Food Science Exam 3
Foods containing all of the essential amino acids are considered "______________" proteins
"complete"
Foods lacking one or more amino acid are considered "_________________."
"incomplete"
The Geneva Protocol of 1925 that prohibited the use of biological/chemical agents was ineffective because it did NOT prohibit:
-The research and development of the agents. - The use of agents as retaliation if a nation was first attacked with the agents. -The stockpiling of the agents.
developed the equipment and the processes for producing small units of frozen foods for consumer use.
. Clarence Birdseye
Regarding Fiber, For liquid dairy products like milk and yogurt,
1 cup or 8 ounces is a serving
How many egg yolks should your have per day
1 egg yolk
Current recommendations are that adults consume __ to __ mg of boron per day.
1 to 3 mg
reasons for the popularity of fermented foods today include:
1) The enhanced nutritional value 2) The enhanced functionality 3) Increased organoleptic value 4)Uniqueness 5) Increased economic value
Maximizing the water-holding capacity are affected by
1) the PH of the meat 2) Rigor Mortis 3) Exchange of Ions
woman that lost sixty pounds and kept it off for twelve years. This patient followed a very simple plan as her mental retardation made reading and writing impossible. Two things were key to her weight loss success
1. walk as much as possible everyday 2. Follow the rule of one
Adults should consume ___-_____ mg of manganese per day.
1.8-2.3 mg
Regarding Fiber, For most grains, nuts and legumes,
1/2 cup is one serving.
Should consume less than ____% of Saturated fatty acids
10%
The DRI recommends consuming ___% or less of total calories from saturated fat.
10%
The current DRI for protein intake is
10-35% of total calories
People with atherosclerosis should keep their LDL level below
100 mg/dL
A group approved by the USDA certifies the product that it contains no ingredients produced using sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation, or antibiotics.
100% organic
Adults should continue to consume ________ to ________ mg of calcium per day.
1000 to 1200 mg
Human needs are estimated to be in the range of ___ to ___ µg of arsenic per day
12 to 25 µg
Dieters, regardless of their plan, should consume at least ___________ calories per day
1200
Older children and teens should consume ________ mg per day while adults should consume _____ mg per day.
1250 mg; 700 mg
teens should consume at least ________ mg of calcium a day
1300 mg
Adults should consume _____ mg per day of Vitamin E
15 mg
monounsaturated fats, recommended up to ____% of total calories and polyunsaturated fats up to ____% of total calories
15%;10%
Dietary recommendations have not been made, but average consumption is ____.__ mg per day in the United States and Canada.
15.5 mg
Translate weight in pounds (lb.) to weight in kilograms (kg).
150 lbs. ÷ 2.2 kg/lb. = 68 kg
Iodine consumption is most common through iodized salt and should be at least _____ µg per day.
150 µg
For adults ages 51+, African Americans ages 2+ and people ages 2+ with high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease reduce sodium intake to _________mg per day
1500 mg
_______ mg a day is recommended for people 51 and older, those of any age who are African-American or have hypertention, diabetes, and/or chronic kidney disease.
1500 mg
The Reinheitsgebot Beer Purity Laws are passed in Germany. Beer is defined as a product derived from only water, malt and hops*. This is the first known food law and is still in effect. *Yeast was later added to the list of permissible ingredients
1516 AD
Flavor changes, color changes, nutrient losses, and texture losses occur fairly rapidly at
15°F
Adult women should consume ___ mg per day and ____ mg per day during pregnancy.
18mg; 27 mg
A chemical reaction rate is cut in half for every ____________ that the temperature is reduced.
18°F (10°C)
It is recommended to consume _____ grams or less a day of trans fats.
2 grams
The current Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for fats is ____-____% of total calories
20-35%
A high protein diet according to the DRI is
20-35% of total calories
one's total cholesterol level should be under
200 mg/dL
The genomes of 10 lactic acid bacteria are sequenced. Scientists hope that by sequencing the microorganisms utilized in food fermentation, additional control, efficiency and effect can be achieved
2004
The _________________ ended the alcohol prohibition in the US.
21st Amendment
An average adult needs ______ mg of chloride per day
2300
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommendations for sodium consumption is _______ mg a day for individuals under the age of 51
2300 mg
odium intake levels for people with high blood pressure should be
2300 mg or less a day
should reduce intake to less than _______ mg of Sodium per day
2300mg
Overweight individuals have a BMI above
25
The DRI for fiber is _____ grams for women
25
The current adequate intake level for chromium ranges from ____ to ____ µg per day for adults.
25 to 35 µg
The recommended upper limit for calcium is ________ mg per day
2500 mg
Obese individuals have a BMI greater than
30
Magnesium stimulates over _____ enzymes throughout the body, including DNA replication.
300
recommend _______ mg or less as the daily dietary intake of cholesterol for healthy people, _______ mg of less for individuals with heart disease or at risk for heart disease.
300 mg; 200mg
Should consume less than ______ mg of Cholesterol per day
300mg
Adults should consume ______-_____ mg/d; foods including nuts, greens, and whole grains are rich in magnesium.
320-420 mg/d
Each pound of body fat equals
3500 calories
The DRI for fiber is _____ grams for men
38
Adults are encouraged to consume _____ µg per day with slightly higher levels recommended for pregnant and lactating women.
45 µg
Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) for carbohydrates is
45-65% of total calories
The DRI's recommend consuming _________ mg of potassium per day.
4700 mg
For Floride, Children under the age of nine should ingest .__-__ mg per day while older children, teens, and adults should ingest __-__ mg per day.
5-2 mg;3-4
Keeping meat farther from __.__ will help retain water-holding capacity. Water-holding capacity is also diminished if the post-harvest change in pH is too rapid.
5.3
Adults are encouraged to consume ______ mg per day of choline
500 mg
Beer, wine, cheese and bread-making are established in the Middle East. Documentation indicates that a large, commercial-style bakery existed to produce bread for workers building the pyramids in Egypt.
5000 BC
Adults should consume ___ µg per day; pregnant and lactating women should increase their intake to ___-____ µg per day.
55 µg ; 60-70 µg
should have 60 minutes of physical activity a day.
6-17 years of age
Optimal HDL levels are above
60 mg/dL
Vitamin D recommendations according to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines are ______ IU (15 mcg) a day for children and most adults. For individuals 70 and older, it is recommended to consume _____ IU (20 mcg) a day.
600 IU (15 mcg); 800 IU (20 mcg
Today, almost _____% of Americans are overweight or obese.
65%
Multiply the kg weight by a constant factor determined by age, lifestyle and health.
68 kg × .8 g/kg = 55 g of protein per day
Dietary recommendations have not been made, but average consumption is approximately ____ µg per day.
78 µg
Men have greater iron-storing ability than women and require only __ mg per day.
8 mg
Adults should consume __-__ mg of zinc per day, with increased levels during pregnancy and lactation.
8-11 mg
Current recommended intake is ____ mg per day with citrus fruits being the best sources.
90 mg
Adults should consume ____-______ µg of vitamin K daily
90-120 µg
The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adult men and women is _______ g per day.
900 g
The RDI for vitamin A recommends ______ µg RE a day.
900 µg RE
Food Sensitivity/Allergy
A food component that has an adverse effect on sensitive individuals.
Infection, Viral Infection, Toxin Mediated Infection
A living microorganism.
Food Intoxication
A natural substance in the food that has a harmful effect on all who eat it.
Chemical Intoxication
A non-microbial chemical.
Infestation
A parasite.
Intoxication
A toxin produced by a microorganism.
have affected both the consumer and the industry perception of consumer acceptance by using scare tactics.
Activist organizations
they can include transportation systems (trucks, rail, and ships), water supplies, farm workers, producers, food handlers, grain elevators or other storage facilities, restaurants, grocery stores, food and agriculture research laboratories, and possibly others.
