Foundations of Psychosocial Care

Define: Modeling

A learning process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behaviour to be imitated by the others (observational learning).

Define: Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response, which at first is elicited by the second stimulus, is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone (John Watson). E.g. making a dog salivate to the sound of a bell.

Define: Equilibrium

A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced; a state of physical balance; a calm state of mind.

Define: Attachment

An affectional tie that one person or animal forms between himself and another specific one.

Freud suggests that people operate from three separate personality structures. Define 'ID'

An unconscious reservoir of selfish instincts, which is the largest and least controlled portion of the mind.

Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development

Autonomy vs...Shame & Doubt- Infancy (1/1.5 to 3 years)

Bowlby's attachment theory

Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues through life. He suggested attachment also serves to keep infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.

Define: Schemas

Describes an organised pattern of thought or behaviour that organises categories of information and the relationships among them. E.g. a child seeing a zebra for the first time and calling it a horse. The child assimilates this information into her schema for a horse.

Define: Accomodation

Describes what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information.

Give an example of Erikson's 3rd stage of development

During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction. Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guild, self-doubt and lack of initiative.

What personality changes take place during Erikison's stages of basic trust versus mistrust?

During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them. When a baby cries, does his caregiver attend to his needs? When he is frightened, will someone comfort him? When these needs are consistently met, the child will learn that he/she can trust the people that are caring for them, however, if these needs are not consistently met, the child will begin to mistrust the people around them.

What are the temperament patterns? Which pattern of infant temperament is the least common?

Easy or flexible Difficult, active, or feisty Slow to warm up or cautious

Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development

Ego Integrity vs...Despair- Late adulthood (60's onwards)

Choose one of Piaget's stages and describe the major cognitive achievements for this stage.

Formal-operational stage- - Child is not limited to concrete thinking - Child can reason abstractly and logically

Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development

Generativity vs...Stagnation- Middle adulthood (30's & 40's)

Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development

Identity vs...Identity confusion- Adolescence (10-20 years)

Define: Assimilation

Incorporation of new concepts into existing schemes.

Erikson's forth stage of psychosocial development

Industry vs...Inferiority- School age (6-12 years)

Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development

Initiative vs...Guilt- Early childhood (3-6 years)

Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development

Intimacy vs...Isolation- Early adulthood (20's & 30's)

Freud suggests that people operate from three separate personality structures. Define 'EGO'

Operates mostly at conscious level; represents your sense of reality and guides the id to gratification via realistic, appropriate and punishment free channels.

What are the five stages of Freud's psychosexual theory or development? Record these alongside the corresponding ages.

Oral Stage- birth to 1/1.5 years Anal Stage- 1/1.5 to 3 years Phallic Stage- 3 to 6 years Latency Stage- 6 to 11 years Genital Stage- 11 (puberty through to adulthood)

Review Piaget's cognitive development theory and Vygotsky's social cognitive theory. Identify the major differences and similarities between their theories of development.

Piaget- - Cognitive development is a nature progression. Active, independent efforts by the child to make a sense of their world. - Disregard the importance of direct teaching by adults and mature peers. - Universal sequence of stages (age based). Vygotsky- - Agrees with Piaget that children are active and constructive beings but argues that their cognitive development is a socially mediated process.

Freud suggests that people operate from three separate personality structures. Define 'SUPEREGO'

Represents the ethical standards of society; limits both the ID-based and EGO-based gratification of desires that conflict with the well-being of society as a whole. This is your conscious.

What are the five components of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Self-actualisation Esteem Love/Belonging Safety Physiological

What are Piaget's four progressive stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor Stage- birth to 2 years Preoperational Stage- 2 to 7 years Concrete-operational Stage- 7 to 11 years Formal-operational Stage- 11 years onwards

How does Erikson's theory of psychosocial development differ generally from Freud's theory of psychosexual development? How are they similar?

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory are two well-known theories of development. While he was influenced by Freud's ideas, Erikson's theory differed in a number of important ways. Like Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of predetermined stages. Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson's theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

Define: Adaption

The act of changing to suit new conditions.

What do we mean by 'lifespan development' psychology? Why is this important to understand in a nursing practice?

The term lifespan development refers to the age-related changes that occur from birth, throughout a person's life, into and during old age. It focuses on the cognitive, biological, and sociological changes in a person as they mature.

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development

Trust vs...Mistrust- Infancy (birth to 1/1.5 years)