Framing

4 Characteristics of Lintels (Plates)

- horizontal structural member located above a window or door opening - may be a single member 4 X 10 or laminated 2 X 10 (most common) - laminated or Built-up lintel consists of two pieces laminated together with a 1/2" plywood spacer for 2 X 4 constructions - for 38 X 140 (2 X 6) construction they are generally nailed together to provide maximum strength then kept to the outside in order to insulate

Bridging material (3 items)

- location - maximum distance 2.1m (7'-0") - 38X38 (2X2) - 18X89 (1X4)

2 Steps for calculating for an exterior framed wall with door R.O.

1. 6'-11 1/2" (R.O.) + 1 1/2" (filler piece) + 9 1/4" (lintel) = 94 1/4" (U.S. of DBL top PL) 2. 92 5/8" (Stud) + 1 1/2" (sole plate) = 94 3/8" (underside of DBL top plate)

3 Types of Sills

1. Box sill or "L" sill (page 96, fig. 35) 2. T-type sill 3. Joist embedded (poured in place) (pp.98,99, fig.38,39)

3 Types of Floor Systems

1. Concrete 2. Wood sleepers (page 60, fig 22, cmhc) 3. Suspended floor system (floor joists must butt against wall studs)

Method to cut wood bridging (2 necessary measurements)

1. Depth of floor joists minus 12.7mm (1/2") 2. Width between the joists

4 Steps for Calculating Structural Steel Floor Beams

1. Determine the number of floors supported 2. Calculate the supported joist length (1/2 span A, plus 1/2 span B) 3. For span use the distance from the inside face of foundation wall to the centerline of the column or telepost (use longest span) 4. Use table 9.23.4.3 in NBC - 2005 (pg. 9-120)

5 Steps for Calculating Glue-Laminated Wood Floor Beam

1. Determine the number of floors supported 2. Select a beam width dimension (3"/80mm or 5"/180mm) 3. Calculate the supported the joist length (1/2 span A, plus 1/2 span B) 4. For span use the distance from the inside face of foundation wall to the centerline of the column or telepost (use longest span) 5. Use span table A-11

2 Types of Interior Walls

1. Load bearing - Support floor or ceiling above 2. Non load bearing - Partitions only

6 Types of Wall Sheathing (fastened directly to the outside edge of the studs)

1. Plywood - 4 X 8 sheets 2. O.S.B. (oriented strand board) - 4 X 8 3. Gypsum sheathing (drywall) used mainly 4 X 8 to 16 (commercial) 4. Fiber board (buffalo board) 4 X 8, 4 X 9 impregnated with tar 5. Dimension lumber 1 X 6, 1 X 8, 1 X 10, installed horizontally or at 45 degrees to the horizontal (typical in older construction) see NBC table 9.3.2.1 6. Polystyrene products (Refer to code table 9.23.16.2 A) requires additional diagonal bracing to be installed (let in bracing)

3 Reasons for sheathing

1. Provides rigidity for walls/structural strength 2. Insulation factor 3. Support or bracing for finish materials

6 Steps for calculating R.O. for Exterior doors

1. R.O. width - door size plus 3" 2. R.O. height - door size plus 3 1/2" 3. Door size (2'-8" X 6'-8") R.O. (2'-11" X 6'-11 1/2")lintel=3'2"/trimmer=6'-11 1/2" 4. Door size (3'0" X 7'-0") R.O. (3'-3" X 7'-3 1/2") lintel=3'-6"/trimmer 7'-3 1/2" 5. in both cases above allow for 1 1/2" filler piece to make correct R.O. 6. sole plate (bottom plate) gets cut out once wall is nailed in place

2 Types of Wall Framing

1. Western or Platform Framing (most common) 2. Balloon Framing (common until the 1940s)

4 Characteristics for Connecting interior walls to exterior walls

1. several options for framing 2. dependent on where INT wall hits the stud spacing on EXT wall 3. should be designed to support interior finish 4. preferred if backing allows for insulating after framing

