Forestry Final Exam
section
1 square mile
1 kilometer is equal to how many meters?
1000m
1 meter is equal to how many feet?
3.28 ft
short cord
4 × 8-foot rick of pieces shorter than 4 feet
forties
40 acres
1 acre is equal to how many square feet and how many square chains?
43,560 ft^2, 10 chains ^2
township
6 square miles divided into 36 sections
1 square mile is equal to how many acres?
640 acres
1 chain is equal to how many feet?
66 ft
1 mile is equal to how many chains and how many feet?
80 chains, 5,280 ft
improvement cutting
A cutting made in a stand pole-sized or larger primarily to improve composition and quality by removing less desirable trees of any species
site index
A measure of actual or potential forest productivity expressed in terms of the average height of a certain number of dominants and codominants in the stand at an index age.
sample plot
A sample unit or element of known area and shape.
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial regeneration?
A- stand establishment may be more reliable, increases chances of prompt reforestation, timing can be planned to coincide with favorable weather conditions D- you may lose good genetics and it takes more physical time from you
what are the advantages and disadvantages of natural regeneration?
A- you get the genetics that are already there D- not as much control over how much is being repopulated
Biltmore stick
An instrument used for measuring the diameter of a tree, height of a tree, and diameter of a log. A Biltmore stick also has board foot tables on it.
Why is it important to estimate the annual growth of timber stands?
It helps to determine when to harvest or how much to thin
What problems would you encounter if you cut all the good trees in an area?
It would degrade the stand and cause the stand to be repopulated with lower quality trees
tree diameter tape
Measure circumference of trees
direct seeding
Putting seeds directly into the forest floor rather than planting seedlings.
How does natural regeneration take place?
Regeneration occurs from whatever is already there such as seeds and sprouts.
mechanical thinning
Remove in rows or strips (Every 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc. row)
Bolts
Short logs or sections of a large log, usually less than 8 feet long
release cutting
Silvicultural treatment in which larger trees of competing species are removed from competition with desired crop trees
merchantable height
The distance from the stump height to the top of the merchantable material in the tree and varies depending on the products to be made from the tree, implies the ability to cut lumber, veneer, or other products from the logs.
sample size
The number of subjects used in an experiment or study.
systemic sampling
The process of selecting a sample of subjects for a study by drawing every nth unit on a list (specific intervals)
site quality
The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume production of a given species.
high thinning
The removal of trees from the dominant and codominant crown classes in order to favor the best trees of those same crown classes.
low thinning
The removal of trees from the lower crown classes to favor those in the upper crown classes.
thinning
The timber-harvesting practice of selectively removing only smaller or poorly formed trees
Why measure forests?
To determine how much growth and profit is in a stand.
multiple use
Use of an ecosystem such as a forest for a variety of purposes such as outdoor recreation, range, timber, watershed, and wildlife/fish
random sampling
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
standard cord
a stack of 4 by 4 by 8 feet of wood and contain 128 cubic feet of wood, air, and bark
log rules
a table or formula showing the estimated net yield for logs of a given diameter and length
board foot
a unit of measurement for lumber that equals 1'' x 12'' x 12''.
sustained yield
a yield that a forest can produce continuously
quarter section
about 160 acres
Examples of remote sensing
aerial photographs, GIS, google earth
Mortality
all the trees that died during the time interval between surveys
horizontal point sampling
an efficient way of estimating the basal area and volume of forest stands
hypsometer
any of several tools or instruments designed to measure the height of trees. examples include Biltmore stick, clinometer, and height poles
What unit is used for lumber dimensions?
board foot
codominant
canopy trees of average size that receive direct sunlight from above but relatively little light from the sides
What unit is log diameter measured in?
centimeters
What is the difference between a 100% timber cruise and a partial timber cruise?
clearcutting removes all trees while partial leaves at least 5-10% of the trees
uneven-aged stand
completely different ages in the same spot
sampling error
dependent on uniformity
clinometer
determine a tree's height or percent grade on a slope
DBH
diameter at breast height
what are the different crown classes?
dominant, codominant, intermediate, and surpressed
What are the purposes of silviculture?
enhance timber production, wildlife habitat, streamflow, and the aesthetic quality of the forest
timber cruise
estimate of volume of timber
What unit is tree and log length measured in?
feet
Ingrowth
growth in new trees that were not present in the original survey and trees that were too small to be tallied
sapling stand
have trees taller than 1 meter and range in stem diameter up to 10 cm
How do you determine forest growth
ingrowth + survivor growth - mortality - cut
dendrometer
instrument for measuring the height and diameter of trees
overmature stands
large proportion of the trees are becoming senescent; losses from mortality often exceed additions from volume in growth
pole stands
made up mostly of trees between 10 and 25 cm in diameter
Sawlogs
mature, high-quality trees that are removed for sale
increment borer
measure tree age/growth
What unit is distance measured in?
meters
metes and bounds system
natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land
Gross scale minus scale defects equals
net scale
multiple use interactions
neutral- interactions that don't affect one another compatible- interactions that benefit each other noncompatible- interactions that don't work well at all
dominant use
one particular use of the forest is given relative priority over others
forest resource manager
optimizes the supply of ecosystem-based resources relative to the demand for them, and it concurrently ensures a perpetual supply of resources with minimal conflict in using one or another of them
indirect seeding
plants started indoors that will be transplanted
forest sampling
process of selecting representative samplings
Pure stand vs. mixed stand
pure- everything is the same species, administrative ease, lower cost of cultural treatments and harvesting mixed- multiple species and sometimes ages, more aesthetically pleasing, may have greater capacity for wildlife, more resistant to insect and disease outbreaks
seedling stand
recently disturbed stands in which the regeneration is less than 1 meter
remote sensing
refers to any method employed to study the characteristics of objects from a distance
stocking
refers to the adequacy of a given stand density to meet some management objective
baselines
runs east-west
principle meridians
runs north-south
even-aged stand
same age (about 2-3 years)
gross scale
sawlog volume obtained with a log rule or cubic volume formula
mature stands
size varies greatly according to species and location; in temperate regions usually includes trees between 25 and 60 cm in diameter
Chips
small- to medium-sized pieces of wood formed by cutting or chipping larger pieces of wood
sampling unit
that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling
rotation age
the age of the stand at which a harvest is planned, usually a few years prior to becoming an overstocked stand
silviculture
the art of producing and tending to a forest; the theory and practice of controlling forest establishment, composition, and growth
forest growth
the change in volume that occurs over an interval of time
monoculture
the cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
scaling
the determination of the gross and net volume of logs
Survivor growth
the difference in timber volume of the trees that survived since the original survey
Cut
the measurement taken from the stumps of harvested trees
forest management
the process of organizing forest stands so that they produce a continuous stream of whatever resources are desired from that forest (timber, wildlife, aesthetic experiences, etc.)
sampling method
the process used to choose the sample from the population
dominant
trees that project somewhat above the general level of the canopy, having crowns that receive direct sunlight from above and some from the side
surpressed
trees with crowns completely overtopped by surrounding trees so that they receive no direct sunlight except occasional "sun flecks" penetrating small gaps in the foliage above
intermediate
trees with crowns extending into the canopy layer but crowded on all sides so that only the top of the crown receives direct sunlight
tree caliper
used to measure tree diameter
rectangular survey system
uses carefully established baselines and principle meridians as reference for land location
forest yield
volume of timber in a forest at a specific point in time
how does artificial regeneration take place?
we pick what we want and plant it
initial point
where baseline and principle meridian cross
height pole
works if the tree isn't super tall