Agricultural targets are not just animals or plants;
is the "targeting of animals or crops with disease causing agents with the purpose of disrupting the economy.
Agroterrorism
These attacks could trigger quarantines, food shipment cutoffs, destruction of exposed animals, public panic and huge losses to the $230 billion-a-year American agriculture industry.
Agroterroristic Attacks
If alcohol is consumed, consume in moderation For men, up to 2 drinks per day For women, up to 1 drink per day Specific guidance for breast-feeding women and circumstances in which people should not drink alcohol.
Alcohol
During brew making the process of malting produces what enzyme?
Amylase
a type of food intolerance that is often confused with a true food allergy
Anaphylactoid reactions
a severe type of allergic reaction that involves two or more body systems
Anaphylaxis
An iron deficiency is called
Anemia
is the most common copper deficiency symptom,
Anemia
Biological weapon used on prisoners of war during World War II.
Anthrax
work like plastic wrap to guard cells against anything that could potentially damage the cells including free-radicals, toxins, medications and alcohol. example is beta-carotenoids
Antioxidants
involved heating foods in boiling water baths for long periods of time
Appert's process for canning
encompasses many conditions including coronary heart disease (heart), peripheral vascular disease (arms and legs), carotid artery disease (neck) and cerebral vascular disease (stroke).
Atherosclerosis
meat is also an important source of
B12
Biological Warfare
BW
A bioterrorism incident involving this pathogen resulted in the Washington D.C. U.S. Post Office irradiating incoming mail destined for government offices.
Bacillus anthracis
Vitamin K can be produced by
Bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans
-Enjoy your food, but eat less -Avoid oversized portions
Balancing Calories to Manage Weight
This grain is the source of amylase enzymes in brewing beer.
Barley
a cereal grain from the grass family, that is germinated in large holding tanks
Barley
Which fermented product is made with the following 4 ingredients: hops, malt, yeast, and water?
Beer
the most powerful carotenoid
Beta-carotenoids
an emulsifier made by the liver but stored in the gall bladder, coats the lipids in the small intestine, allowing them to move through the watery intestinal tract.
Bile
is evident by the acid and gas produced by bacterial growth; and the amount of pressure is sufficient to swell and even burst cans.
Biological
A term to describe the use of rockets filled with biological agents.
Biological Warheads
In 1972, the United States, UK, and USSR signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, commonly referred to as the ....
Biological Weapons Convention
Term for the use of biological weapons in warfare.
Bioterrorism
a form of energy usable by cells. All carbohydrates are broken down into this
Blood Glucose
Healthcare professionals define overweight and obesity using the
Body Mass Index or BMI.
function is unknown however, it is believed to be involved in vitamin D metabolism and affects calcium and magnesium levels in the body
Boron
comprises only four to five percent of the water in meat. It is held tightly in the proteins and has little effect on juiciness or risk of escaping
Bound water
1. Determine the daily caloric intake for Ex: 1600 cal/day 2.Multiply by the desired fat level (25%) ------> 1600 cal/day × .25 = 400 cal/day 3. Divide by 9 cal/g to determine recommended grams of fats per day ------> 400 cal/day ÷ 9 g/cal = 44 g of fats per day
Calculating grams of fat based on diet
1. Determine the daily caloric intake and the daily fats grams consumed Ex: 1600 cal/day and 44 g/day fats 2. Determine calories of fats consumed by multiplying g/day by 9 cal/g -----> 44 g/day × 9 cal/g = 396 cal/day 3. Find the percentage of fats consumed by dividing fat calories by total calories. -----> 396 cal/day ÷ 1600 cal/day = .25 × 100 = 25% calories from fats
Calculating percent fats from grams of fats consumed
1. Determine the daily caloric intake and the daily carbohydrate grams consumed. For example, 2000 cal/day and 275 g/day carbohydrates 2. Determine calories of carbohydrates consumed by multiplying g/day by 4 cal/g --------> 275 g/day × 4 cal/g = 1100 cal/day 3. Find the percentage of carbohydrates consumed by dividing carbohydrate calories by total calories -------> 1100 cal/day ÷ 2000 cal/day = .55 × 100 = 55% carbohydrate
Calculating percent of carbohydrates from grams of carbohydrates consumed
1. Determine the daily caloric intake and the daily protein grams consumed ---------> 2000 cal/day and 100 g/day protein 2. Determine calories of protein consumed by multiplying g/day by 4 cal/g ---------> 100 g/day × 4 cal/g = 400 cal/day 3. Find the percentage of protein consumed by dividing protein calories by total calories ------> 400 cal/day ÷ 2000 cal/day = .2 × 100 = 20% protein calories
Calculating percent protein from grams of protein consumed
the key to achieving a healthy body weight.
Calorie Balance
Flavor Tenderness Juiciness Texture
Carbohydrates
are the preferred and major energy source for the body.
Carbohydrates
an adverse reaction to the protein gluten, which is present in wheat, rye, barley, and, to some extent, oats
Celiac disease
These swellings occur when defects in the tin plating or lacquered coating on the can allow acid to come in contact with the iron of the can. This chemical process results in the production of hydrogen gas.
Chemical
Influences fluid balances in the body and acts as an electrolyte. Is also an important component of hydrochloric acid (HCl), an important digestive agent in the stomach.
Chloride
a substance which is a sterol rather than a triglyceride. It is found in any animal based food or food product that contains an animal based ingredient. The primary food sources are beef, pork, poultry, eggs, fish, milk, yogurt and cheese.
Cholesterol
is the newest vitamin and is needed to synthesize important molecules and is a source of carbon atoms in biochemical reactions
Choline
The Dietary Guidelines provide the basis for the visual,__________ _____ _____________, which replaced the My Pyramid in 2011.
Choose My Plate
assists insulin in metabolizing sugars and starches
Chromium
comprise connective tissue found between muscles.
Collagen proteins
was achieved in the 1800s using an ice and salt system
Commercial freezing
who must also learn to recognize various terms that may indicate the presence of the allergen or ingredients that were derived from the offending food
Consumers
helps to restore, replace and improve the balance of healthy bacteria in the intestinal tract, especially the mouth. Some probiotics promote good peristaltic (muscle) movement of the intestinal tract.
Consuming probiotic products
A group approved by the USDA certifies the product and at least 70% of the ingredients were produced without using sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation or antibiotics.
Contains Organic Ingredients
component of many enzymes and proteins used in metabolizing iron and lipids, synthesizing connective tissues, maintaining heart muscle, and immune and central nervous system functions and is also utilized by blood clotting agents and has been shown to relieve anemia
Copper
Which allergenic food source has the highest prevalence of food allergies in adults?
Crustacean shellfish
Adults are recommended to consume at least 3 cups of fat-free or low-fat milk, milk based desserts, cheese, fat-free or low-fat yogurt or soy milk a day.
Dairy
term used to describe foods that are dried by modern technological processes.
Dehydration
is an abnormal blood glucose condition in which the blood glucose level is generally too high
Diabetes
is the sixth leading cause of death.
Diabetes
Another approach to hypertension management is the
Dietary Approached to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan
-Growth, repair and maintenance. -Regulation of fluids. -Transportation. -Production of hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies and enzymes. -Acid-base balance.
Different functions that proteins help with
a challenge for these individuals, as there are no ingredient statements for them to check, and the food server may not always know how the chef prepares the meal or if any cross-contamination may have occurred in the kitchen.
Dining out
are steam heated rotating drums used to dehydrate fluid products. Slurry is deposited as a thin film and heat is transferred through the drum wall to the fluid product
Drum driers
one of the oldest methods of food processing and works on the principle of lowering water activity (aw) of the food so microbial growth is either inhibited or prevented
Drying
This viral pathogen attacks blood vessels and causes internal bleeding:
Ebola
Excessive fluoride consumption often results in mottled teeth referred to as
Enamel Fluorosis
This should be administered as soon as there is indication an individual is experiencing a severe allergic reaction.