Joist

a horizontal framing member arranged parallel from bearing to bearing in a building to support floor and ceiling loads - notes on Floor Joists 9.23.9 in NBC -2005

Stress

a stress in a body is an internal resistance to an external force and is measured as load per unit of area, ex: tension, compression, shear

Span

horizontal distance between the interior edges of the supports

Description of attaching floor joists with butt on top of steel beam, lap on top of steel beam, butt against the steel beam (#5) - 1 item

joists joined at top with 38X38 (2X2) splice, 600mm (2'-0") long/12.7 (1/2") space on top of steel beam to allow for shrinkage

Description of attaching floor joists lapped on top of the beam (#1) - 1 item

max projection past far edge is 1" and 12" max recommended lap

Deflection

vertical movement (bending of a structural member under applied loads)

Live Load

weight of all moving and variable loads that may be placed on a building (snow, wind, people, furniture, etc.)

Dead Load

weight of all permanent construction in a building (framing, sheathing, roofing, doors, cabinets, carpets, etc)

5 Methods of attaching Floor Joists on the built-up beam

1. lapped on top of the beam (Fig.32, p. 94) 2. butt joint on top of the beam 3. butt the joists against the beam 4. butt the joist against the beam and sit on ledger board (Fig.33, p.95) 5. butt on top of a steel beam, lap on top of a steel beam, butt against the steel beam (Fig.34, p.95)

3 Characteristics of Headers

- run at right angles to the regular joists - may be single or double - double headers are located at openings through a floor

3 Types of floor sheathing (Subfloor)

- run the 8'-0" direction, 90 degrees to the floor joist material being used 1. 15.9mm (5/8") T&G Plywood/OSB - self supporting edges glued and nailed 150mm on edges and 300mm in the field 2. Square edge sheathing - requires blocking under every joint between floor joists 3. Dimensional lumber - 38 X 140 (1 X 6) or 38 X 184 (1 X 8) - requires underlay to be installed - usually installed at 45 degrees (provides more structural support)

3 Characteristics of Cripple studs

- runs from bottom of rough sill to top of sole plate - may also run from top of lintel to bottom of top plate - installed at regular stud spacings and adjacent to trimmers

Blocking (2 items)

- same size as the floor joists - placed in the same location as cross bridging

Characteristic of Trimmers (used to be cripple studs)

- shortened studs that are continuous from the sole plate to the bottom of the lintel (we use a 14'-0" and cut in half for a typical wall)

4 Characteristics of Rough window sill

- single framing member placed on the flat - supports the window jambs when the window is installed in the opening - runs between the trimmer studs - should be doubled up for wider opening to provide structural strength

Characteristics of Wall Framing (2 items)

- tubs, showers installed prior to closing in (19% moisture content) - serves as a nailing base for all covering material and supports upper floors, ceiling and roof

Characteristics of Live Load

- used to calculate member sizes in span tables - limit in " = L/360 known as a fractional limit - supported subfloors and floor framing should not exceed 2.4KPa and span should not exceed 12.20m

3 Characteristics of Filler piece

- used to create a box lintel - provides backing for interior finishes consistent with studs - provides a final R.O. size for opening for standard EXT door

2 Characteristics of Stud

- vertical member/precut to 92 5/8" for a total of a 8'-1 1/8" wall - for 9'-0" walls 104 5/8" for a total of a 9'-1 1/8" wall

Description of attaching floor joists with butt joists against the beam and sit on ledger (#4) - 1 item

when cutting leave 12.7mm (1/2") space between top of beam and bottom of joist

4 Types of Floor Joists

wood, steel, concrete, specialty joists

Tension

forces being exerted on a member that creates a pulling apart or elongating effect

Compression

forces being exerted on a member that creates crushing or shortening effect

Shear

shear occurs when two forces act on a member in opposite directions causing parts of a member to try to slide past each other

Characteristic of Tail Joists

short floor joists that run from a double header to the middle beam or the rim joist

Beam (Girder)

structural member that supports transverse loads (i.e support to support) made of laminated wood, solid timbers, steel, concrete, etc.

