Foundations of Terrorism Exam 1

how many drug trafficking organizations dominate the political landscape in Northern Mexico?

7 major drug trafficking oranizations

Parliamentary Party

Sinn Fein moved into the arena by discrediting the ____________ _______.

Hapsburgs

The ruling family of Austria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire.

eschatology

the theological end of time. In Judaism and Christianity, it refers to God bringing creation to an end.

paramilitary groups

violent __________ ___________ have operated under the umbrella of legitimate organizations

The Peoples' Will

violent revolution was espoused by Russian writers; however, no single theme dominated the revolutionaries until it was imposed by the state under Lenin

How are anarchists seen in the late 19th century and early 20th century?

violent socialist revolutionaries.

criminology as applied to terrorism

looks at prevention and apprehension

Walter Laqueur

says that no one can develop a composite picture of terrorist because no such terrorist exists

Randy Borum

says that there is no standard rationale for justifying behavior.

Who coined the academic consensus defintion?

Alex Schmid

smuggle

terrorists not only move funds, but also _________ stolen goods and contraband

social approval

terrorists want and need _______ _______ to survive

Carlos Marighella

- Brazilian Legislator. - Nationalistic communist party leader - revolutionary terrorist

Suicide terrorism criteria includes

-Act of Violence - Political goal -perpetrator of that act must die - killing civilians -psychological effect

What are Fanon's two works

-The Wretched of the Earth - A Dying Colonialism

What are advantages of the Hawala system

-money moves with no record - money crosses international boarders with ease - it is based on trust, and long term trusting relationships are in place - money can easily be bartered for contraband - no tax records exist

what were Marighella's two works

1. The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla 2. For the Liberation of Brazil

how many definitions of terrorism are there?

181

what are criticisms of radicalization

1. The idea that research in radicalization and alienation will produce valuable knowledge 2. suggested that more beneficial results would be gained through the examination of militant ideology and concepts that attract followers

who were fanon's two targets for terrorism

1. White settlers 2. Native Middle Class

what is the 6 step framework of radicalization

1. alienated young man 2. meets other alienated young men and form a bond 3. groups gravitate toward religion 4. religion interpreted in militant terms 5. militant group meets terrorist contact 6. militant join terrorist as a group decision

what were common forms of behavior for Umar, James, and Omar?

1. all three men all came from well-to-do middle-class environments 2. all three became deeply angered and filled with moral indignation. 3. there was some type of event that triggered their final decision

What are the 4 parts of a pyramid from highest to lowest

1. command 2. Active Cadre 3. Active Supporters 4. Passive Supporters

what actions are involved when financing modern terrorism

1. criminal enterprises 2. drug trade 3. conducting illegal business activities 4. smuggling money 5. identity theft 6. security fraud 7. extortion 6. charitable contributions 7. nongovernmental organizations 8. banks 9. wire transfers 10. normal employment

five common patterns of converting to violent radical causes according to Hamm

1. crisis convert 2. Protection-seeking convert 3. searching convert 4. manipulating converts 5. free- world converts

Two phases of Urban Terrorism

1. designed to bring about actual violence 2. designed to give that violence meaning

what are today's pirates armed with?

1. global positioning systems 2. satellite phones 3. Machine guns 4. rockets 5. grenades

Borum's 3 phases of self-justification

1. reason for joining 2. reason for remaining 3. reason for leaving

What two primary factors account for the continued influence of religion?

1. religion has been an important influence in the history of humanity 2. modernization tends to break down communities, families, and social orientation

McCauley's four types of personalities

1. revolutionaries drawn to a cause 2. people who wander among terrorist groups 3. people who have sudden conversion experience 4. people who are attracted by peers

what are two methods for studying terrorism

1. search for meaning behind actions 2. analyze terrorism by looking for structures

terrorism as a religious process

1. strong religious beliefs increase 2. violence results when sacred traditions are threatened

what are two factors that interact with change?

1. the organization's structure 2. its finances

what are Horgan's concerns?

1. the psychological processes that lead people to terrorist groups 2. the issues that keep them in the group 3. the support for people who want to leave.

List some different crimes that terrorist commit

1.drug smuggling 2.Diamond smuggling 3.weapon smuggling 4.kidnapping for ransom

when did southern Ireland become a Free State

1921

Political Atmosphere

A new __________ __________ made the rise of organizations like Al Qaeda possible.