Epinephrine
can be a life-sustaining treatment of a severe reaction, but must be administered in the early stages of the allergic reaction to be effective; this, however, does not guarantee a positive outcome
Epinephrine
increases the risk of becoming obese and developing diabetes, and high blood pressure.
Excess insulin
The food contains less than 5 grams of fat per serving and less than two grams of saturated fat per serving.
Extra Lean
most often used in the food industry to produce breakfast cereals, pasta products, snacks, and pet foods Relatively recent development
Extrusion
Health and processing claims made on food packaging are also regulated by the
FDA
provides additional flavors and are different in each species of animal.
Fat
Juiciness Flavor Tenderness (limited)
Fat Factor
Saturated fatty acids—less than 10% of calories; Less than 7% reduces risk of cardiovascular disease Replace with poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids (not with sugar or refined grain) Trans fats—as low as possible Cholesterol—less than 300 mg per day, however, the effect of reducing cholesterol is small compared to saturated and trans fats. Egg yolks—up to 1 per day
Fats
a non-digestible polysaccharide.
Fiber
is a unique component of plant based foods and provides few to no calories.
Fiber
The top two factors that influence food choices made by consumers
Flavor and Convenience
is important for bone and dental health. Dental caries are reduced by flouride's ability to strengthen the enamel, attract additional calcium ions, and reduce the acid produced by bacteria in the mouth and also has been shown to stimulate new bone formation.
Floride
is also recognized for preventing birth defects because it assists with DNA replication.
Folate
-are essential to DNA synthesis, particularly in the production of red blood cells. -are essential to DNA synthesis, particularly in the production of red blood cells.
Folate and vitamin B12
a process in which food is exposed to ionizing radiation
Food Irradiation
-Make half your plate fruits and vegetables -Make at least half your grains whole grains -Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk
Food to Increase
any domestic or imported packaged food regulated by the FDA as well as those found in flavorings, colorings or other additives.
Foods that require the new labeling
- Sodium - Fats - Calories - Calories from Solid fats and added sugars - Refined Grains - Alcohol
Foods to Reduce
-Compare sodium in foods like soup, bread, ad frozen meals, choose foods with lower numbers -Drink water instead of sugary drinks
Foods to Reduce
- Vegetables - Fruits - Whole Grains - Dairy - Seafood - Oils
Foods to increase
A disease naturally found in livestock that could easily be weaponized by terrorists against the agricultural industry.
Foot and Mouth Disease
US program that made deadly biological weapons
Fort Detrick
Vitamins and/or minerals have been added to the product in amounts in excess of at least 10% of what is normally present.
Fortified or Enriched
A food contains 0 or a trace amount of the nutrient.
Free
is held loosely by weak surface forces and accounts for about 85% of water in meat. Retaining this water is important in maintaining juiciness.
Free water
process used to produce high quality foods such as coffee, dried fruit in cereal, and freeze dried meals commonly purchased by campers. After the product is frozen, it is subjected to a high vacuum pressure and mild heat. Because of the vacuum, the water goes directly into the vapor state
Freeze Drying
alters the color, texture, flavor, and nutritive value of frozen foods.
Freezer burn
Should fill up about ¼ of the plate. General recommendations for adults is to consume 1 ½ - 2 cups a day of these and their juices.
Fruit
contain "active natural products which may reduce chronic disease risk or promote optimal health". Foods that provide benefit beyond macro- and micronutrients are classified as
Functional Foods
- Lipids provide flavors to foods and provide a feeling of satiety when eating. - Fat-soluble vitamins are transported and stored in lipids. - The body and its internal organs are insulated by lipids. - Infants and young children need lipids to aid in the development of the brain, eyes and lungs. - Lipids are important in the production of hormones.
Functions of Lipids
Aspergillus, which is used to make soy sauce and Penicillium, which has many uses including making Roquefort cheese and the common antibiotic penicillin.
Fungi
can also play a role in those who develop IgE mediated food allergie
Genetics
found in soy products is thought to improve heart and bone health in women;
Genistein,
This growth of the thyroid gland, is caused by an iodine deficiency.
Goiter
A food contains 10-19% of the Daily Value.
Good Source
results in production of metabolic end-products (acids, alcohols) that inhibit competing organisms. Fermented foods have a much longer shelf-life than the ingredients used to make them.
Growth on sugars
Is beneficial because it can help remove plaque from the blood vessels.
HDL
the "good cholesterol," are also made in the liver and carry cholesterol back to the liver for disposal. HDL's help reduce the risk of heart disease.
HDL's (high-density liporoteins),
regulated claim more and more food companies are using on food labels are
Health Claims
are a leading killer of Americans.
Heart Diseases
is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to various parts of the body including muscles
Hemoglobin
microorganisms produce gas
Heterofermentive
are currently used only for spices and dried vegetable seasonings.
High doses of kilograys
A food contains 20% or more of a nutrient.
High or Excellent Source:
In this treatment, carcasses are stored at a higher temperature for a designated length of time at the beginning of the aging period.
High temperature conditioning (HTC)
microorganisms produce acids
Homofermentive
This flower contributes to the bitter taste in beer
Hops
used where the product is brought to a boil then canned.
Hotfill
1. An Awesome weight training program 2. Sleep 3. Fluids 4. Energy and Protein
How to build Muscle Mass
1. Determine the daily caloric intake ----> 2000 cal/day 2. Multiply by the desired protein level (20% is average)----> 2000 cal/day × .20 = 400 cal/day 3. Divide by 4 cal/g to determine recommended grams of protein per day ------> 400 cal/day ÷ 4 g/cal = 100 g of protein per day
How to calculate grams of protein bad on diet
-Reduce saturated fat and trans fatty acids; -Reduce dietary cholesterol to less than 200 mg per day; -Increase soluble fiber intake; -Consume two servings of plant stanols/sterols per day; -Reduce calories and increase exercise to reach a healthy fit weight.
How to reduce your LDL
food sources include shortening, stick margarine, processed snack foods and desserts, and fried foods in restaurants. They have replaced many animal fats in commercial uses.
Hydrogenated or trans fatty acid
is a condition related in part to a constant high sugar intake, resulting in a large amount of glucose in the bloodstream.
Hyperinsulinemia
is often referred to as "the silent killer" because many who suffer from it are unaware they have it.
Hypertension
Although the mechanism of Celiac disease involves the immune system, _______ is not the cause
IgE
The offending food triggers the production of B cells to produce ______ _____________ that are specific to that food
IgE antibodies
gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The skin and respiratory system can also be affected. Itching, hives, eczema, edema (swelling), intestinal disturbances, sneezing, wheezing, and most severe anaphylactic shock are some typical symptoms of
IgE-induced food allergy
accounts for ten to twelve percent of water in meats and is held in hydrogen bonds.
Immobilized water
Food Allergies
Immunological =
Primary Food Sensitivities, which can be divided into
Immunological and Non-Immunological (food intolerance) response
This category of food allergy includes hypersensitive reactions caused by protein components of food called allergens
Immunological response
sugar, dextrose, dextrin, glucose, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, honey, maple syrup, cane or cane sugar.
Ingredients to avoid in foods
do not absorb water, typically resulting in foods with a crunchy texture present in foods such as bran, whole grains, legumes, vegetables, fruit skins and seeds
Insoluble fibers
foods that have an Aw range between 0.60 and 0.85. soft-moist pet food
Intermediate-moisture
marbling in meat and lipids added to processed foods.
Invisible lipids
Accumulates in the thyroid gland where it synthesizes thyroid hormones. These hormones regulate basal metabolic rate, growth and development and promote protein synthesis.