Bearing

structural support, usually a wall or beam

Details for interior door (wall using 92 5/8" studs)

- 2'-4" X 6'-8" / R.O. 2'-6" X 6'-10" - length of lintel 2'-6" + 3" = 2'-9" - length of trimmer or jack studs 6'-10" minus 1 1/2" = 6'-8 1/2" - length of cripples 92 5/8"-80 1/2" (6'-8 1/2") - 3" (lintel) = 9 1/8"

3 Characteristics of T-type sill

- 2X6 or 2X8 bolted to the top of the foundation wall - joist header (Rim Joist) is moved in towards center of the sill - used mainly in balloon framing applications

2 Characteristics of Box sill or "L" sill

- 2X6 or 2X8 bolted to the top of the foundation wall - space between top of concrete and bottom of sill should be sealed (sill gasket, grout)

5 Characteristics of Exterior Walls

- 400mm or 16" o/c spacing is the most common - 600mm or 24" o/c spacing is used for more economical practices - 38 X 140 (2 X 6) studs are the standard in our region - corner connections (two stud minimum) (different methods illustrated in handout, fig 43-2, koel's) - partition connection (vapor barrier must be used to outside walls) (different methods are illustrated in handout, fig 43-2, koel's) (crown in or out, choose one)

4 Characteristics for Openings for doors and windows

- also referred to as Rough Opening (R/O) - two dimensions typically given, W X H (1st is width, 2nd is height) - measurements for the openings are usually to the center of the opening - generally we leave 12.7mm (1/2") space each side for insulation & forgiveness on framing compared to actual size of window or door we are installing

3 Characteristics of Plates

- bottom plate referred to as sole plate - first upper plate referred to as top plate (usually doubled) - upper plate referred to as cap plate

3 Characteristics of Framed on site roofs (rafters and ceiling joists)

- built on site using span tables, larger size or modified framing - ceiling joists, used to support the ceiling finish and to tie in EXT walls - rafters, used to support all required roof loads - stick framed and cut to length on site using proper framing methods, includes framing members such as gable end studs, collar ties, outriggers, gable ladders, etc.

Details for Openings for interior walls

- door openings/non-load bearing wall - trimmer on each side - lintel made of 2 - 2 X 4s on the flat - R.O. for INT doors - width of door size plus 2" - height of door size plus 2" - 2 1/2" depending on flooring

3 Characteristics of Trimmers

- extra joists that run parallel to regular joists - used beside openings through a floor (ex: stairwell) - under non load bearing wall that run parallel to the regular joists

Description of attaching floor joists with butt joists against the beam (#3) - 3 items

- flush beam - if joist and beam material are the same depth, the beam disappears - must use joist hangers (engineered metal connector)

4 Characteristics of Floor Joists

- important structural member - carries the live and dead loads imposed on them and transmits these loads to the beam below (remember crown up) - ties the building together - typically all of the same size

Header (rim) joist

- joists are held in place around the perimeter by a header (rim) joist - the header joist is the same size as the joists and both sit on the the sill - use sill gasket or bed of mortar to close gaps and fasten a sill with specified anchor bolts embedded 100mm (4"), max spacing of 2.4m (8')

2 additional details for floor systems

- main floor joists are attached to top plate with metal straps - careful back filling is important Iuse 1 1/2" clean rock)

2 Characteristics of Sill

- member attached to the top of a foundation wall - allows floor joists to be attached firmly to the top of the foundation wall

4 Characteristics of ceiling joists, used to support the ceiling finish and to tie in EXT walls

- provide support for roof loads transferred by dwarf (knee) walls as intermediate support for rafters - may be used as floor in1 1/2 storey homes, joists must use floor span tables - must be installed and nailed in place before roof rafters are installed to prevent wall from pushing out - on hip roof construction tail joists are installed to accommodate lack of attic space for joists at end walls

3 Characteristics of Girths (blocking)

- required in tall load bearing walls, not in a non-load bearing wall - 2 X 4 placed on the flat and nailed between studs halfway up the wall - prevents studs from bowing sideways on unsupported walls