Hawala System

A system of exchanging money based on trust relationships between money dealers

Selective Terrorism

A term used by Michael Collins during the Irish War of Independence. Collins did not launch indiscriminate terror attacks. Rather, he selectively targeted the British military, the police force it sponsored, and the people who supported the United kingdom.

Marx

Advocated a democracy dominated by workers

How are Al Qaeda different from the Taliban?

Al Qaeda operates as an international terrorist group while the Taliban form divergent regional militias and use selective terrorism to support Guerrilla operations.

Enlightenment

An 18th century intellectual movement following the scientific revolution. Also called the Age of Reason. Was characterized by rational though and the belief that all activities could be explained.

Nidal Malik Hasan

An American soldier of Palestinian descent. He was an Army psychiatrist who apparently white became self-radicalized, embracing militant Islam. He went on a shooting spree at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5,2009 killing 13 people and wounding almost three dozen others. He was wounded, arrested, and charged with several counts of murder.

Estates General

An assembly in pre revolutionary France consisting of all but the lower class. The ________ _________ had not been called since 1614, but Louis XVI assembled them in 1789 in response to demands from the Assembly of Notables, who had been called to address the financial problems of France. Radical elements in the ___________ ___________ revolted, and the disruption led to the French Revolution.

Philosophers of the Age of Reason

Believed that governments should exist to protect individual rights and that the best form of government was democracy.

Alfred Nobel

Blended explosive material with chemicals, cotton, and refined clay to produce an explosive 20 times more powerful than black powder. Inventor of dynamite.

When and where was "Che" killed?

Bolivia in 1967

What three groups in Russia felt that they could reform and modernize the Russian State?

Czar Alexander The intellectuals Violent Anarchists

splintering or misunderstandings

Decentralization paves the way of potential ___________ or ______________.

illegitimate economy

ETA established ______ _________ in a shell state

National Convention

Elected in 1792, it broke from the estates general and called for a constitutional assembly.

What happens when trying to define terrorism?

Entire nations change their approach to the national security, intelligence, and law enforcement depending on the definition.

What was happening in Europe during the Enlightenment?

Europeans began to question how free farmers and classes of nobles were governed. Europeans sought to increase the political power of the lower classes.

$500 billion per year

FBI estimates that the underground economy produces ___________ per year

T/F there is a universal definition of terrorism

False

T/F there are a lot of religious basis for terrorism.

False; despite utilization of sacred stories and cosmic mythologies, there is a very limited official religious basis for terrorism

T/F networks do have central leadership, and they operate under a variety of rules

False; networks do not have a central leadership.

The native population

Fanon argued that terrorism should not be used against ______ ________ _______ in general.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Fidel Castro's assisstant and guerrilla warfare theorist. Advocated guerrilla revolutions throughout Latin America after the success in the Cuban Revolution

columns

Groups of cells form __________

Latin America

Hezbollah and Hamas use _________ __________ drug trade to raise funds

payoffs

Hezbollah uses the ________ from Los Zetas to finance terrorist operations

Insurgencies

Impossible to fight ___________ with military tactics designed for terrorism of guerrilla war

authors of The Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

most difficult type of terrorist to deter or detain is:

Lone-Wolf

What does religion help produce?

Lone-Wolf Avenger

Northern Ireland Unionists and Republicans

Maintain legitimate political organizations

violence

Marighella believed that the basis of revolution is _________

practical guides

Marighella designed _________ ________ for terrorism that have been employed for more than 40 years

countryside; city

Marighella wanted to move violence from the ___________ to the ___________

Who assembled the Committee of Public Safety?

Maximilien Robespierre

During the Napoleonic Wars

Meaning of terrorism shifted away from governmental repression to the resistance of some people to governments.

Eschatology plays a major role in

Messianic warriors in the end-time correct heresies of the past and fight for the ideal divine order of deity

Free State

Name given to the newly formed Republic of Ireland after Irish Independence

political advantage

Narcoterrorism is an attempt to take ________ ________ of the fear of terrorism

Aggressive

Nationalistic and separatist groups are _________.

Did the French Revolution bring Democracy?

No, it brought Napoleon.

Guerrilla revolutions based on the Cuban experience are typified by what three phases

Phase 1: begins with isolated groups Phase 2: Merges groups into guerrilla columns Phase 3: begins columns together in a conventional army

who are deadlier: religious terrorists or secular terrorists?