Iodine
has higher energy; high enough to change atoms by knocking an electron from them to form an ion, but not high enough to split atoms and cause exposed objects to become radioactive
Ionizing Radiation
is an important mineral used in the formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Iron
1. Balancing Calories to Manage Weight 2. Foods to Increase 3. Foods to Reduce 4. Build healthy eating patterns 5. Make healthy food choices
Key recommendations from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines are:
The liver also manufactures _______'_(_____-___________ __________________), which are often recognized as the "bad cholesterol." The LDL's are believed to deposit trans fatty acids and saturated fats in pathways including the blood vessels, which contributes to the development of heart disease.
LDL's (low-density lipoproteins)
Examples include the Lactobacillus and Streptococcus bacteria used to convert milk into yogurt. These bacteria produce lactic acid as a product of fermentation.
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Organisms responsible for fermentation
Lactic Acid bacteria, Other bacteria, Fungi, Yeast
The product contains less than 10 grams of fat per serving and less than 4.5 grams of saturated fat per serving.
Lean
is approximately seventy-five percent water
Lean meat
A food contains 20% less of a nutrient.
Less/Reduced
found in yellow vegetables is thought to improve eye health;
Leutinin
A food contains 1/3 fewer calories or 1/2 the fat of the "regular" product.
Light
are primarily digested in the small intestine by the enzyme lipase, which is released from the pancreas.
Lipids
A food contains less than 3 grams of fat per serving.
Low Fat
found in watermelon and tomatoes is thought to reduce the risk of prostate and colon cancers in men;
Lycopene
for each serving is listed in the top half of the nutrition facts.
Macronutrient content
also contributes to bone structure and strength, but is especially important for aiding nerve impulses and directing ATP
Magnesium
occurs mostly in premature infants and adults with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney disease, untreated diabetes, and those taking diuretics. Deficiency symptoms include nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, irritability, and changes in blood pressure and heartbeat
Magnesium deficiency
calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and sulfur.
Major minerals
begins with barley
Malting
are involved in amino acid, carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism; cartilage formation; urea synthesis and antioxidant protection. It acts as a constituent of some enzymes and an activator of others.
Manganese
The malt is ground and water is added, also sometimes sugars or starches
Mashing
distinct lines of mold.
Maytag
was once used to make pet food appear as though it had increased protein levels.
Melamine
occurs when an individual lacks a specific enzyme, or does not have enough of it, to utilize a specific food component
Metabolic food disorders
electromagnetic waves of radiant energy and are absorbed by water and other polar molecules but are reflected by metals, while glass and plastic allow the passage of these through the container to the food
Microwaves
are essential, organic substances that are needed in small amounts.
Minerals
is needed to activate certain enzymes.
Molybdenum
_________ body mass puts more pressure on the heart to circulate blood throughout the body; _______ body mass reduces heart stress and often, blood pressure.
More; Less
is part of a larger communication initiative based on 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans to help consumers make better food choices
MyPlate
are the skeletal muscle; their fiber length and use are associated with tenderness
Myofibrillar proteins
which are the most plentiful and responsible for muscle contraction;
Myofibrillar proteins
carries oxygen from the hemoglobin to the muscle cells. Muscles are substantial consumers of oxygen, especially during times of heavy use
Myoglobin
No colors, synthetic flavors or other substances were added to the food product.
Natural
is a national leader in meat production and processing
Nebraska
a level at which to establish a "low carbohydrate" designation.
Net Carbs
It is believed that this functions in enzymes and may play a role in the metabolism of certain fatty acids, amino acids, and folate and may also transport vitamins and other minerals in the body.
Nickel
claimed the reward, developing the process of heating food in sealed containers.
Nicolas Appert
No genetically modified organisms were used in producing the product.
No GMO
Allergy-like intoxications Anaphylactoid reactions Metabolic reactions Idiosyncrasies
Non-Immunological =
The adult recommendation is to consume between 5-7 teaspoons of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated oil a day.
Oils
A group approved by the USDA certifies the product and at least 95% of the ingredients were produced without using sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, genetic engineering, growth hormones, irradiation or antibiotics.
Organic
Is the condition that occurs when a person is deficient in vitamin D.
Osteomalacia
is also known as "brittle bone disease" and is first seen in the hips, spine, and wrist. Symptoms do not reveal themselves until the disease is advanced and late in the disease, symptoms include bone fractures, especially in vertebrae, hips and the wrists; neck and back pain; bone pain and tenderness; loss of height over time; and stooped posture.
Osteoporosis
Examples include Propionibacterium, which is responsible for the holes or "eyes" in Swiss cheese, and Brevibacterium, which is used to produce an orange pigment, found in cheeses. Bacteria in this group produce carbon dioxide and/or acids
Other Bacteria
may also list that the product may have come in contact with the offending food during processing and, therefore, may not be safe for the allergic individual
Packaged foods
used with calcium to provide structure and support to the bones and is also active in soft tissues by providing structure to cell membranes.
Phosphorus
The contents of the can are sealed under vacuum. This is achieved by allowing a small amount of head space (space between the food and the top of the can). The air in the head space is warm during the sealing operation, but eventually cools, contracts, and creates a vacuum
Physical
- Working with other nutrients — vitamins, minerals and fiber. - Working as an antioxidant. - Enhancing immune response. - Enhancing cell-to-cell communication. - Mimicking hormones. - Repairing damage to DNA by environmental toxins. - Detoxifying carcinogens. - Reducing the production of unhealthy substances in the body.
Phytochemical functions
health-promoting chemicals from plant, cannot be made by the body
Phytochemicals
found in tea is thought to prevent cancer;
Polyphenols,
Are broken down into groups of two and then broken down again into monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
is closely linked with hypertension.
Potassium
Food sensitivity can be broken down into
Primary Food Sensitivity and Secondary Food Sensitivity
The front of the package is known as the
Principal Display Panel or PDP
beneficial microorganisms that are found particularly in fermented dairy products.
Probiotics
subjects a material to conditions of high heat and pressure through an auger system
Process of Extrusion
primary in low-income populations, homeless, hospitalized patients, older Americans and people with chronic diseases.
Protein Deficiences
beef, pork, poultry, eggs, fish and seafood and dairy products Legumes, which include foods such as kidney, pinto, black, navy, white and garbanzo beans, lentils, black-eyed peas and soy products, nuts and seeds
Protein dense foods sources
Color Tenderness Juiciness Flavor Texture
Protein factor
protein malnutrition is often called
Protein-Calorie Malnutritoin
as a blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic pressure or greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure.
Qualification of Hypertension
Products labeled "___________ ____________" have had the bran removed and are lower in fiber.
Quick Cooking
Under the RDI's are a category of recommendations referred to as the
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's)
found in red wine, grapes, and cranberries is thought to be an antioxidant improving kidney health.
Red anthocyanins and reservatrol,
Limit consumption of refined grains, especially those that contain solid fats, added sugars, and sodium Refined grains should be replaced with whole grains
Refined Grains
a short-term method of preservation to slow both the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical reactions
Refrigeration
1. No Sewer sludge 2. No synthetic fertilizer 3. No synthetic pesticides 4. No GMOs 5.No hormones given to animals 6. Not irradiated 7. No antibiotics for animals that aren't ill.
Requirements for a food to be organic
The president who stopped biological and toxin weapon research and production by executive order in 1969.
Richard Nixon
has mold growing evenly throughout
Roquefort Cheese
1) Tell the FDA when a foreign food is being imported and what kind of food it is. 2) companies importing into the US needs to register with the FDA
Rules to prevent Bioterrorism in America
_____________ increases the amount of ions and increases the ability of meat to hold water. The ions are attracted to the polar water molecules.
