Foot ankle biomechanics ( studying pronation and supination and the cardinal planes involved)

pronation combination of 3 movements:

dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction

supination is associated with

elevation of the medial longitudinal arch and a rigid foot

pronation is associated with :

lowering of the medial longitudinal arch and a pliable foot

in extreme causes supination is associated with:

pes cavus (high arch), abnormally raised longitudinal arch

in extreme cases pronation is associated with

pes planus (flat foot), or abnormally low medial longitudinal arch

supination combinations of 3 movements

plantarflexion, inversion, adduction

pronation and supination are _________________________ joint osteokinematics

subtalar