Foundations of Terrorism Exam 1
how many drug trafficking organizations dominate the political landscape in Northern Mexico?
7 major drug trafficking oranizations
Parliamentary Party
Sinn Fein moved into the arena by discrediting the ____________ _______.
Hapsburgs
The ruling family of Austria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire.
eschatology
the theological end of time. In Judaism and Christianity, it refers to God bringing creation to an end.
paramilitary groups
violent __________ ___________ have operated under the umbrella of legitimate organizations
The Peoples' Will
violent revolution was espoused by Russian writers; however, no single theme dominated the revolutionaries until it was imposed by the state under Lenin
How are anarchists seen in the late 19th century and early 20th century?
violent socialist revolutionaries.
criminology as applied to terrorism
looks at prevention and apprehension
Walter Laqueur
says that no one can develop a composite picture of terrorist because no such terrorist exists
Randy Borum
says that there is no standard rationale for justifying behavior.
Who coined the academic consensus defintion?
Alex Schmid
smuggle
terrorists not only move funds, but also _________ stolen goods and contraband
social approval
terrorists want and need _______ _______ to survive
Carlos Marighella
- Brazilian Legislator. - Nationalistic communist party leader - revolutionary terrorist
Suicide terrorism criteria includes
-Act of Violence - Political goal -perpetrator of that act must die - killing civilians -psychological effect
What are Fanon's two works
-The Wretched of the Earth - A Dying Colonialism
What are advantages of the Hawala system
-money moves with no record - money crosses international boarders with ease - it is based on trust, and long term trusting relationships are in place - money can easily be bartered for contraband - no tax records exist
what were Marighella's two works
1. The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla 2. For the Liberation of Brazil
how many definitions of terrorism are there?
181
what are criticisms of radicalization
1. The idea that research in radicalization and alienation will produce valuable knowledge 2. suggested that more beneficial results would be gained through the examination of militant ideology and concepts that attract followers
who were fanon's two targets for terrorism
1. White settlers 2. Native Middle Class
what is the 6 step framework of radicalization
1. alienated young man 2. meets other alienated young men and form a bond 3. groups gravitate toward religion 4. religion interpreted in militant terms 5. militant group meets terrorist contact 6. militant join terrorist as a group decision
what were common forms of behavior for Umar, James, and Omar?
1. all three men all came from well-to-do middle-class environments 2. all three became deeply angered and filled with moral indignation. 3. there was some type of event that triggered their final decision
What are the 4 parts of a pyramid from highest to lowest
1. command 2. Active Cadre 3. Active Supporters 4. Passive Supporters
what actions are involved when financing modern terrorism
1. criminal enterprises 2. drug trade 3. conducting illegal business activities 4. smuggling money 5. identity theft 6. security fraud 7. extortion 6. charitable contributions 7. nongovernmental organizations 8. banks 9. wire transfers 10. normal employment
five common patterns of converting to violent radical causes according to Hamm
1. crisis convert 2. Protection-seeking convert 3. searching convert 4. manipulating converts 5. free- world converts
Two phases of Urban Terrorism
1. designed to bring about actual violence 2. designed to give that violence meaning
what are today's pirates armed with?
1. global positioning systems 2. satellite phones 3. Machine guns 4. rockets 5. grenades
Borum's 3 phases of self-justification
1. reason for joining 2. reason for remaining 3. reason for leaving
What two primary factors account for the continued influence of religion?
1. religion has been an important influence in the history of humanity 2. modernization tends to break down communities, families, and social orientation
McCauley's four types of personalities
1. revolutionaries drawn to a cause 2. people who wander among terrorist groups 3. people who have sudden conversion experience 4. people who are attracted by peers
what are two methods for studying terrorism
1. search for meaning behind actions 2. analyze terrorism by looking for structures
terrorism as a religious process
1. strong religious beliefs increase 2. violence results when sacred traditions are threatened
what are two factors that interact with change?
1. the organization's structure 2. its finances
what are Horgan's concerns?
1. the psychological processes that lead people to terrorist groups 2. the issues that keep them in the group 3. the support for people who want to leave.
List some different crimes that terrorist commit
1.drug smuggling 2.Diamond smuggling 3.weapon smuggling 4.kidnapping for ransom
when did southern Ireland become a Free State
1921
Political Atmosphere
A new __________ __________ made the rise of organizations like Al Qaeda possible.