Religious terrorist

The intellectuals wanted

Russia to become a liberal western democracy

James W. von Brunn

Shooting in the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C.

unpopular

Terrorism almost always involves violence from an ________ political fringe movement

What is terrorism?

Terrorism is an act or threatened act of violence against innocent people for political purpose

French Revolution

Terrorism, at least from the Western Perspective, grew from the ____________ ______________

Spain in 1807

The Penisular War began when Spanish and French forces divided Portugal in ______.

Narodnaya Voyla

The Peoples' Will: Advocated violent socialist revolution

The Cuban Revolution

The ____________ _____________ popularized guerrilla warfare throughout the world

Triborder region

The area where Brazil,Paraguay, and Argentina join. The major city is Cuidad del Este

Who initiated the Reign of Terror?

The committee of public safety

Social Context

The historical, political, and criminological circumstances at a given point in time. The ________ affects the way terrorism is defined

Democracy

The ideology of ____________ spawned revolutions in American colonies and France

Reign of Terror

The name given to the repressive period in France. The revolutionary government accused thousands of French Nobles and clergy of plotting to restore the monarchy. Executions began in Paris and spread throughout the countryside. Large mobs attacked and terrorized nobles in rural areas.

Social Construct

The way people view reality

T/F Large groups last longer than small groups

True

Example of Social Context

U.S. State Department Anti-Terrorism Assistance views Hezbollah as terrorist group - Jordanians' view Hezbollah as a legitimate militia.

List 3 cases of radicalization

Umar Farouk James Brunn Omar Hammami

cultures; values

Western powers have dehumanized non western people by ____________ their cultures and replacing them with Western ______________.

terrorism

_________ began as government repression in France, but the term was transformed to refer to guerrilla tactics in the Napoleonic Wars.

Saudi

_________ money can be traced to violence; spread of militant Islam is not about drugs

socially

_________, terrorists are justified by the use of group reinforcement, ideology, and symbols

processes

__________ used by American Criminal gangs and Arab suicide bombers are the same

Technology and weapons

____________ & ______________ helped many insurgencies grow

decentralization

____________ offers relative security because very few people know many other members of the organization

Al Qaeda's

____________ use of heroin to finance the jihad ranges from believable to fantastic

Los Zetas

_______________ uses Hezbollah to launder drug profits

leader

a _________ often targets selected prisoners or dominate new inmates using intimidation to force them to join the group

destabilize

a campaign of revolutionary terrorism in an urban setting could be used to __________ governmental power

Narcoterrorism

a controversial term that links drugs to terrorism in one of two ways: 1. either drug profits are used to finance terrorism or 2. drug gangs use terrorism to control production and distribution networks

James Fraser

a former counter terrorist specialist in the U.S. army. Discusses two aspects of the organization of terrorist groups. 1. the structure 2. The support

Umbrella

a group that shelters. supports, and inspires smaller terrorist groups.

Lone-Wolf

a person who has a particular ideology but is not part of a group create a god in their own image they become ultimate loners

shell state

a political situation where a government nominally controls its own state but where large regions are either anarchic or under the control of others

profiling

a practical criminological process designed to identify the behavioral attributes of certain types of criminals

The focus on insurgency is due to

a small group of officers who began looking at military failures during the Vietnam War

Theory of Action

a social science theory that assumes human beings take action based on the subjective meanings they attribute to social settings

New Economy of terrorism

a term used by Loretta Napoleoni to describe the evolution of terrorist financing from the beginning strategies of the cold war to the present.

social alienation

according to research, models differ when trying to understand terrorism, but ____________ _____________ seems to be a common element among all models

Freedom

achieving ___________ was inherently violent

What criteria is needed in order to commit an act of terrorism

act of violence political goal killing of innocent civilians psychological effect

size of a group

affects its ability to operate over time

Academic Consensus Definition

combines common elements of the definitions used by leading scholars in the field of terrorism.

