protein to fat causing weight gain (or loss).

metabolism

when meat is exposed to air for a long period of time. It can also be accelerated by salt and turns brown

metmyoglobin

Freezing cannot be relied upon to destroy microorganisms; in fact, freezing is a common laboratory procedure used to preserve and store microorganisms

microorganisms

The use of radio frequency heating began in the 1940s with the development of th

microwave oven

Often children outgrow early allergies to ______ and _______, because their gastrointestinal tracts develop more fully, break down the proteins farther, and prevent the absorption of the proteins that cause allergic reactions

milk and eggs

but many different type of _______ are used to make cheeses worldwide

milks

Brie and Blue cheese are examples of

mold-ripened cheese

The flavor of meat products is a combination of all of the flavors, i.e. bitter, sweet, sour and salty, and is associated with the

molecules making up the meat tissue

Although some cells can use ketones for energy, the number of ketones produced is often ________ than what the body can use.

more

Muscles that are exercised more frequently contain _______ myoglobin to support the need for additional oxygen

more

Red muscle fibers are better equipped for activity and have __________ myoglobin to transport oxygen better

more

Lighter malts produce

more alchohol

Phytochemical's are light and heat stable, so when they are cooked they are....

more usable by the human body

the flora that lives in the intestinal tract is transferred from

mother to baby through breast milk.

converts chemical energy to physical energy to move limbs and organs. The ability to expand and contract is unique to this

muscle

Older animals have more

myoglobin

involved twenty workers that ingested high levels of soluble nickel salts and experienced abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and shortness of breath.

nickel toxicity

is the pigment found in smoked or cured meats including ham, hot dogs, bacon and bologna. When meat is treated with nitrites, the myoglobin oxidizes.

nitrosyl hemochrome.

can be made by the body and are also present in the diet.

non-essential amino acids

arginine, cysteine, glutamine, and tyrosine

non-essential amino acids referred to as semi-essential amino acids

Plants contain a form of iron referred to as

non-heme-iron

The organic form of arsenic found in foods is

non-toxic

All vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seafood, eggs, beans and peas, unsalted nuts and seeds, fat-free and low-fat dairy, lean meats and poultry are___________ _______________ ____________ when prepared without solid fats and sugars.

nutrient dense foods

foods and beverages that provide vitamins, minerals and other beneficial substances with relatively few calories.

nutrient density

The information panel includes

nutrition facts, a list of ingredients and the name and contact information for the manufacturer or distributor.

Surveys indicate that about _____-______ of Americans read the food label for nutrition or product information.

one-third

provide at least 170 phytochemicals

oranges

From a nutrition standpoint, __________ ____________ are the same as conventional foods ... full of vitamins, minerals and all of the macronutrients.

organic foods

When a person is deficient in calcium,

osteoporosis develops

Sodium regulates the fluid

outside the cell

ccurs when meat turns brown. In this instance, the iron atom loses an electron (converts from a +2 state to a +3 state) and exchanges the water for a hydroxel

oxidation.

occurs when the myoglobin picks up oxygen, as when transporting oxygen to the cells in living muscle. When this occurs, the water is lost and the oxygen is captured.

oxygenation

Two chemical processes commonly occur with myoglobin: oxygenation and oxidation.

oxygenation and oxidation.

In beef, the color changes from a dark, purplish red to the bright cherry red generally associated with beef products. This pigment is called

oxymyoglobin

What are the "Big Eight"

peanut, milk, egg, tree nuts, soy, fish, crustacean shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, and crayfish), and wheat.

This food is responsible for most food allergy related fatalities.

peanuts

Content is converted to a __________ ____ __________ ____________ to help consumers evaluate foods in terms of one day's diet.

percent of daily value

When adding fiber to the diet, it is important to increase intake gradually to allow

peristaltic movement and fluids time to adjust.

sufferers are unable to tolerate the amino acid phenylalanine, and are warned against consuming products such as the artificial sweetener Nutrasweet (aspartame)

phenylketonuria

Phosphorus as a ______________ acts as a buffer that helps regulate the pH in cells; it maintains a neutral or near-neutral pH that optimizes body functions.

phosphate

a brewer's term for adding yeast

pitched

Yersinia pestis caused the

plague

A new area of development in fats is

plant stanols and stanol esters

The guidelines also give guidance to

policymakers, nutrition educators, health professionals, teachers and the food industry.

Current research is evaluating the value of zinc during

pregnancy

Could go above temperatures of 212°F and was quickly adopted by the canning industry

pressure cooker or retort

Any diet that cuts calories will

promote weight loss

From a nutrition standpoint, it is important to determine if a vegetarian is eating an adequate amount of

protein and/or any high biological sources

What is one way a cattle farmer can stop bioterrisme

quarantine new animals

Phosphorus deficiencies are

rare

contract slowly, but can sustain longer activity

red fibers

almond, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, macadamia, walnut, pecan, hazelnut (Filbert) and pine nuts (pinyon

ree nuts that are commonly allergenic

sAnaphylactoid reactions cause substances in the food to cause the mast cells and basophils to release histamine directly

release histamine directly

Upon a future exposure to the food, the allergen cross-links to IgE molecules on the mast cell or basophil surface, causing the cell to degranulate or .....

releasing several substances that cause adverse effects, the most potent being histamine.