Hawala System
A system of exchanging money based on trust relationships between money dealers
Selective Terrorism
A term used by Michael Collins during the Irish War of Independence. Collins did not launch indiscriminate terror attacks. Rather, he selectively targeted the British military, the police force it sponsored, and the people who supported the United kingdom.
Marx
Advocated a democracy dominated by workers
How are Al Qaeda different from the Taliban?
Al Qaeda operates as an international terrorist group while the Taliban form divergent regional militias and use selective terrorism to support Guerrilla operations.
Enlightenment
An 18th century intellectual movement following the scientific revolution. Also called the Age of Reason. Was characterized by rational though and the belief that all activities could be explained.
Nidal Malik Hasan
An American soldier of Palestinian descent. He was an Army psychiatrist who apparently white became self-radicalized, embracing militant Islam. He went on a shooting spree at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5,2009 killing 13 people and wounding almost three dozen others. He was wounded, arrested, and charged with several counts of murder.
Estates General
An assembly in pre revolutionary France consisting of all but the lower class. The ________ _________ had not been called since 1614, but Louis XVI assembled them in 1789 in response to demands from the Assembly of Notables, who had been called to address the financial problems of France. Radical elements in the ___________ ___________ revolted, and the disruption led to the French Revolution.
Philosophers of the Age of Reason
Believed that governments should exist to protect individual rights and that the best form of government was democracy.
Alfred Nobel
Blended explosive material with chemicals, cotton, and refined clay to produce an explosive 20 times more powerful than black powder. Inventor of dynamite.
When and where was "Che" killed?
Bolivia in 1967
What three groups in Russia felt that they could reform and modernize the Russian State?
Czar Alexander The intellectuals Violent Anarchists
splintering or misunderstandings
Decentralization paves the way of potential ___________ or ______________.
illegitimate economy
ETA established ______ _________ in a shell state
National Convention
Elected in 1792, it broke from the estates general and called for a constitutional assembly.
What happens when trying to define terrorism?
Entire nations change their approach to the national security, intelligence, and law enforcement depending on the definition.
What was happening in Europe during the Enlightenment?
Europeans began to question how free farmers and classes of nobles were governed. Europeans sought to increase the political power of the lower classes.
$500 billion per year
FBI estimates that the underground economy produces ___________ per year
T/F there is a universal definition of terrorism
False
T/F there are a lot of religious basis for terrorism.
False; despite utilization of sacred stories and cosmic mythologies, there is a very limited official religious basis for terrorism
T/F networks do have central leadership, and they operate under a variety of rules
False; networks do not have a central leadership.
The native population
Fanon argued that terrorism should not be used against ______ ________ _______ in general.
Ernesto "Che" Guevara
Fidel Castro's assisstant and guerrilla warfare theorist. Advocated guerrilla revolutions throughout Latin America after the success in the Cuban Revolution
columns
Groups of cells form __________
Latin America
Hezbollah and Hamas use _________ __________ drug trade to raise funds
payoffs
Hezbollah uses the ________ from Los Zetas to finance terrorist operations
Insurgencies
Impossible to fight ___________ with military tactics designed for terrorism of guerrilla war
authors of The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
most difficult type of terrorist to deter or detain is:
Lone-Wolf
What does religion help produce?
Lone-Wolf Avenger
Northern Ireland Unionists and Republicans
Maintain legitimate political organizations
violence
Marighella believed that the basis of revolution is _________
practical guides
Marighella designed _________ ________ for terrorism that have been employed for more than 40 years
countryside; city
Marighella wanted to move violence from the ___________ to the ___________
Who assembled the Committee of Public Safety?
Maximilien Robespierre
During the Napoleonic Wars
Meaning of terrorism shifted away from governmental repression to the resistance of some people to governments.
Eschatology plays a major role in
Messianic warriors in the end-time correct heresies of the past and fight for the ideal divine order of deity
Free State
Name given to the newly formed Republic of Ireland after Irish Independence
political advantage
Narcoterrorism is an attempt to take ________ ________ of the fear of terrorism
Aggressive
Nationalistic and separatist groups are _________.
Did the French Revolution bring Democracy?
No, it brought Napoleon.
Guerrilla revolutions based on the Cuban experience are typified by what three phases
Phase 1: begins with isolated groups Phase 2: Merges groups into guerrilla columns Phase 3: begins columns together in a conventional army
who are deadlier: religious terrorists or secular terrorists?