Characteristics of Beam (Girder)

- rule of thumb: 1 storey 10'-12' (3m-3.6m) between spans 2 storey 8'-10' (2.4m-3m) between spans - refer to 9.23.8 in the NBC - 2005 under Beams to Support Floors for notes on beams

6 Steps for Calculating Floor Joist Sizes

1. Determine the appropriate live load (general/special cases) 2. Determine the wood species and grade 3. Determine the desired joist spacing 4. For first floor joist span use the distance from the inside face of the foundation wall to the center line of the beam (use the longest span) 5. For the second floor, joist span use the distance from the inside face of the exterior stud wall to the nearest stud face of the bearing wall (use the longest span) 6. Use span table A-1, A-2

5 Steps for Calculating Built-up Wood Beam Sizes

1. Determine the number of floors supported 2. Determine the wood species and grade 3. Calculate the supported joist length (1/2 span A, plus 1/2 span B) 4. For span use the distance from the inside face of foundation wall to the centerline of the column or telepost (use the longest span) 5. Use span tables A-8, A-9, A-10

5 Characteristics of PWR (Preserved Wood Foundations)

1. Normally 2 X 8 2. Exterior sheathing 5/8" 3. Top and bottom plates treated unless 12" above grade 4. Nails: below grade - stainless steel and hot dipped galvanized 5. Footings: concrete - 30" x 10" continuous: 2 X 12 treated material (resting on well compacted gravel properly inspected)

6 Characteristics for Floor Framing at Projections

1. Projection AKA Cantilever 2. Should not exceed 400mm (16") for 38 X 184 (2 X8) 3. Should not exceed 600mm (24") for larger joists 4. Should not carry loads from additional floors. If so must be engineered 5. Should be well insulated and vapor barrier to warm side (spray foam preferred) 6. Should be carefully designed and built for maximum efficiency

7 Steps for Calculating R.O. for EXT windows

1. R.O. width-window size plus 1" (1/2" on each side) 2. R.O. height-window size plus 1" (1/2" on each side) 3. window size (3'-0" X 3'-0") R.O. (3'-1" X 3'-1") 4. Lintel= 3'4", trimmer = 6'-11 1/2" (same as door) 5. Filler 3'-1" (same as R.O. width) 6. Rough sill = 3'-1" (same as R.O. width) 7. Cripples = 6'-11 1/2" (trimmer/same as door) - 1 1/2" (filler piece) - 3'-1" (R.O. height) - 1 1/2" (rough sill) = 3'7 1/2"

Characteristics of Western or Platform Framing (5 items)

1. Separate floors help make a working platform 2. Exterior walls are 38 X 89 (2 X 4) or 38 X 140 (2 X 6) 3. Single lower plate/AKA: sole, bottom 4. Studs, precut to length 5. Double top plate, joint at least 1 stud space over from other layer (2 layers of material)

Both walls of consist of what 3 things?

1. Single bottom plate (sole plate) 2. Standard length studs (precut) 3. Double top plate (uppermost plate, cap plate)

3 Different types of walls

1. Single wall (2 X 4 or 2 X 6 construction) 2. Double wall system - single plate on the bottom I 2 X 8 or 2 X 10) - staggered 2 X 4 - double plate on top (2 X 8 or 2 X 10) 3. Two independent walls - 2 X 6 and 2 X 4 walls - 2 X 4 and 2 X 4 walls - window and door layout important in both cases

7 Members used in framing an opening

1. Stud 2. Plates 3. Lintels (headers) 4. Trimmers (used to be cripple studs) 5. Rough window sill 6. Cripple studs 7. Filler piece

Characteristics of Balloon Framing (7 items)

1. This method requires scaffolding, longer studs 18'-20' not as easy to purchase 2. Less shrinkage 3. Continuous framing through floors up to ceiling (2 storey) 4. Requires blocking between floors and ceilings for fire stops, however not required where space is insulated 5. Second floor joists rest on 19 X 89 (1 X 4) ribbon/let in as well as being nailed to the studs 6. End joists are similarly nailed to the studs 7. Blocking is installed between joists to support subfloor