Structural Framework

all groups, including terrorist organizations take action because they belong to a structure that operates for a specific purpose

Joint Terrorism Task Forces

allow the FBI to coordinate law enforcement resources in the face of domestic terrorism and to expand investigations

Failed state

an area outside a government's control. They operate under differing warlords, criminal groups, or competing governments

pyramid

an illustration of the way terrorists organize themselves into hierarchies. It is an analogy showing a large base of support culminating in a small group of terrorists at the top

forensic accounting

an investigative tool used to track money used in illegal activities

fiscal

analysts have had to focus on the ______ aspect of terrorism, believing that terrorists used money in the same way as other organized criminals

node

any point where information, weapons, or personnel are gathered or exchanged

manipulating converts

are controlled by a strong member inside a group

meanings

are developed by individuals and groups. Different _______ can be attributed to the same event or physical object because the definitions are always influenced by interpretations

Social Geometry

as used by Donald Black, the social space occupied by a structure and the direction in which it moves

radicalization

as used in this context, refers to the psychological process of adopting extremists positions

Anarchist groups

assassinated several Russian officials, including Czar.

virtual organizations

associations that develop through communication, financial, and ideological links. Like a network, a ____________ __________ has no central leadership

cell

basic unit of traditional terrorist organization.

What happened to the Basque region?

became a failed state

IRA

began with a campaign of violence sponsored by the IRB in the late 1800s

Staub and McCauley

believe that certain types of people are drawn toward terrorist groups

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky

believed that terrorism should be used as an instrument for overthrowing the Bourgeois, governments. Advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal enemies

Chetan Bhatt

believes radicalization is associated with alienation

Horgan

believes researchers should search for the "routes to terrorism"

terrorist groups

build their own mythologies to justify their actions through a story

Unionists and Republicans

by the 20th century the struggle in Ireland became a matter of divisions between

Hezbollah

can serve as an example of the complexity of terrorist financing

Frantz Fanon

championed the model for modern urban terrorism

what is the most effective financial aid to modern terrorism?

charitable contributions

Edmund Burke

coined the term Reign of Terror, and used the word terrorism to describe the actions of the new government.

Committee of Public Safety

conducted the war against invading monarchal powers, it evolved into the executive body of France.

what do critics say about combining the drug problem with terrorism?

confuses two different issues

what does Hezbollah rely on?

criminal activities in Lebanon and in other countries

justification

deadly force demands the greatest amount of __________

empirical findings

demonstrate that terrorism is partially a religious process

in terrorist structures, cells

describe a tactical group dispatched by the network for selected operations

Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab

destroy a Northwest airliner as it entered American airspace

Michael Collins

developed a strategy called selective terrorism reasoned that indiscriminate terror was no value random or large scale attacks would alienate public opinion.

the 9/11 commission

dismisses that drugs were linked to al Qaeda's attack

Passive Supporters

do not actively join the terrorist groups; they simply represent a favorable element within the political climate

political revolutionary and radical groups

do not have the popular appeal needed to gain support for their activities

"clean"

drug dealers end up with ________ Colombian pesos and the US currency accumulated from illegal drug sales is hidden from formal audits when a hidden transfer happens

Black Market Peso Exchange

drug dealers sell their products in the US and accumulate large amounts of US currency

most organizations are designed to

either support guerrilla movements or to operate as a terrorist movement

group

evidence suggests that radicalization is not always a _______ process

T/F It is impossible to chart the structure of any terrorist organization

false; it is possible

What is Guerrilla Warfare

form of asymmetrical warfare

what is the difference between a freedom fighter and a terrorist?

freedom fighters do no target innocent people, while terrorist do.

financial warfare

freezing assets and tracing the funds used by terrorist groups

what do all terrorist organizations need?

funding

Islamic groups

get most of their money through the drug trade in central and South East Asia

Men engage in suicide bombing in order to:

go to heaven and be greeted by 72 beautiful virgin women

Horn of Africa

gripped by internal and external struggles. Piracy caused by the multifaceted conflict in Somalia accompanied by the breakup of legal authority and social systems

what has research suggested is happening in prisons?

groups are being radicalized

What are two tools of a revolution

guerrilla warfare and individual acts of terrorism

alienation

happens when an individual or group lost becomes lost in the dominant world. A person or group of people is _____ when separated from the dominant values of society at large

searching converts

have been exposed to religion, but seek deeper meaning while in prison

Irish

have never ruled their island as a single political entity, and they have experienced some type of foreign domination for hundreds of centuries

women engage in suicide bombing in order to:

have the right to marry a male suicide bomber and have all sins wiped clean

models

help to explain the evolution and practice of contemporary terrorism

Omar Hammami

his identity conflict ended when he embraced a violent intolerant form of Islam to become a commander in Al Shabaab