Religious terrorist
The intellectuals wanted
Russia to become a liberal western democracy
James W. von Brunn
Shooting in the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C.
unpopular
Terrorism almost always involves violence from an ________ political fringe movement
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is an act or threatened act of violence against innocent people for political purpose
French Revolution
Terrorism, at least from the Western Perspective, grew from the ____________ ______________
Spain in 1807
The Penisular War began when Spanish and French forces divided Portugal in ______.
Narodnaya Voyla
The Peoples' Will: Advocated violent socialist revolution
The Cuban Revolution
The ____________ _____________ popularized guerrilla warfare throughout the world
Triborder region
The area where Brazil,Paraguay, and Argentina join. The major city is Cuidad del Este
Who initiated the Reign of Terror?
The committee of public safety
Social Context
The historical, political, and criminological circumstances at a given point in time. The ________ affects the way terrorism is defined
Democracy
The ideology of ____________ spawned revolutions in American colonies and France
Reign of Terror
The name given to the repressive period in France. The revolutionary government accused thousands of French Nobles and clergy of plotting to restore the monarchy. Executions began in Paris and spread throughout the countryside. Large mobs attacked and terrorized nobles in rural areas.
Social Construct
The way people view reality
T/F Large groups last longer than small groups
True
Example of Social Context
U.S. State Department Anti-Terrorism Assistance views Hezbollah as terrorist group - Jordanians' view Hezbollah as a legitimate militia.
List 3 cases of radicalization
Umar Farouk James Brunn Omar Hammami
cultures; values
Western powers have dehumanized non western people by ____________ their cultures and replacing them with Western ______________.
terrorism
_________ began as government repression in France, but the term was transformed to refer to guerrilla tactics in the Napoleonic Wars.
Saudi
_________ money can be traced to violence; spread of militant Islam is not about drugs
socially
_________, terrorists are justified by the use of group reinforcement, ideology, and symbols
processes
__________ used by American Criminal gangs and Arab suicide bombers are the same
Technology and weapons
____________ & ______________ helped many insurgencies grow
decentralization
____________ offers relative security because very few people know many other members of the organization
Al Qaeda's
____________ use of heroin to finance the jihad ranges from believable to fantastic
Los Zetas
_______________ uses Hezbollah to launder drug profits
leader
a _________ often targets selected prisoners or dominate new inmates using intimidation to force them to join the group
destabilize
a campaign of revolutionary terrorism in an urban setting could be used to __________ governmental power
Narcoterrorism
a controversial term that links drugs to terrorism in one of two ways: 1. either drug profits are used to finance terrorism or 2. drug gangs use terrorism to control production and distribution networks
James Fraser
a former counter terrorist specialist in the U.S. army. Discusses two aspects of the organization of terrorist groups. 1. the structure 2. The support
Umbrella
a group that shelters. supports, and inspires smaller terrorist groups.
Lone-Wolf
a person who has a particular ideology but is not part of a group create a god in their own image they become ultimate loners
shell state
a political situation where a government nominally controls its own state but where large regions are either anarchic or under the control of others
profiling
a practical criminological process designed to identify the behavioral attributes of certain types of criminals
The focus on insurgency is due to
a small group of officers who began looking at military failures during the Vietnam War
Theory of Action
a social science theory that assumes human beings take action based on the subjective meanings they attribute to social settings
New Economy of terrorism
a term used by Loretta Napoleoni to describe the evolution of terrorist financing from the beginning strategies of the cold war to the present.
social alienation
according to research, models differ when trying to understand terrorism, but ____________ _____________ seems to be a common element among all models
Freedom
achieving ___________ was inherently violent
What criteria is needed in order to commit an act of terrorism
act of violence political goal killing of innocent civilians psychological effect
size of a group
affects its ability to operate over time
Academic Consensus Definition
combines common elements of the definitions used by leading scholars in the field of terrorism.