Salting
are responsible for the metabolism within muscle
Sarcoplasmic proteins
This neurotoxic agent was developed in Germany and was used in the subway attack in Japan.
Sarin
includes only naturally occurring saturated fats.
Saturated Fat
are generally considered the most unhealthy of all lipids
Saturated and trans fatty acids
is an antioxidant working primarily with proteins called selenoproteins. Some of these help to prevent the formation of free radicals. Selenium is also an essential component of an enzyme required to synthesize some thyroid hormones.
Selenium
Is believed to contribute to collagen synthesis and bone mineralization
Silicon
One teaspoon of salt contains 2300 mg of
Sodium
Reduce intake to less than 2300 mg per day Further reduce intake to 1500 mg per day for adults ages 51+, African Americans ages 2+ and people ages 2+ with high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
Sodium
probably the oldest of the drying methods. The easiest way to achieve this was to put the product in the sun.
Solar Drying
Foodborne Illness
Something in the food.
used to dry fluid products such as eggs and milk. The product is atomized into very fine droplets and sprayed into a large, hot chamber along with hot air. The droplets are suspended in the warm air where the liquid portion evaporates, leaving a powdered product
Spray Drying
electrical stimulation, stretching and high temperature conditioning
Steps to be taken in the industry to insure tenderness
is also important as it helps to build bone and muscle strength and should be done at least 2 times a week.
Strength training
which are not really part of muscle fibers but are the connective tissue harness that binds muscles to one another and to the skeleton.
Stromal proteins
process of going from a solid to a gas bypassing the liquid state;
Sublimation
The amount reported on the food label contains naturally occurring mono- and disaccharides and added sugars
Sugar
an important component in the buffer systems regulating acidity in the body. It is found in many meat and dairy products and is closely associated with protein and is also a component in many vitamins including thiamine and biotin.
Sulfur
to help assure optimal nutrient intake. Best for Individuals who may benefit from some level of supplementation include older Americans, people following a low-calorie diet, smokers, "picky eaters," women in child-bearing years and individuals with specific health conditions requiring additional vitamins and minerals for disease prevention or management.
Supplementation of vitamins and minerals
another method used during slaughter to prevent cold shortening and toughening of the meat. In this procedure, carcasses are held in an extended position during rigor mortis to prevent extensive contraction of muscle fibers.
Tenderstretch
panel has strict specifications that must be met. All components of this feature are supposed to be the same on every food package ... the font, size, colors, etc.
The "Nutrition Facts"
a set of evidence-based recommendations which provide nutrition guidance to promote health, reduce the risk of chronic diseases and reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States of America.
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines
is an umbrella term used to encompass nutrient recommendations made by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
is the carrier of saturated fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream. It deposits plaque in blood vessels throughout the body
The LDL
to provide the appropriate amount of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin that is injected into the bloodstream.
The Primary nutritional goal for Type I diabetes
measures the amount of pressure required to "bite" mechanically through meat samples.
The Warner-Bratzler Shear Test
endorsed irradiated foods as safe and wholesome
The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the American Dietetic Association, and the food safety agencies of the federal government
are the most fiber-rich component of the grain kernel.
The bran layers
more at risk than infrastructures such as skyscrapers, bridges, nuclear power plants or other high-profile targets
The food supply
Grains have three naturally occurring components.
The outer bran layers, the inner endosperm and a seed.
How do plant stanols and stanol esters work?
These products prevent the absorption of cholesterol and some fats in the intestinal tract contributing to lower blood cholesterol and LDL levels
Why did the pilgrims stop at Plymouth Rock?
They needed beer
include fresh produce, fresh meat and certain highly refined oils or types of food that may unintentionally come into contact with a food allergen during the growing or harvesting process or during manufacturing.
Those foods that do not require allergen labels
1. Determine the daily caloric intake. In this example we will use 2000 cal/day 2. Multiply by the desired carbohydrate level (55%)------> 2000 cal/day × .55 = 1100 cal/day 3. Divide by 4 cal/g to determine recommended grams of carbohydrates per day -----> 1100 cal/day ÷ 4g/cal = 275 g of carbohydrates per day
To calculate grams of carbohydrates based total calorie intake
include complex carbohydrates, mono- and disaccharides, added sugars, and fiber.
Total Carcohydrates
includes monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated and trans fatty acids.
Total Fat
arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon and zinc
Trace minerals
represents the amount of trans fatty acids or hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated fats in the food.
Trans fat
1.) 6th century BC, with the Assyrians poisoning enemy wells with rye ergot 2.) In 1346, plague broke out in the Tartar army during its siege of Kaffa as a result of the attackers hurling the corpses of plague victims over the city walls
Two of the earliest reported uses of biological weapons
the pancreas does not make insulin. In this instance, insulin is injected to correspond with dietary consumption to help the body utilize glucose.
Type I diabetes
is often the result of obesity. The body's insulin does not work effectively, causing chronic elevated blood glucose levels due to ineffective insulin activity that is due to excess body fat.
Type II diabetes
A japan army that used chemical to attack enemy's in WWII -poisoned water supply -dropped pathogens over cities -dropped plane infested rats on cities
Unit 731
Every five years, new dietary guidelines are written and released by
United States Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services
are generally soft or liquid in form, come from plant sources and are considered healthy.
Unsaturated Fat
The liver packages unsaturated fats, trans fats and saturated fats into _______ which takes extra fats to the fat stores.
VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins)
This organism is responsible for small pox
Variola Virus
Should fill a little more than ¼ of the plate. General recommendations for adults are to consume 2 ½ - 3 cups a day from a variety of these including dark green, red and orange, beans and peas, starchy and others along these lines
Vegetables
butter, margarine, salad dressings, gravy and poultry skins,
Visible Lipids
is a concern worldwide and is one cause of night blindness.
Vitamin A deficiency
work together to create energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fat including thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and biotin.
Vitamin B
is especially important in processes related to blood including metabolizing proteins, amino acids and hemoglobin and forming white blood cells.
Vitamin B6
also an antioxidant that is helpful in wound healing and immune function and attaches itself to a virus, limiting the virus' growth and the severity of symptoms related to the virus
Vitamin C
a hormone that regulates the movement of calcium throughout the body
Vitamin D
reduced risks for cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease, and improved immune function to name a few, is also an antioxidant useful in protecting cells and protects cell membranes and is important in maintaining the integrity of red blood cells, neural cells and cells in the immune system.
Vitamin E
found in different forms in plant and animal tissues. Both are usable by the body, primarily in helping blood to clot. This is not a vitamin with the varied health claims associated with many other vitamins. Leafy green vegetables, liver, eggs and fortified products are the best sources
Vitamin K
Weapons of Mass Destruction
WMD
Juiciness Color Flavor Texture
Water factor
absorb water and often exhibit a gummy or juicy texture. Examples are oatmeal, barley, rice and the juicy part of fruits.
Water-soluble fibers
all of the B vitamins, vitamin C and choline
Water-soluble vitamins
-Getting physical -Consuming a reduced calorie, low fat diet with less than 24% of calories from fat -Keeping a record -Having a support system -Eating breakfast regularly
Ways to successfully lose weight
condition occurs when certain peptides from the ingested grains damage cells in the small intestine, resulting in inflammation, dying of the cells, and, therefore, the reduced absorption of nutrients
What happens if you have Celiac Disease
Big Eight
While any food may produce a specific reaction in a particular individual, there are eight foods that cause 90% of allergic reactions in the United States. These foods are known as the
Adults are recommended to consume 6-8 oz of grains a day, with half or more of the grains being these.
Whole Grains
have not had components removed in processing and is ground using the entire grain kernel verses the endosperm for refined flours.