What do JTTFS focus on?

ideology, group, and individual behaviors. information sharing over broad geographical

copycat terrorist

if something is successful, they will imitate it

social acceptance

in order for __________ ___________ to be gained, the terrorist group must be isolated from mainstream society

differs

investigators revealed that the money trail in terrorism ________ from the flow of funds in other criminal enterprises because special structure of terrorist operations

Anarchism

is a philosophical concept originating in ancient Greece

Modern Revolutionary Terrorism

is closely associated with a series of revolutionary activities that began with the Peoples' Will and continued through the communist revolution

Narcotics trade

is one of their primary sources of money

The node

is the critical target for counterterrorist operations

what is the one weakness of Marighella's theory?

it does not work

In order for terrorism to be effective,

it has to selectively and ruthlessly target security forces and their symbols of authority

How is terrorism defined?

it is defined by different people within shifting social and political realities

financing

it is important to understand the _______ of terrorism because it is an important intelligence tool

Members of the Peoples' Will believed that

it was necessary to terrorize conservative organizations into submission

Al Shabaab

jihadist militant group in Somalia. Its senior leadership is affiliated with al Qaeda

crisis convert

joins a radical group as a result of a personal crisis

In what form did anarchism spread in the US?

labor violence

Patrick Pearse and James Connolly

led a revolt in Dublin

Mark Hamm

maintains recruitment is similar to procedures used by street gangs

campaign

many of the organizational traits of terrorism are unique to a a particular ____________.

decision-making process

members of terrorist groups go through a _______ _________ _________, while they are being violently radicalized

What did Czar Alexander's followers want to do?

modernize Russia from the top down

freedom, constant monitoring, and threatened violence from other prisoners

most of the people who enter prison have to adjust psychologically to the loss of ________,___________, & _____________

Victoroff

multiplicity of factors used to justify violance

LEO

must recognize the differences between typical criminal behavior and terrorist activity

is financial warfare effective?

no

networks

organizations of groups, supplies, weapons, and any structure that supports an operation.

netwar

one network fighting another network

Active Supporters

one of the largest and most important levels of a terrorist organization. These people are critical to terrorist campaigns. Any group that can carry out a bombing or kidnapping, but maintaining a campaign of bombings and kidnappings takes support

Stories

people use _______ to explain deep truths beyond the immediate world. ________ change the nature of terrorist organizations-- they help produce different group organizations and styles

Republicans

people wanting independence

unionists

people wanting to remain in the Great Britain and Ireland

New Economy of Terrorism

produced after the fall of the Soviet Union and Subsequent globalization

terrorist campaign

promises the greatest opportunity for success

Guerrilla war

rebellions after WWII are based on ________ ______.

Socialists

refers to controlling an economy by direct democracy an utilizing economic profits to ensure the well-being of citizens

tribal areas

refers to federally administered _______ _________ in Pakistan along the Afghan border. Seven different Pashtu tribes have control of the region by agreement with the central government

routes of terrorism

refers to the psychological and social factors that motivate people to join and remain in terrorist groups

lethal

religious terrorists are ________. religious terrorist groups killed more people with fewer attacks than secular terrorists

psychological and sociological

research indicates individual ___________ and ___________ factors create the framework for interpreting reality

meanings

researchers who believe that modern terrorism has been changed by religion look for _________ that drive actions

what three things do terrorisms involve themselves in?

resources, logistics, and financing

free-world converts

result from chaplains outside of the system who spread literature and preach radicalization

violent anarchists believed

revolution was the answer

What are the three models of terrorism

rural, urban, and insurrection

American Anarchists

saw themselves linked to organized labor

effective communication

secrecy prevents ____________ ____________.

protection- seeking convert

seeks a group out of fear

The White Conventio

served as the major body of France until it was replaced by the directory in 1795

Command Structure

smallest group on top of the pyramid. this structure in a terrorist organization is not free to communicate openly with its membership; therefore it cannot exercise day-to-day operational control

Communists

socialists who believed in a strong centralized economy controlled by a strong central government.

historical, political, and social circumstances

some scholars believe that terrorists cannot be profiled because it fluctuates with ___________,____________, and ________________

Where do most of Hezbollah's funds come from?

state funding

iran is a

state sponsor of terrorism

chain organization

temporary associations of diverse groups. Groups in a _________ come together for a particular operation and disband after it is over