Structural Framework
all groups, including terrorist organizations take action because they belong to a structure that operates for a specific purpose
Joint Terrorism Task Forces
allow the FBI to coordinate law enforcement resources in the face of domestic terrorism and to expand investigations
Failed state
an area outside a government's control. They operate under differing warlords, criminal groups, or competing governments
pyramid
an illustration of the way terrorists organize themselves into hierarchies. It is an analogy showing a large base of support culminating in a small group of terrorists at the top
forensic accounting
an investigative tool used to track money used in illegal activities
fiscal
analysts have had to focus on the ______ aspect of terrorism, believing that terrorists used money in the same way as other organized criminals
node
any point where information, weapons, or personnel are gathered or exchanged
manipulating converts
are controlled by a strong member inside a group
meanings
are developed by individuals and groups. Different _______ can be attributed to the same event or physical object because the definitions are always influenced by interpretations
Social Geometry
as used by Donald Black, the social space occupied by a structure and the direction in which it moves
radicalization
as used in this context, refers to the psychological process of adopting extremists positions
Anarchist groups
assassinated several Russian officials, including Czar.
virtual organizations
associations that develop through communication, financial, and ideological links. Like a network, a ____________ __________ has no central leadership
cell
basic unit of traditional terrorist organization.
What happened to the Basque region?
became a failed state
IRA
began with a campaign of violence sponsored by the IRB in the late 1800s
Staub and McCauley
believe that certain types of people are drawn toward terrorist groups
Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky
believed that terrorism should be used as an instrument for overthrowing the Bourgeois, governments. Advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal enemies
Chetan Bhatt
believes radicalization is associated with alienation
Horgan
believes researchers should search for the "routes to terrorism"
terrorist groups
build their own mythologies to justify their actions through a story
Unionists and Republicans
by the 20th century the struggle in Ireland became a matter of divisions between
Hezbollah
can serve as an example of the complexity of terrorist financing
Frantz Fanon
championed the model for modern urban terrorism
what is the most effective financial aid to modern terrorism?
charitable contributions
Edmund Burke
coined the term Reign of Terror, and used the word terrorism to describe the actions of the new government.
Committee of Public Safety
conducted the war against invading monarchal powers, it evolved into the executive body of France.
what do critics say about combining the drug problem with terrorism?
confuses two different issues
what does Hezbollah rely on?
criminal activities in Lebanon and in other countries
justification
deadly force demands the greatest amount of __________
empirical findings
demonstrate that terrorism is partially a religious process
in terrorist structures, cells
describe a tactical group dispatched by the network for selected operations
Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab
destroy a Northwest airliner as it entered American airspace
Michael Collins
developed a strategy called selective terrorism reasoned that indiscriminate terror was no value random or large scale attacks would alienate public opinion.
the 9/11 commission
dismisses that drugs were linked to al Qaeda's attack
Passive Supporters
do not actively join the terrorist groups; they simply represent a favorable element within the political climate
political revolutionary and radical groups
do not have the popular appeal needed to gain support for their activities
"clean"
drug dealers end up with ________ Colombian pesos and the US currency accumulated from illegal drug sales is hidden from formal audits when a hidden transfer happens
Black Market Peso Exchange
drug dealers sell their products in the US and accumulate large amounts of US currency
most organizations are designed to
either support guerrilla movements or to operate as a terrorist movement
group
evidence suggests that radicalization is not always a _______ process
T/F It is impossible to chart the structure of any terrorist organization
false; it is possible
What is Guerrilla Warfare
form of asymmetrical warfare
what is the difference between a freedom fighter and a terrorist?
freedom fighters do no target innocent people, while terrorist do.
financial warfare
freezing assets and tracing the funds used by terrorist groups
what do all terrorist organizations need?
funding
Islamic groups
get most of their money through the drug trade in central and South East Asia
Men engage in suicide bombing in order to:
go to heaven and be greeted by 72 beautiful virgin women
Horn of Africa
gripped by internal and external struggles. Piracy caused by the multifaceted conflict in Somalia accompanied by the breakup of legal authority and social systems
what has research suggested is happening in prisons?
groups are being radicalized
What are two tools of a revolution
guerrilla warfare and individual acts of terrorism
alienation
happens when an individual or group lost becomes lost in the dominant world. A person or group of people is _____ when separated from the dominant values of society at large
searching converts
have been exposed to religion, but seek deeper meaning while in prison
Irish
have never ruled their island as a single political entity, and they have experienced some type of foreign domination for hundreds of centuries
women engage in suicide bombing in order to:
have the right to marry a male suicide bomber and have all sins wiped clean
models
help to explain the evolution and practice of contemporary terrorism
Omar Hammami
his identity conflict ended when he embraced a violent intolerant form of Islam to become a commander in Al Shabaab
What do JTTFS focus on?