Bridging, blocking and strapping (5 items)

1. Wood cross bridging 2. Solid wood bridging 3. Metal cross bridging 4. Continuous metal strapping 5. Strapping on the bottom of joists

3 Characteristics for support or bracing for finish materials (sheathing)

1. all sheathing must be covered with building paper 2. light tar paper is vapor proof but not water proof and eventually breaks down 3. Tyvek, Typar and other engineered building paper products offer more protection from the elements when installed correctly

4 Characteristics of Girders and Beams

1. girders are usually bigger than a beam; they may also support a beam 2. along with the foundation walls, beams and girders provide support for the structure above 3. beams may be members constructed of several layers of material, nailed or bolted together. We refer to them as built-up beams. 4. beams may also be single members (wood, steel or concrete)

10 Characteristics of Roof trusses

1. often pre-assembled/can be constructed on site (typ engineered) 2. spaced 400mm (16" o/c) to 600mm (24"o/c) 3. increased speed & productivity 4. one step operation of roof sheathing and ceiling finish 5. less material required 6. allows for longer spans with little to no interior supporting wall, bigger open spaces and flexibility for wall locations 7. ventilation easily accomplished on raised heel trusses 8. longer span trusses require special lifting techniques to avoid stress 9. fastened by toe nailing (Hurricane clips usually required) 10. includes other framing members eg: gable ladders, gable end trusses

5 Types of Supports at intermediate points on columns (built-up beam)

1. solid steel post (steel lally column) may be filled in with concrete 2. adjustable steel post (telepost) most common in residential 3. may be a solid wood member in older homes with concrete plinth block 4. solid concrete column (more for commercial) 5. engineered building products, usually special order

Floor joists are sized according to which three things?

1. span to be bridged 2. loads to be carried 3. type of house construction

4 Characteristics of Built-up Beam

1. usually run parallel to the length of the house and in the center 2. formed into concrete, must leave 12.7mm (1/2") air space all around or (beam and preservative-treated at or below grade. (p.92, fig.31) 3. Minimum end bearing 89mm (3 1/2") (p.92, fig. 31) 4. also supported at intermediate points on columns

4 Characteristics for Installing interior walls against exterior wall

1. vapor barrier is installed before walls are nailed together 2. seal all joints with acoustical sealant 3. when nailing trimmer and full stud, keep them flush 4. use 3 1/2" coated, spiral, or pneumatic nailers (min 3 1/4")

Type and size of built-up beam depends on these four things.

1. weight imposed on the beam (live and dead loads, storey's, walls) 2. span of the joists (SJL) 3. commercial designation and grade of wood 4. clear span of the beam

Beams are made from what 7 materials?

1. wood 2" nominal (1 1/2" actual size) laminated 2. solid wood (timbers) 3. concrete 4. steel (longer spans) tend to fail early in a fire 5. combination of wood and steel 6. parallam becoming more popular (engineered) 7. glue-lam and LVL (laminated veneer lumber) (eng)

Bridging (cross bridging)

Provides stability for the floor joists (1. helps to prevent twisting 2. transfer weight to neighboring joists)

Brick veneer wall floor joists

When framing floors joists into a brick veneer wall floor joists must have fire cut.

Details about bridging

When installing bridging, nail only the top end to begin with. Bottom end is nailed after construction of house is almost complete, pieces should not touch to avoid squeaking floors. Most of the deal loads must be added to the structure. When cutting solid blocking be careful that spacing of the joists remains the proper distance and stagger to allow proper nailing.

Description of attaching floor joists with butt joint on top of beam (#2) - 1 item

a must for wood basement (due to hydraulic pressure from soil)

Characteristic of Joist embedded (poured in place)

connection between floor joists and concrete wall are one monolithic unit (problems with rotting, not recommended unless you are using preserved wood below grade) p.57