Surplus

term coined by Karl Marx that describes the extra production of things

secrecy

terrorism demands __________

social process

terrorism is a _________ _________ that can be studied with the same methods used by social scientists

Napoleonic Wars

terrorism started to undergo a subtle transformation. Napoleon, whose army entered Spain attempted to use his forces to capture the Spanish Throne

complex

terrorist organizations are as _______ as any other social organization designed to accomplish a mission

communication and transportation systems

terrorist organizations are structured in the same manner as ______________ and ______________ ____________.

behavior differences between terrorists and criminals

terrorist: 1. focus their actions toward a goal 2. are dedicated to a cause 3. rarely cooperate with officials because they do not which to betray their cause 4. tend to attack 5. strike against target after careful planning 6. prepare for and rehearse their operations criminals: 1. are unfocused 2. not devoted to crime as a philosophy 3. will make deals to avoid punishment 4. usually run when confronted with force 5. strike when the opportunity to do so is present 6. rarely train for crime

what is the saying about criminals and terrorists?

terrorists are criminals, but not all criminals are terrorists

cause

terrorists commit crimes as they struggle for a ______; they set them apart from ordinary street criminals

special organizational problems

terrorists leaders have

approval

terrorists must look outside normative channels to gain ________ for their actions

large following

terrorists need to create a __________ __________ in order to conduct a lengthy campaign

The easter rising

the British had promised home rule to Ireland when WWI came to an end. the British handed down several dozen death sentences and imprisoned hundreds more.

Hub

the RAND corporation refers to an umbrella as a ________

structural framework

the approach to understanding terrorist behavior is by looking at the way organizations function. the idea that social constructs are based on systems that provide order. the systems are social structures that accomplish functions necessary to survive.

Supreme Council of the IRB

the command center of several Republican terrorist organizations including the Irish Republican Army and the provisional Irish Republican Army

structure

the manner in which a group organized its purpose. Social scientists from this tradition feel that a group's purpose cause it to act. They also believe that groups are created for specific functions

Bourgeois

the middle class. Marxist terminology refers to tradespeople, merchants, artisans, and other non-peasants excluded from the upper classes in the medieval Europe.

what happens if the node is destroyed?

the network is disrupted

Active Cadre

the people responsible for carrying out the mission of the organization. Depending on the size of the organization, each terrorist may have one or more specialties. known as the striking arm of the terrorist group

Royal Irish Constabulary

the police force established by the United Kingdom in Ireland

Sinn Fein

the political party of Irish Republicans. Critics claim it represents terrorists. Republicans say it represents their political interests. _________ __________ has close connections with extremism and violence.

external; internal

the rejection of _______ authority results in the acceptance of _________ authority (Post)

Hohenzollerns

the ruling family of Brandenburg and Prussia that ruled a united Germany from 1871-1914

Myth about suicide bombers

they do not act on their own accord

what do the three models of terrorism help explain?

they help explain the evolution and practice of contemporary terrorism, and they embody the philosophy behind particular types of terrorist movements

globalization

this type of terrorism has created opportunities for profits in diamond trade

Anarchists

those in the 19th century who advocated the creation of cooperative societies without centralized governments.

Radical Democrats

those who tried to bring democracy to all classes. They sought more equitable distribution of wealth throughout all economic classes , believing that concentrated wealth and class inequities prevented societies from becoming truly democratic.

Communists, socialists, and anarchists

three strains of radical democrats coalesced after the failed revolutions of 1848

What was the word terrorism originally used for?

to describe the actions of a government.

what is the goal of counterterrorism?

to disrupt the network

Example of a Network

traffic system or the world wide web.

ETA

tried to gain control of the economy forced Spanish businesses out of the Basque areas of Northern Spain

T/F Members in different cells seldom know one another

true

T/F The Cuban revolution did not create guerrilla warfare

true

cells and columns

two primary types of subunits in a terrorist organization

FBI definition of terrorism

unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any other segment thereof inferences of political or social objective

what kind of mentality justifies terrorism according to Jerrold Post

us against them mentality.

decolonization

was destined to be a violent process

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

was one of the advocates for modern anarchism

Marc Sageman

was one of the first analysts to suggest that radicalization could be modeled and observed.

The French Revolution

was the first revolution in the modern sense of the word terrorism

how does terrorism develop?

when a group with inferior power moves against a superior group- usually results in mass civilian casualties