ideology, group, and individual behaviors. information sharing over broad geographical
copycat terrorist
if something is successful, they will imitate it
social acceptance
in order for __________ ___________ to be gained, the terrorist group must be isolated from mainstream society
differs
investigators revealed that the money trail in terrorism ________ from the flow of funds in other criminal enterprises because special structure of terrorist operations
Anarchism
is a philosophical concept originating in ancient Greece
Modern Revolutionary Terrorism
is closely associated with a series of revolutionary activities that began with the Peoples' Will and continued through the communist revolution
Narcotics trade
is one of their primary sources of money
The node
is the critical target for counterterrorist operations
what is the one weakness of Marighella's theory?
it does not work
In order for terrorism to be effective,
it has to selectively and ruthlessly target security forces and their symbols of authority
How is terrorism defined?
it is defined by different people within shifting social and political realities
financing
it is important to understand the _______ of terrorism because it is an important intelligence tool
Members of the Peoples' Will believed that
it was necessary to terrorize conservative organizations into submission
Al Shabaab
jihadist militant group in Somalia. Its senior leadership is affiliated with al Qaeda
crisis convert
joins a radical group as a result of a personal crisis
In what form did anarchism spread in the US?
labor violence
Patrick Pearse and James Connolly
led a revolt in Dublin
Mark Hamm
maintains recruitment is similar to procedures used by street gangs
campaign
many of the organizational traits of terrorism are unique to a a particular ____________.
decision-making process
members of terrorist groups go through a _______ _________ _________, while they are being violently radicalized
What did Czar Alexander's followers want to do?
modernize Russia from the top down
freedom, constant monitoring, and threatened violence from other prisoners
most of the people who enter prison have to adjust psychologically to the loss of ________,___________, & _____________
Victoroff
multiplicity of factors used to justify violance
LEO
must recognize the differences between typical criminal behavior and terrorist activity
is financial warfare effective?
no
networks
organizations of groups, supplies, weapons, and any structure that supports an operation.
netwar
one network fighting another network
Active Supporters
one of the largest and most important levels of a terrorist organization. These people are critical to terrorist campaigns. Any group that can carry out a bombing or kidnapping, but maintaining a campaign of bombings and kidnappings takes support
Stories
people use _______ to explain deep truths beyond the immediate world. ________ change the nature of terrorist organizations-- they help produce different group organizations and styles
Republicans
people wanting independence
unionists
people wanting to remain in the Great Britain and Ireland
New Economy of Terrorism
produced after the fall of the Soviet Union and Subsequent globalization
terrorist campaign
promises the greatest opportunity for success
Guerrilla war
rebellions after WWII are based on ________ ______.
Socialists
refers to controlling an economy by direct democracy an utilizing economic profits to ensure the well-being of citizens
tribal areas
refers to federally administered _______ _________ in Pakistan along the Afghan border. Seven different Pashtu tribes have control of the region by agreement with the central government
routes of terrorism
refers to the psychological and social factors that motivate people to join and remain in terrorist groups
lethal
religious terrorists are ________. religious terrorist groups killed more people with fewer attacks than secular terrorists
psychological and sociological
research indicates individual ___________ and ___________ factors create the framework for interpreting reality
meanings
researchers who believe that modern terrorism has been changed by religion look for _________ that drive actions
what three things do terrorisms involve themselves in?
resources, logistics, and financing
free-world converts
result from chaplains outside of the system who spread literature and preach radicalization
violent anarchists believed
revolution was the answer
What are the three models of terrorism
rural, urban, and insurrection
American Anarchists
saw themselves linked to organized labor
effective communication
secrecy prevents ____________ ____________.
protection- seeking convert
seeks a group out of fear
The White Conventio
served as the major body of France until it was replaced by the directory in 1795
Command Structure
smallest group on top of the pyramid. this structure in a terrorist organization is not free to communicate openly with its membership; therefore it cannot exercise day-to-day operational control
Communists
socialists who believed in a strong centralized economy controlled by a strong central government.
historical, political, and social circumstances
some scholars believe that terrorists cannot be profiled because it fluctuates with ___________,____________, and ________________
Where do most of Hezbollah's funds come from?