Whole Grains
is an extensive movement that encourages supplementing specific amino acids for specific needs
Whole Health Nutrition
Saccharomyces is the most prevalent yeast used in food fermentations. Products include beer, bread and wine
Yeast
A term describing biological weapons incidents in Southeast Asia.
Yellow Rain
This organism caused the Black Plague, killing 75% of the European population.
Yersinia pestis
In April 1979, an incident occurred in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the former Soviet Union which appeared to be an accidental aerosol release of Bacillus anthracis spores from
a Soviet Military microbiology facility
Regarding Fiber, For many vegetables
a serving is equal to an average adult woman's fist.
food (particles suspended in water
a slurry
reducing excess carbohydrate calories, especially from added sugars, is important to
achieve a healthy body weight.
participate in moderate physical aerobic activity 2 hours and 30 minutes a week, or 1 hour and 15 minutes of vigorous aerobic physical activity a week.
ages 18-64,
ferment for a shorter period at a more moderate temperature
ale beer
In 1994 Congress passed an amendment requiring that
all food labels have a common format to make reading labels easier for consumers
do tend to be major proteins in the offending foods.
allergenic proteins
All other panels are called
alternate display panels
are the building blocks of proteins and the substances needed by the body to perform all of the functions listed earlier.
amino acids
produced from the nitrogen that is present in proteins. The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for ridding the body of nitrogen in the form of this though urine.
ammonia
The reason for malting is to use an enzyme called
amylase
where the person experiences symptoms that may include difficulty breathing due to constriction of the throat, a sudden drop in blood pressure, severe itching, unconsciousness, and possible death.
anaphylactic shock
food illness
any illness that results from the ingestion of food
helps metabolize the amino acid methionine into compounds affecting heart function and cell growth.
arsenic
The three basic groups of biological agents listed by FEMA that would likely be used as weapons are
bacteria, viruses and toxins
The lower the temperature the longer the food can
be stored and retain its quality
The total avoidance of wheat, rye, barley, as well as all products produced from these grains is the
best treatment for celiac disease
probiotics listed could be
bifidus, bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, streptococcus thermophilus, L. casei, S. florentinus or similar sounding names of bacteria
Hunger is a frequent cause of
binge-eating
is the berry of the Piper nigrum vine that has been harvested, fermented, and dried in the sun. It is one of the most commonly used spices world-wide, and has been used for centuries.
black pepper
can be seen easily and occurs quickly
bloom
Water exists in meat in three forms:
bound water, immobilized water and free water
Atherosclerosis is caused by the
build up of fats and cholesterol in the blood vessels resulting in a blockage
Medical procedures to fix Atherosclerosis include
by-pass surgery
major mineral essential for bone health; each cell requires this and also this contributes to nerve transmission, muscle contraction and blood clotting
calcium
Milk, yogurt, and fortified orange juice and soy milk are the primary source of
calcium in the diet
Weight loss will occur with a decrease in any type of
calorie
The guidelines emphasize that environmental factors contribute to weight gain, with the primary factor being
calories
Weight loss is really quite simple ...
calories taken in must be less than those used.
proportion recommendations of ______________________, ______________, and/or _________ ____ ____________ for weight loss
carbohydrates, protein and/or fats of macronutrients
used to produce energy at 4 calories per gram. These are converted to fat rather than glucose.
carbon skeleton
Plant sources of vitamin A are referred to as
carotenoids.
food allergic consumer would need to know that _________ is a milk protein and that "natural flavours" may be derived from such foods as milk or soy.
casein
The high energy of gamma rays creates ionizing radiation, which passes through the food causing a disruption of the _____________ ________________ of microorganisms, parasites, insects, and plant products.
cellular processes
After Kilning the Malt, you add water and
cereal adjuncts (corn, rice, wheat)
the solids in milk are concentrated to make a solid product. Whole milk consists of approximately four percent fat, three and three tenths percent protein, five percent lactose and seven-tenths percent minerals. The remaining eighty-seven percent is water. this process involves adding enzymes and lactic acid-producing bacteria to milk.
cheesemaking
Cells in the wall of the intestinal tract actually re-synthesize the monoglycerides and free fatty acids back into triglycerides and package them into
chylomicrons
Smallpox was spread to natives through
cloths and blankets
Most consumers are interested in zinc as a preventative for _______ and _____ because zinc does prevent the replication of the virus organism
cold and flu
Since the product is not heated, it has also been called
cold pasteurization
Vitamin C also is important in the formation of
collagen
The degree of roast of barley will influence the _________ and __________ of the final beer.
color and flavor
The amount of lactic acid produced directly impacts the ...
color and tenderness of the meat.
All animal proteins are considered
complete proteins
also be called starches or polysaccharides.
complex sugars
aging of beer
conditioning and maturation.
What fatty acid has been linked to cancer prevention, muscle metabolism, body fat regulation and weight control.
conjugated linolenic acid (CLA),
Unlike water that maintains a constant temperature until frozen, In food, the temperature must
continue to be lowered to achieve additional ice crystal formation
There is a fine line between spoilage and fermentation. The key is to.....
control the growth of micro-organisms
Many products have two names on the PDP
copyrighted trade name and the common name of the product
In adults the most common is
crustacean shellfish (shrimp, lobster, crab and crayfish
Agroterrorists could release
damaging insects, viruses, bacteria, fungi or other microbes aimed at wiping out crops.
More myoglobin produces a.....
darker meat
Ingredients in a product are listed in order of
decreasing predominice
is most important in combating atherosclerosis.
decreasing the LDL level
symptoms do not occur until 24 hours or longer after consumption of the food.
delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Companies that use "net carbs" must
designate somewhere on the package how "net carbs" were determined
The purpose of Irradiation is to
destroy microorganisms that cause illness and spoilage
Many times, these allergenic proteins resist
digestion and are stable during processing operations including heat processing.
provided in foods are maltose (found in grains and vegetables), lactose (found in dairy products) and sucrose (found in sweeteners and fruits).
disaccharides
the severity of the reaction is related to some extent to the
dose of exposure
achieved by folding over the can end (lid) and the flange of the can body. The curl on the can end containing sealing compound and the flange are indexed and rolled flat, forming folds of metal. Sealing compound between the folds provides an air-tight seal
double seam
carcasses are stored in a cooler.
dry aging
universal processes
drying, refrigeration, freezing, canning, extrusion, microwaves, irradiation, and fermentation.
The impact of a devastating attack on our food supply (Like in cases of BSE) can....
effect farm suppliers, transportation companies, grocery stores, restaurants, equipment distributors, and in the end consumers, all pay the price in an agricultural crisis
Myoglobin contributes approximately ________-_________ percent of meat's red color
eighty-five
Weight loss and increased physical activity can often
eliminate Type II diabetes
Foods that are high in sugar are often referred to as ________ _________ meaning that they provide few nutrients for the amount of calories.
empty calories
cannot be produced by the body so, therefore, must be consumed in the diet.
essential amino acids
What are to two groups amino acids are divided into?
essential and non-essential
most commonly mentioned include omega-3 (alpha-linoleic) and omega-6 (linoleic), fish, eggs, flaxseed oils, plant oils in general and whole grains.. The body cannot produce these.
essential fatty acids
Cases of excessive chloride consumption are often in conjunction with
excessive sodium
Meat that experiences ________________ contraction will have reduced water-holding capacity
extensive
normally makes up three to nine percent of meat.
fat
the amount of ________ and __________ influence juiciness
fat and water
Vitamins fall into two classes:
fat-soluble and water-soluble.
Vitamins A, D, E and K are
fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin E is found in
fats
A process in which microorganisms transform simple raw materials into unique and complex foods
fermentation
Nearly every raw food can be
fermented
MyPlate serves as a model, for how to
fill the plate at mealtime and begin to build a healthy diet.