MyPlate is designed to

remind Americans to eat healthfully

Are found in animal products including liver, fish, egg yolks and dairy products and are often referred to as retinals, retinols or retinoic acid and are an important component in vision. Also affect cell differentiation by regulating gene expression and help to develop new cells.

retinoids

Bulgarian exile named Georgi Markov was attacked in London with a device disguised as an umbrella that injected a tiny pellet filled with _________ __________ into the subcutaneous tissue of his leg while he was waiting for a bus.

ricin toxin

Is the condition that occurs when a child is deficient in vitamin D.

rickets

occur naturally in animal fats and tropical oils; examples include fats from beef, pork and lamb; lard; poultry skin; and fat from dairy products.

saturated fat

Adults should consume at least 8 oz of cooked this a week. The advise to consume this does not apply to vegetarians. The Protein group recommends adults should consume at least 5 ½-6 ½ oz of lean meats, poultry, eggs, beans and peas, nuts and seeds and seafood a day.

seafood

If the body is undergoing some type of stress such as injury, illness, or intense physical activity, these may need to be supplemented due to the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts to meet increased needs.

semi-essential amino acids

When consumers examine a nutrition panel, they should begin with the

serving size

Poor wound healing, frequent infections, bedsores, depression, repeat admits to the hospital and lengthened hospital stays are just a few of the

side effects of malnutrition

Carbohydrates come from two sources....

simple and complex

include mono- and disaccharides

simple sugars

are circulated and used throughout the body. Each cell has a pool of these available to build, repair and maintain that individual cell and these are also used to produce substances such as enzymes, hormones and neurotransmitters.

single amino acids

The digestion of proteins results in three primary components:

single amino acids, a carbon skeleton chain and ammonia (NH3).

Biological weapon used against South American natives by the French.

smallpox

chocolate, nuts, legumes, and grains.

sources of nickel

The PDP must have the

statement of identity or name of the product and the net quantity of the package's contents.

Fermentative organisms require ___________, which are either present or are added.

sugars

People can synthesize vitamin D when their skin is exposed to

sunlight

Probiotics are also available in a

supplement form

gastrointestinal symptoms that include: diarrhea, mineral loss, weight loss, failure to grow, chronic fatigue, bone pain, and muscle cramp

symptoms of Celiac Disease

Chloride is a component of _______ ________ and as used in public water systems far exceeds this for most Americans

table salt

hemoglobin contributes approximately ________ ____ ___________ percent of meat color.

ten to fifteen

consists of 4-5 servings a day of vegetables, 4-5 servings a day of fruits, 4-5 servings a week of legumes, nuts or seeds and 2-3 servings a day of fat-free or low-fat dairy. Eating whole grains, margarine and plant oils and limiting sweets and added sugars are encouraged.

the DASH diet plan

different foods will have different freezing points, which are largely determined by

the amount of water present

that lives in the intestinal tract helps defend against many illnesses or help people recover from infections such as a yeast infection.

the flora

Good biosecurity measures are important in keeping out unwanted microbial agents such as

the foot-and-mouth (FMD) virus

Before harvest, tenderness is influenced by many factors including the

the muscles, animal age, heredity and diet

These guidelines provide an outline for

the priority public health nutrition messages for the American population

At the end of beer fermentation

the product is beer

When working towards moderation, consumers should first concentrate on

the types of fats they are consuming

Pork is an excellent source of

thymine

When formed, the IgE antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells (_________ ________) and basophils (___________________)

tissue borne; bloodborne

The primary messages of the 2010 guidelines are

to maintain calorie balance over time to achieve and sustain a healthy body weight and to focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods and beverages.

Due to increasing consumer concerns over allergens, on January 1, 2006, the FDA began to require that food manufacturers list the

top eight allergens on food labels

From a diet standpoint, three blood lipid levels are evaluated in the case Atherosclerosis

total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

amount includes both soluble and insoluble fibers.

total fiber

Both intentional and unintentional Molybdenum deficiencies restricting growth and impairing reproduction have been seen in

total parenteral nutrition (TPN) patients

How many amino acids are there?

twenty

plant stanols and stanol esters are most effective when eaten

twice a day

Fiber's numerous health benefits are related to the fact that is is

undigestible

The time and temperature required to destroy pathogens and spoilage organisms is

unique for each food and for containers of different sizes

Women should only have

up to 1 drink a day

Men should only have

up to 2 drinks a day

it is estimated that fifty percent of the population will develop some form of

vascular disease

play a crucial role in this country's effort to combat agroterrorism, for they are the ones talking to the owners, seeing the animals, and taking the samples each and every day.

veterinarians

is one of the best forms of exercise for weight loss because it places less stress on bones and joints than running, requires no special equipment, except a good pair of shoes, and promotes body fat metabolism

walking

Foods high in sugar are often high in calories, which ultimately contribute to body fat stores causing

weight gain

carcasses are stored in a cooler, in a bag designed to hold moisture in the carcass.

wet aging

contract rapidly, but can fatigue rapidly.

white fibers

Boiling extracts the flavor, stops enzyme activity and sterilizes the mash. The end-product at this stage is called

wort

Most American beers are filtered to remove the ...

yeast particles

Probiotics are found in many

yogurt and yogurt-like products.

It is important in wound healing, immune function, antioxidant functions and growth.

zinc

more likely to occur in people with a genetic defect in zinc absorption and those with kidney disease, sickle-cell anemia, cancer, alcoholism, and AIDS.

zinc deficiency

health-promoting animal-based chemicals

zoochemicals