state funding
iran is a
state sponsor of terrorism
chain organization
temporary associations of diverse groups. Groups in a _________ come together for a particular operation and disband after it is over
Surplus
term coined by Karl Marx that describes the extra production of things
secrecy
terrorism demands __________
social process
terrorism is a _________ _________ that can be studied with the same methods used by social scientists
Napoleonic Wars
terrorism started to undergo a subtle transformation. Napoleon, whose army entered Spain attempted to use his forces to capture the Spanish Throne
complex
terrorist organizations are as _______ as any other social organization designed to accomplish a mission
communication and transportation systems
terrorist organizations are structured in the same manner as ______________ and ______________ ____________.
behavior differences between terrorists and criminals
terrorist: 1. focus their actions toward a goal 2. are dedicated to a cause 3. rarely cooperate with officials because they do not which to betray their cause 4. tend to attack 5. strike against target after careful planning 6. prepare for and rehearse their operations criminals: 1. are unfocused 2. not devoted to crime as a philosophy 3. will make deals to avoid punishment 4. usually run when confronted with force 5. strike when the opportunity to do so is present 6. rarely train for crime
what is the saying about criminals and terrorists?
terrorists are criminals, but not all criminals are terrorists
cause
terrorists commit crimes as they struggle for a ______; they set them apart from ordinary street criminals
special organizational problems
terrorists leaders have
approval
terrorists must look outside normative channels to gain ________ for their actions
large following
terrorists need to create a __________ __________ in order to conduct a lengthy campaign
The easter rising
the British had promised home rule to Ireland when WWI came to an end. the British handed down several dozen death sentences and imprisoned hundreds more.
Hub
the RAND corporation refers to an umbrella as a ________
structural framework
the approach to understanding terrorist behavior is by looking at the way organizations function. the idea that social constructs are based on systems that provide order. the systems are social structures that accomplish functions necessary to survive.
Supreme Council of the IRB
the command center of several Republican terrorist organizations including the Irish Republican Army and the provisional Irish Republican Army
structure
the manner in which a group organized its purpose. Social scientists from this tradition feel that a group's purpose cause it to act. They also believe that groups are created for specific functions
Bourgeois
the middle class. Marxist terminology refers to tradespeople, merchants, artisans, and other non-peasants excluded from the upper classes in the medieval Europe.
what happens if the node is destroyed?
the network is disrupted
Active Cadre
the people responsible for carrying out the mission of the organization. Depending on the size of the organization, each terrorist may have one or more specialties. known as the striking arm of the terrorist group
Royal Irish Constabulary
the police force established by the United Kingdom in Ireland
Sinn Fein
the political party of Irish Republicans. Critics claim it represents terrorists. Republicans say it represents their political interests. _________ __________ has close connections with extremism and violence.
external; internal
the rejection of _______ authority results in the acceptance of _________ authority (Post)
Hohenzollerns
the ruling family of Brandenburg and Prussia that ruled a united Germany from 1871-1914
Myth about suicide bombers
they do not act on their own accord
what do the three models of terrorism help explain?
they help explain the evolution and practice of contemporary terrorism, and they embody the philosophy behind particular types of terrorist movements
globalization
this type of terrorism has created opportunities for profits in diamond trade
Anarchists
those in the 19th century who advocated the creation of cooperative societies without centralized governments.
Radical Democrats
those who tried to bring democracy to all classes. They sought more equitable distribution of wealth throughout all economic classes , believing that concentrated wealth and class inequities prevented societies from becoming truly democratic.
Communists, socialists, and anarchists
three strains of radical democrats coalesced after the failed revolutions of 1848
What was the word terrorism originally used for?
to describe the actions of a government.
what is the goal of counterterrorism?
to disrupt the network
Example of a Network
traffic system or the world wide web.
ETA
tried to gain control of the economy forced Spanish businesses out of the Basque areas of Northern Spain
T/F Members in different cells seldom know one another
true
T/F The Cuban revolution did not create guerrilla warfare
true
cells and columns
two primary types of subunits in a terrorist organization
FBI definition of terrorism
unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any other segment thereof inferences of political or social objective
what kind of mentality justifies terrorism according to Jerrold Post
us against them mentality.
decolonization
was destined to be a violent process
Pierre Joseph Proudhon
was one of the advocates for modern anarchism
Marc Sageman
was one of the first analysts to suggest that radicalization could be modeled and observed.
The French Revolution
was the first revolution in the modern sense of the word terrorism
how does terrorism develop?
when a group with inferior power moves against a superior group- usually results in mass civilian casualties