Direct harm to humans is more likely to occur if terrorists contaminate_____________ _________ _____ __________ ___________ rather than targeting livestock or crops.
finished food or food products
fats can be found in seeds, whole grains, soy, cottonseed, corn, sunflower, sesame and flaxseed oils, fish oils and most liquid and tub margarines.
food sources of Polyunsaturated fats
include avocados, nuts, canola, olive oil and safflower oils.
food sources of monounsaturated fats
Foods with added vitamins are labeled
fortified
maintaining body structures and functions, fluid balance, nerve impulses, growth and development, enzyme co-factors and antioxidants
functions of minerals
The amount of collagen in meat is influenced by the
gender of the animal
Foods that are highly acidic (pH<4.6) are often
given a hotfill instead of a pressure process
Where are Carbohydrates found?
grains such as breads, cereals, rice, pasta and crackers; vegetables, fruits, dairy products such as milk and yogurt; nuts and seeds.
Dehydration is not a perfect process because
he heat used to drive off water can result in the destruction of many nutrients
Vitamin D is a primary component of
healthy bones
Meats contain a form of iron referred to as
heme-iron
is the brown to gray color found in cooked meats.
hemichrome
The genetic disorder ___________________ may also increase the risk of iron toxicity.
hemochromatosis
Anemia is detected by testing the amount of __________ in the blood
hemoglobin
Meat color is caused by the enzyme
hemoglobin and myoglobin
transport oxygen in the bloodstream and cells, respectively. Iron is also important in energy production as a part of the citric acid cycle and is a part of several proteins involved in the electron transport chain.
hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Babies, especially those born prematurely, are at risk for ______________ ____________ caused by bursting red blood cells because of the lack of Vitamin E
hemolytic anemia
Reducing obesity should be the first-line of defense against
high blood pressure (hypertension),heart disease, lipid disorders, and diabetes
People getting more than twenty percent of their calories from protein are following a
high protein diet
Asthma induced sulfite sensitivity and food-induced migraine headaches are examples of
idiosyncratic reactions
symptoms develop within minutes to up to an hour or so after consumption of the offending food.
immediate hypersensitivity reactions
true food allergies can be divided into two categories:
immediate hypersensitivity reactions or delayed hypersensitivity reactions
Food intolerance is an abnormal reaction to foods or food components that do not involve the immune system
immune system
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are
immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated, and can be quite severe
The wort is pitched and the mixture is held in a fermentation vessel for five to seven days for the fermentation to occur
in Beer Fermentation
Proteins from plant sources are
incomplete proteins
Most allergic reactions occur among
infants
The panel to the right of the PDP is the
information panel
Celiac disease is an ________________ _________ that is poorly understood
inherited trait
Fibers are classified as either
insoluble or soluble
Agricultural terrorism is not about killing animals...
it is about crippling an economy
Some side effects of increased ketones in the bloodstream are headaches, nausea, tiredness, decreased appetite, bad breath, and a condition called
ketoacidosis
When the body breaks down fat stores, it begins by converting fatty acids into acetyl co-A. Without adequate carbohydrate, the acetyl co-A is unable to enter into the citric acid cycle to produce triglycerides. The acetyl co-A is then converted to _________ by the liver
ketones
When people consume less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrates a day, fats are unable to be metabolized efficiently causing a condition known as
ketosis
The absorbed dose (the amount of energy absorbed) is measured in units
kilograys (kGy)
As muscle is converted to meat, glycogen stores are converted to ___________ ___________ reducing carbohydrates to trace amounts.
lactic acid
where afflicted persons either do not have the enzyme lactase, or have reduced levels of it.
lactose intolerance
ferment for a longer period of time at cooler temperatures,
lager beer
Darker Malts produce
les alchohol
Chickens and other domestic birds that do not fly will have
lighter meat
Cholesterol is produced by the
liver
Deficiencies in choline can lead to
liver damage
Inhibit the sprouting of tubers; delay the ripening of some fruits and vegetables; control insects in fruits, vegetables, and grains; and reduce the problems of parasites in products of animal origin
low does of kilograys
foods have an Aw that ranges up to 0.6. Freeze-dried foods
low-moisture
Fiber helps reduce the risk of heart disease by
lowering blood cholesterol and LDL.
the twenty minerals are classified as either
major or trace minerals
The brewing process has four distinct stages
malting, mashing, fermentation and post-fermentation.
Malnutrition in undeveloped nations is also very common and is commonly identified as
marasmus or kwashiorkor
Food processors have taken soy fat and extracted part of the fat to make
margarine
MyPlate illustrates the five food groups using a familiar
mealtime visual, a place setting.
control pathogenic microbes and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated foods.
medium doses of kilograys
mixed with grain and made into pet food. In China it was used in infant formula
melamine
Pre-menopausal women generally have higher HDL levels than
men
A term that can be used to describe the conversion of protein to fat causing weight gain (or loss).
metabolism
when meat is exposed to air for a long period of time. It can also be accelerated by salt and turns brown
metmyoglobin
Freezing cannot be relied upon to destroy microorganisms; in fact, freezing is a common laboratory procedure used to preserve and store microorganisms
microorganisms
The use of radio frequency heating began in the 1940s with the development of th
microwave oven
Often children outgrow early allergies to ______ and _______, because their gastrointestinal tracts develop more fully, break down the proteins farther, and prevent the absorption of the proteins that cause allergic reactions
milk and eggs
but many different type of _______ are used to make cheeses worldwide
milks
Brie and Blue cheese are examples of
mold-ripened cheese
The flavor of meat products is a combination of all of the flavors, i.e. bitter, sweet, sour and salty, and is associated with the
molecules making up the meat tissue
Although some cells can use ketones for energy, the number of ketones produced is often ________ than what the body can use.
more
Muscles that are exercised more frequently contain _______ myoglobin to support the need for additional oxygen
more
Red muscle fibers are better equipped for activity and have __________ myoglobin to transport oxygen better
more
Lighter malts produce
more alchohol
Phytochemical's are light and heat stable, so when they are cooked they are....
more usable by the human body
the flora that lives in the intestinal tract is transferred from
mother to baby through breast milk.
converts chemical energy to physical energy to move limbs and organs. The ability to expand and contract is unique to this
muscle
Older animals have more
myoglobin
involved twenty workers that ingested high levels of soluble nickel salts and experienced abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and shortness of breath.
nickel toxicity
is the pigment found in smoked or cured meats including ham, hot dogs, bacon and bologna. When meat is treated with nitrites, the myoglobin oxidizes.
nitrosyl hemochrome.
can be made by the body and are also present in the diet.
non-essential amino acids
arginine, cysteine, glutamine, and tyrosine
non-essential amino acids referred to as semi-essential amino acids
Plants contain a form of iron referred to as
non-heme-iron
The organic form of arsenic found in foods is
non-toxic
All vegetables, fruits, whole grains, seafood, eggs, beans and peas, unsalted nuts and seeds, fat-free and low-fat dairy, lean meats and poultry are___________ _______________ ____________ when prepared without solid fats and sugars.
nutrient dense foods
foods and beverages that provide vitamins, minerals and other beneficial substances with relatively few calories.
nutrient density
The information panel includes
nutrition facts, a list of ingredients and the name and contact information for the manufacturer or distributor.
Surveys indicate that about _____-______ of Americans read the food label for nutrition or product information.
one-third
provide at least 170 phytochemicals
oranges
From a nutrition standpoint, __________ ____________ are the same as conventional foods ... full of vitamins, minerals and all of the macronutrients.
organic foods
When a person is deficient in calcium,
osteoporosis develops
Sodium regulates the fluid
outside the cell
ccurs when meat turns brown. In this instance, the iron atom loses an electron (converts from a +2 state to a +3 state) and exchanges the water for a hydroxel
oxidation.
occurs when the myoglobin picks up oxygen, as when transporting oxygen to the cells in living muscle. When this occurs, the water is lost and the oxygen is captured.
oxygenation
Two chemical processes commonly occur with myoglobin: oxygenation and oxidation.
oxygenation and oxidation.
In beef, the color changes from a dark, purplish red to the bright cherry red generally associated with beef products. This pigment is called
oxymyoglobin
What are the "Big Eight"
peanut, milk, egg, tree nuts, soy, fish, crustacean shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster, and crayfish), and wheat.
This food is responsible for most food allergy related fatalities.
peanuts
Content is converted to a __________ ____ __________ ____________ to help consumers evaluate foods in terms of one day's diet.
percent of daily value
When adding fiber to the diet, it is important to increase intake gradually to allow
peristaltic movement and fluids time to adjust.
sufferers are unable to tolerate the amino acid phenylalanine, and are warned against consuming products such as the artificial sweetener Nutrasweet (aspartame)
phenylketonuria
Phosphorus as a ______________ acts as a buffer that helps regulate the pH in cells; it maintains a neutral or near-neutral pH that optimizes body functions.
phosphate
a brewer's term for adding yeast
pitched
Yersinia pestis caused the
plague
A new area of development in fats is
plant stanols and stanol esters
The guidelines also give guidance to
policymakers, nutrition educators, health professionals, teachers and the food industry.
Current research is evaluating the value of zinc during
pregnancy
Could go above temperatures of 212°F and was quickly adopted by the canning industry
pressure cooker or retort
Any diet that cuts calories will
promote weight loss
From a nutrition standpoint, it is important to determine if a vegetarian is eating an adequate amount of
protein and/or any high biological sources
What is one way a cattle farmer can stop bioterrisme
quarantine new animals
Phosphorus deficiencies are
rare
contract slowly, but can sustain longer activity
red fibers
almond, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, macadamia, walnut, pecan, hazelnut (Filbert) and pine nuts (pinyon
ree nuts that are commonly allergenic
sAnaphylactoid reactions cause substances in the food to cause the mast cells and basophils to release histamine directly
release histamine directly
Upon a future exposure to the food, the allergen cross-links to IgE molecules on the mast cell or basophil surface, causing the cell to degranulate or .....
releasing several substances that cause adverse effects, the most potent being histamine.
MyPlate is designed to
remind Americans to eat healthfully
Are found in animal products including liver, fish, egg yolks and dairy products and are often referred to as retinals, retinols or retinoic acid and are an important component in vision. Also affect cell differentiation by regulating gene expression and help to develop new cells.
retinoids
Bulgarian exile named Georgi Markov was attacked in London with a device disguised as an umbrella that injected a tiny pellet filled with _________ __________ into the subcutaneous tissue of his leg while he was waiting for a bus.
ricin toxin
Is the condition that occurs when a child is deficient in vitamin D.
rickets
occur naturally in animal fats and tropical oils; examples include fats from beef, pork and lamb; lard; poultry skin; and fat from dairy products.
saturated fat
Adults should consume at least 8 oz of cooked this a week. The advise to consume this does not apply to vegetarians. The Protein group recommends adults should consume at least 5 ½-6 ½ oz of lean meats, poultry, eggs, beans and peas, nuts and seeds and seafood a day.
seafood
If the body is undergoing some type of stress such as injury, illness, or intense physical activity, these may need to be supplemented due to the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts to meet increased needs.
semi-essential amino acids
When consumers examine a nutrition panel, they should begin with the
serving size
Poor wound healing, frequent infections, bedsores, depression, repeat admits to the hospital and lengthened hospital stays are just a few of the
side effects of malnutrition
Carbohydrates come from two sources....
simple and complex
include mono- and disaccharides
simple sugars
are circulated and used throughout the body. Each cell has a pool of these available to build, repair and maintain that individual cell and these are also used to produce substances such as enzymes, hormones and neurotransmitters.
single amino acids
The digestion of proteins results in three primary components:
single amino acids, a carbon skeleton chain and ammonia (NH3).
Biological weapon used against South American natives by the French.
smallpox
chocolate, nuts, legumes, and grains.
sources of nickel
The PDP must have the
statement of identity or name of the product and the net quantity of the package's contents.
Fermentative organisms require ___________, which are either present or are added.
sugars
People can synthesize vitamin D when their skin is exposed to
sunlight
Probiotics are also available in a
supplement form
gastrointestinal symptoms that include: diarrhea, mineral loss, weight loss, failure to grow, chronic fatigue, bone pain, and muscle cramp
symptoms of Celiac Disease
Chloride is a component of _______ ________ and as used in public water systems far exceeds this for most Americans
table salt
hemoglobin contributes approximately ________ ____ ___________ percent of meat color.
ten to fifteen
consists of 4-5 servings a day of vegetables, 4-5 servings a day of fruits, 4-5 servings a week of legumes, nuts or seeds and 2-3 servings a day of fat-free or low-fat dairy. Eating whole grains, margarine and plant oils and limiting sweets and added sugars are encouraged.
the DASH diet plan
different foods will have different freezing points, which are largely determined by
the amount of water present
that lives in the intestinal tract helps defend against many illnesses or help people recover from infections such as a yeast infection.
the flora
Good biosecurity measures are important in keeping out unwanted microbial agents such as
the foot-and-mouth (FMD) virus
Before harvest, tenderness is influenced by many factors including the
the muscles, animal age, heredity and diet
These guidelines provide an outline for
the priority public health nutrition messages for the American population
At the end of beer fermentation
the product is beer
When working towards moderation, consumers should first concentrate on
the types of fats they are consuming
Pork is an excellent source of
thymine
When formed, the IgE antibodies bind to the surface of mast cells (_________ ________) and basophils (___________________)
tissue borne; bloodborne
The primary messages of the 2010 guidelines are
to maintain calorie balance over time to achieve and sustain a healthy body weight and to focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods and beverages.
Due to increasing consumer concerns over allergens, on January 1, 2006, the FDA began to require that food manufacturers list the
top eight allergens on food labels
From a diet standpoint, three blood lipid levels are evaluated in the case Atherosclerosis
total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
amount includes both soluble and insoluble fibers.
total fiber
Both intentional and unintentional Molybdenum deficiencies restricting growth and impairing reproduction have been seen in
total parenteral nutrition (TPN) patients
How many amino acids are there?
twenty
plant stanols and stanol esters are most effective when eaten
twice a day
Fiber's numerous health benefits are related to the fact that is is
undigestible
The time and temperature required to destroy pathogens and spoilage organisms is
unique for each food and for containers of different sizes
Women should only have
up to 1 drink a day
Men should only have
up to 2 drinks a day
it is estimated that fifty percent of the population will develop some form of
vascular disease
play a crucial role in this country's effort to combat agroterrorism, for they are the ones talking to the owners, seeing the animals, and taking the samples each and every day.
veterinarians
is one of the best forms of exercise for weight loss because it places less stress on bones and joints than running, requires no special equipment, except a good pair of shoes, and promotes body fat metabolism
walking
Foods high in sugar are often high in calories, which ultimately contribute to body fat stores causing
weight gain
carcasses are stored in a cooler, in a bag designed to hold moisture in the carcass.
wet aging
contract rapidly, but can fatigue rapidly.
white fibers
Boiling extracts the flavor, stops enzyme activity and sterilizes the mash. The end-product at this stage is called
wort
Most American beers are filtered to remove the ...
yeast particles
Probiotics are found in many
yogurt and yogurt-like products.
It is important in wound healing, immune function, antioxidant functions and growth.
zinc
more likely to occur in people with a genetic defect in zinc absorption and those with kidney disease, sickle-cell anemia, cancer, alcoholism, and AIDS.
zinc deficiency
health-promoting animal-based chemicals
zoochemicals
